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Khameneh HJ, Bolis M, Ventura PMO, Cassanmagnago GA, Fischer BA, Zenobi A, Guerra J, Buzzago I, Bernasconi M, Zaman GJR, Rinaldi A, Moro SG, Sallusto F, Baulier E, Pasquali C, Guarda G. The bacterial lysate OM-85 engages Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 triggering an immunomodulatory gene signature in human myeloid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:346-358. [PMID: 38447907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OM-85 is a bacterial lysate used in clinical practice to reduce duration and frequency of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Whereas knowledge of its regulatory effects in vivo has substantially advanced, the mechanisms of OM-85 sensing remain inadequately addressed. Here, we show that the immune response to OM-85 in the mouse is largely mediated by myeloid immune cells through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in vitro and in vivo. Instead, in human immune cells, TLR2 and TLR4 orchestrate the response to OM-85, which binds to both receptors as shown by surface plasmon resonance assay. Ribonucleic acid-sequencing analyses of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells reveal that OM-85 triggers a pro-inflammatory signature and a unique gene set, which is not induced by canonical agonists of TLR2 or TLR4 and comprises tolerogenic genes. A largely overlapping TLR2/4-dependent gene signature was observed in individual subsets of primary human airway myeloid cells, highlighting the robust effects of OM-85. Collectively, our results suggest caution should be taken when relating murine studies on bacterial lysates to humans. Furthermore, our data shed light on how a standardized bacterial lysate shapes the response through TLR2 and TLR4, which are crucial for immune response, trained immunity, and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif J Khameneh
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Bolis
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Computational Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Bioinformatics Core Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M O Ventura
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giada A Cassanmagnago
- Computational Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Berenice A Fischer
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Zenobi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Guerra
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Irene Buzzago
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Bernasconi
- Pulmonology Division, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli (ORBV), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simone G Moro
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Baulier
- OM Pharma SA, Department of Preclinical Research, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | | | - Greta Guarda
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Read JF, Serralha M, Armitage JD, Iqbal MM, Cruickshank MN, Saxena A, Strickland DH, Waithman J, Holt PG, Bosco A. Single cell transcriptomics reveals cell type specific features of developmentally regulated responses to lipopolysaccharide between birth and 5 years. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275937. [PMID: 37920467 PMCID: PMC10619903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human perinatal life is characterized by a period of extraordinary change during which newborns encounter abundant environmental stimuli and exposure to potential pathogens. To meet such challenges, the neonatal immune system is equipped with unique functional characteristics that adapt to changing conditions as development progresses across the early years of life, but the molecular characteristics of such adaptations remain poorly understood. The application of single cell genomics to birth cohorts provides an opportunity to investigate changes in gene expression programs elicited downstream of innate immune activation across early life at unprecedented resolution. Methods In this study, we performed single cell RNA-sequencing of mononuclear cells collected from matched birth cord blood and 5-year peripheral blood samples following stimulation (18hrs) with two well-characterized innate stimuli; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)). Results We found that the transcriptional response to LPS was constrained at birth and predominantly partitioned into classical proinflammatory gene upregulation primarily by monocytes and Interferon (IFN)-signaling gene upregulation by lymphocytes. Moreover, these responses featured substantial cell-to-cell communication which appeared markedly strengthened between birth and 5 years. In contrast, stimulation with Poly(I:C) induced a robust IFN-signalling response across all cell types identified at birth and 5 years. Analysis of gene regulatory networks revealed IRF1 and STAT1 were key drivers of the LPS-induced IFN-signaling response in lymphocytes with a potential developmental role for IRF7 regulation. Conclusion Additionally, we observed distinct activation trajectory endpoints for monocytes derived from LPS-treated cord and 5-year blood, which was not apparent among Poly(I:C)-induced monocytes. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into the gene regulatory landscape of immune cell function between birth and 5 years and point to regulatory mechanisms relevant to future investigation of infection susceptibility in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Read
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Serralha
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jesse D. Armitage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Muhammad Munir Iqbal
- Genomics WA, Joint Initiative of Telethon Kids Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark N. Cruickshank
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics WA, Joint Initiative of Telethon Kids Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Deborah H. Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick G. Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Jones AC, Leffler J, Laing IA, Bizzintino J, Khoo SK, LeSouef PN, Sly PD, Holt PG, Strickland DH, Bosco A. LPS binding protein and activation signatures are upregulated during asthma exacerbations in children. Respir Res 2023; 24:184. [PMID: 37438758 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations in children are associated with respiratory viral infection and atopy, resulting in systemic immune activation and infiltration of immune cells into the airways. The gene networks driving the immune activation and subsequent migration of immune cells into the airways remains incompletely understood. Cellular and molecular profiling of PBMC was employed on paired samples obtained from atopic asthmatic children (n = 19) during acute virus-associated exacerbations and later during convalescence. Systems level analyses were employed to identify coexpression networks and infer the drivers of these networks, and validation was subsequently obtained via independent samples from asthmatic children. During exacerbations, PBMC exhibited significant changes in immune cell abundance and upregulation of complex interlinked networks of coexpressed genes. These were associated with priming of innate immunity, inflammatory and remodelling functions. We identified activation signatures downstream of bacterial LPS, glucocorticoids and TGFB1. We also confirmed that LPS binding protein was upregulated at the protein-level in plasma. Multiple gene networks known to be involved positively or negatively in asthma pathogenesis, are upregulated in circulating PBMC during acute exacerbations, supporting the hypothesis that systemic pre-programming of potentially pathogenic as well as protective functions of circulating immune cells preceeds migration into the airways. Enhanced sensitivity to LPS is likely to modulate the severity of acute asthma exacerbations through exposure to environmental LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya C Jones
