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Excessive Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and Extremely High Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HALP) in the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Baseline. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051221. [PMID: 36904219 PMCID: PMC10005235 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has already been established that the consumption of alcoholic beverages increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in dose-response. METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional analysis was carried out with 6132 participants of both sexes aged between 35 and 74 years, who were active and retired workers from six Brazilian states. Heavy drinkers were categorized by sex: men > 210 g/week and women > 140 g/week; moderate drinkers: men ≤ 209 g/week and women ≤ 139 g/week. The HDL-C level was dichotomized into normal (40 mg/dL-82.9 mg/dL) and extremely high (≥83 mg/dL). We used binary logistic regression to assess associations between baseline alcohol intake and HDL-C, which were adjusted for sex, age, income, physical activity, kilocalories and body mass index (BMI), and we found an positive association between extremely high HDL-C and the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. These participants were mostly women with a high income, lower waist circumference, kilocalorie consumption and also a higher consumption in all categories of alcoholic beverages. CONCLUSION Excessive alcohol consumption was associated with a higher probability of extremely high HDL-C.
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Kardassis D, Thymiakou E, Chroni A. Genetics and regulation of HDL metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159060. [PMID: 34624513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inverse association between plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by numerous epidemiological studies. However, efforts to reduce CVD risk by pharmaceutically manipulating HDL-C levels failed and refused the HDL hypothesis. HDL-C levels in the general population are highly heterogeneous and are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insights into the causes of HDL-C heterogeneity came from the study of monogenic HDL deficiency syndromes but also from genome wide association and Μendelian randomization studies which revealed the contribution of a large number of loci to low or high HDL-C cases in the general or in restricted ethnic populations. Furthermore, HDL-C levels in the plasma are under the control of transcription factor families acting primarily in the liver including members of the hormone nuclear receptors (PPARs, LXRs, HNF-4) and forkhead box proteins (FOXO1-4) and activating transcription factors (ATFs). The effects of certain lipid lowering drugs used today are based on the modulation of the activity of specific members of these transcription factors. During the past decade, the roles of small or long non-coding RNAs acting post-transcriptionally on the expression of HDL genes have emerged and provided novel insights into HDL regulation and new opportunities for therapeutic interventions. In the present review we summarize recent progress made in the genetics and the regulation (transcriptional and post-transcriptional) of HDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Black DM, Miller M, Heinonen TM, Zhang G. Advancing Beyond Failed High-density Lipoprotein Clinical Trials to Pharmacogenetic Studies of ADCY9 and Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:496-500. [PMID: 34173811 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Atherosclerosis has been effectively avoided with many therapies that lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, significant cardiovascular burden remains. The effect of raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been confounded by other factors (such as lowering triglycerides or LDL) and unsuccessful when attempting to solely increase HDL. Reviewing the available data, the failures of previous strategies may reflect the complexity of HDL in human metabolism and the heterogeneity of human genetics. dal-GenE (NCT02525939) represents the first large cardiovascular outcomes study to use a selective genomic test to identify the target population most likely to receive therapeutic benefit and uses a cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitor, dalcetrapib. Both the cholesterol ester transfer protein target and the ADCY9 polymorphism identified by the diagnostic test are based on inheritance and an evolving understanding of inborn risk. Selective treatment of subpopulations may be the key to the conundrum of HDL as an actionable risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Cardiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; and
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Giammanco A, Noto D, Barbagallo CM, Nardi E, Caldarella R, Ciaccio M, Averna MR, Cefalù AB. Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and Beyond: The Role of HDL in Cardiovascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060581. [PMID: 34207236 PMCID: PMC8235218 DOI: 10.3390/life11060581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels above the 90th percentile of the distribution of HDL-C values in the general population. Secondary non-genetic factors such as drugs, pregnancy, alcohol intake, and liver diseases might induce HDL increases. Primary forms of HALP are caused by mutations in the genes coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (HL), apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and endothelial lipase (EL). However, in the last decades, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also suggested a polygenic inheritance of hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Epidemiological studies have suggested that HDL-C is inversely correlated with cardiovascular (CV) risk, but recent Mendelian randomization data have shown a lack of atheroprotective causal effects of HDL-C. This review will focus on primary forms of HALP, the role of polygenic inheritance on HDL-C, associated risk for cardiovascular diseases and possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Davide Noto