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jonatan Leffler
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter N LeSouef
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Rm. 329, 1657 E. Helen Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Liu C, Han M, Lv F, Gao Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H. Study on the Cellular Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Torularhodin Produced by Sporidiobolus pararoseus ZQHL Isolated from Vinegar Fungus. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031436. [PMID: 36771110 PMCID: PMC9920945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The red stretcher bacterium Sporidiobolus pararoseus is a high producer of carotenoids such as torularhodin, but its presence in vinegar has not been detected. Moreover, torularhodin has several biological activities, but its effect on the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 inflammatory cell model has also yet to be elucidated. In this study, S. pararoseus was identified in different vinegar samples from China by ITS sequencing. Meanwhile, one of the strains was deeply resolved by whole genome sequencing and functional annotation and named S. pararoseus ZQHL. Subsequently, the antioxidant effect of the fungal carotenoid torularhodin was investigated using in vitro DPPH, ABTS, and cellular models. Finally, LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were used as an inflammation model to assess torularhodin's protective effect on inflammatory cells and to determine whether the TLR4 pathway is associated with this process. The results indicate that torularhodin has good free radical scavenging ability in vitro and can contribute to cell viability. More importantly, torularhodin alleviated LPS-induced cellular inflammatory damage and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors such as TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-a. The mechanism may attenuate the cellular inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR4 inflammatory pathway. In conclusion, torularhodin produced by S. pararoseus fungi in vinegar samples significantly scavenged free radicals in vitro and alleviated RAW 264.7 cellular inflammation by modulating the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Food Science, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fuqiang Lv
- Jiangsu Hengshun Vinegar-Industry Co., Ltd., No. 66 Hengshun Road, Zhenjiang 212143, China
| | - Yaobin Gao
- Shanxi Mature Vinegar Group Co., Ltd., No. 26 Madaopo, Xinghua District, Taiyuan 030013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Shanxi Mature Vinegar Group Co., Ltd., No. 26 Madaopo, Xinghua District, Taiyuan 030013, China
| | - Xujiao Zhang
- Shanxi Zilin Vinegar Industry Co., Ltd., No. 550 Gaohua Duan, Taimao Road, Taiyuan 030100, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.Q.)
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.Q.)
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Martín-Cruz L, Sevilla-Ortega C, Angelina A, Domínguez-Andrés J, Netea MG, Subiza JL, Palomares O. From trained immunity in allergy to trained immunity-based allergen vaccines. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:145-155. [PMID: 36494877 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells experience long lasting metabolic and epigenetic changes after an encounter with specific stimuli. This facilitates enhanced immune responses upon secondary exposition to both the same and unrelated pathogens, a process termed trained immunity. Trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) are vaccines able to induce innate immune memory, thus conferring heterologous protection against a broad range of pathogens. While trained immunity has been well documented in the context of infections and multiple immune-mediated diseases, the role of innate immune memory and its contribution to the initiation and maintenance of chronic allergic diseases remains poorly understood. Over the last years, different studies attempting to uncover the role of trained immunity in allergy have emerged. Exposition to environmental factors impacting allergy development such as allergens or viruses induces the reprogramming of innate immune cells to acquire a more pro-inflammatory phenotype in the context of asthma or food allergy. Several studies have convincingly demonstrated that prevention of viral infections using TIbV contributes to reduce wheezing attacks in children, which represent a high-risk factor for asthma development later in life. Innate immune cells trained with specific stimuli might also acquire anti-inflammatory features and promote tolerance, which may have important implications for chronic inflammatory diseases such as allergies. Recent findings showed that allergoid-mannan conjugates, which are next generation vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), are able to reprogram monocytes into tolerogenic dendritic cells by mechanisms depending on metabolic and epigenetic rewiring. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of trained immunity in allergy will pave the way for the design of novel trained immunity-based allergen vaccines as potential alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martín-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sevilla-Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Baloh CH, Mathias RA. Recent progress in the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:60-69. [PMID: 36608983 PMCID: PMC9987265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 years, there continue to be advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of atopy pertaining to disease risk and disease severity. The joint role of genetics and the environment has been emphasized in multiple studies. Combining genetics with family history, biomarkers, and comorbidities is further refining our ability to predict the development of individual atopic diseases as well as the advancement of the atopic march. Polygenic risk scores will be an important next step for the field moving toward clinical translation of the genetic findings thus far. A systems biology approach, as illustrated by studies of the microbiome and epigenome, will be necessary to fully understand disease development and to develop increasingly targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn H Baloh
- The Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Md.
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7
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Bosco A. Emerging role for interferons in respiratory viral infections and childhood asthma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1109001. [PMID: 36895568 PMCID: PMC9989033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1109001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus (RV) infections are major triggers of severe lower respiratory illnesses (sLRI) in infants and children and are strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. Decades of research has focused on the role of type I interferons in antiviral immunity and ensuing airway diseases, however, recent findings have highlighted several novel aspects of the interferon response that merit further investigation. In this perspective, we discuss emerging roles of type I interferons in the pathogenesis of sLRI in children. We propose that variations in interferon response patterns exist as discrete endotypes, which operate locally in the airways and systemically through a lung-blood-bone marrow axis. We discuss new insights into the role of interferons in immune training, bacterial lysate immunotherapy, and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Interferons play complex and diverse roles in the pathogenesis of sLRI and later asthma, providing new directions for mechanistic studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bosco
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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8
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Liu C, Liu Y, Wang C, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Zhao Y. Lycopene-Loaded Bilosomes Ameliorate High-Fat Diet-Induced Chronic Nephritis in Mice through the TLR4/MyD88 Inflammatory Pathway. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193042. [PMID: 36230117 PMCID: PMC9564075 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease caused by a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome has received widespread attention. Lycopene has a wide range of biological activities and can improve a variety of chronic diseases through anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, HFD-fed mice were used as a metabolic syndrome model to evaluate the protective effect of lycopene in a sustained-release vehicle (bilosomes) in the small intestine against renal injury and to determine whether the TLR4/MyD88 pathway and related metabolic pathways are involved in this process. The results showed that lycopene bilosomes alleviated HFD-induced kidney damage, as evidenced by lower serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels. Histopathology studies showed that lycopene bilosomes attenuated HFD-induced tubular cell and glomerular injury. In addition, Elisa, RT-PCR, and Western blotting results showed that lycopene bilosomes also reduced the expression of inflammatory factors such as TLR4, MyD88, NF-kB, TNF-a, and IL-6 in mouse kidneys. The mechanism was to attenuate renal inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 inflammatory pathway. These findings suggested that lycopene can alleviate nephritis and metabolic disorders caused by HFD, inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 inflammatory pathway and its downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines and further regulating the vitamin K metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism pathways to relieve chronic nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Wuxi 9th People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ciwan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No.1000, He Feng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kim SR. Viral Infection and Airway Epithelial Immunity in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9914. [PMID: 36077310 PMCID: PMC9456547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma development and exacerbation in children and adults. In the course of immune responses to viruses, airway epithelial cells are the initial platform of innate immunity against viral invasion. Patients with severe asthma are more vulnerable than those with mild to moderate asthma to viral infections. Furthermore, in most cases, asthmatic patients tend to produce lower levels of antiviral cytokines than healthy subjects, such as interferons produced from immune effector cells and airway epithelial cells. The epithelial inflammasome appears to contribute to asthma exacerbation through overactivation, leading to self-damage, despite its naturally protective role against infectious pathogens. Given the mixed and complex immune responses in viral-infection-induced asthma exacerbation, this review examines the diverse roles of airway epithelial immunity and related potential therapeutic targets and discusses the mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous manifestations of asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Kim
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Jeonbuk National University, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
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10
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Ballarini S, Ardusso L, Ortega Martell JA, Sacco O, Feleszko W, Rossi GA. Can bacterial lysates be useful in prevention of viral respiratory infections in childhood? The results of experimental OM-85 studies. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1051079. [PMID: 36479289 PMCID: PMC9720385 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are mainly viral in origin and among the leading cause of childhood morbidity globally. Associated wheezing illness and asthma are still a clear unmet medical need. Despite the continuous progress in understanding the processes involved in their pathogenesis, preventive measures and treatments failed to demonstrate any significant disease-modifying effect. However, in the last decades it was understood that early-life exposure to microbes, may reduce the risk of infectious and allergic disorders, increasing the immune response efficacy. These results suggested that treatment with bacterial lysates (BLs) acting on gut microbiota, could promote a heterologous immunomodulation useful in the prevention of recurrent RTIs and of wheezing inception and persistence. This hypothesis has been supported by clinical and experimental studies showing the reduction of RTI frequency and severity in childhood after oral BL prophylaxis and elucidating the involved mechanisms. OM-85 is the product whose anti-viral effects have been most extensively studied in vitro, animal, and human cell studies and in translational animal infection/disease models. The results of the latter studies, describing the potential immune training-based activities of such BL, leading to the protection against respiratory viruses, will be reported. In response to human rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2, OM-85 was effective in modulating the structure and the functions of a large numbers of airways epithelial and immune cells, when administered both orally and intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ledit Ardusso
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Rosario School of Medicine, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Oliviero Sacco
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Allergy Disease Unit, G. Gaslini University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, The Medical University Children's Hospital, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Giovanni A Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatrics Pulmonology and Respiratory Endoscopy, G. Gaslini Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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