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Carlo Maria Barbagallo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Emilio Nardi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Laboratory Medicine CoreLab, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Laboratory Medicine CoreLab, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rocco Averna
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Angelo Baldassare Cefalù
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Shulgin AA, Lebedev TD, Prassolov VS, Spirin PV. Plasmolipin and Its Role in Cell Processes. Mol Biol 2021; 55:773-785. [PMID: 34955555 PMCID: PMC8682038 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the origin and development of malignant and neurodegenerative diseases are an important area of modern biomedicine. A crucial task is to identify new molecular markers that are associated with rearrangements of intracellular signaling and can be used for prognosis and the development of effective treatment approaches. The proteolipid plasmolipin (PLLP) is a possible marker. PLLP is a main component of the myelin sheath and plays an important role in the development and normal function of the nervous system. PLLP is involved in intracellular transport, lipid raft formation, and Notch signaling. PLLP is presumably involved in various disorders, such as cancer, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLLP and its homologs were identified as possible virus entry receptors. The review summarizes the data on the PLLP structure, normal functions, and role in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Shulgin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia ,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - T. D. Lebedev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. V. Spirin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Cole J, Blackhurst DM, Solomon GAE, Ratanjee BD, Benjamin R, Marais AD. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to LIPG variants. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:142-150.e2. [PMID: 33414088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration correlates inversely with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and is included in risk calculations. Endothelial lipase (EL) is a phospholipase that remodels HDL. Deficiency of EL due to mutations in its gene, LIPG, is associated with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. The effects of EL on HDL function and ASCVD risk remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To determine whether hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to EL deficiency is protective against ASCVD. METHODS We identified LIPG variants amongst patients with severe hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HDL-C >2.5 mmol/L) attending a referral lipid clinic in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. We analysed the clinical and biochemical phenotypes amongst primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia cases (males HDL-C >1.6 mmol/L; females HDL-C >1.8 mmol/L) due to LIPG variants, and the distribution of variants in normal and hyperalphalipoproteinemia ranges of HDL-C. RESULTS 1007 patients with HDL-C concentration ranging from 1.2 to 4.5 mmol/L were included. Seventeen females had primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Vascular disease was prominent, but not associated with HDL-C concentration, LDL-C concentration or carotid artery intima media thickness. Two novel and three known LIPG variants were identified in severe hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Four additional variants were identified in the extended cohort. Two common variants appeared normally distributed across the HDL-C concentration range, while six less-common variants were found only at higher HDL-C concentrations. One rare variant had a moderate effect. CONCLUSION Hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to LIPG variants is commoner in females and may not protect against ASCVD. Use of current risk calculations may be inappropriate in patients with hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to EL deficiency. Our study cautions targeting EL to reduce risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Cole
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, C17 Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Diane Mary Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriele Anna Eva Solomon
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bharati Dhanluxmi Ratanjee
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ryan Benjamin
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, C17 Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adrian David Marais
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Using Network Pharmacology to Explore Potential Treatment Mechanism for Coronary Heart Disease Using Chuanxiong and Jiangxiang Essential Oils in Jingzhi Guanxin Prescriptions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7631365. [PMID: 31772600 PMCID: PMC6854988 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7631365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background To predict the active components and potential targets of traditional Chinese medicine and to determine the mechanism behind the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine, a multitargeted method was used. Jingzhi Guanxin prescriptions expressed a high efficacy for coronary heart disease (CHD) patients of which essential oils from Chuanxiong and Jiangxiang were confirmed to be the most important effective substance. However, the interaction between the active components and the targets for the treatment of CHD has not been clearly explained in previous studies. Materials and Methods Genes associated with the disease and the treatment strategy were searched from the electronic database and analyzed by Cytoscape (version 3.2.1). Protein-protein interaction network diagram of CHD with Jiangxiang and Chuanxiong essential oils was constructed by Cytoscape. Pathway functional enrichment analysis was executed by clusterProfiler package in R platform. Results 121 ingredients of Chuanxiong and Jiangxiang essential oils were analyzed, and 393 target genes of the compositions and 912 CHD-related genes were retrieved. 15 coexpression genes were selected, including UGT1A1, DPP4, RXRA, ADH1A, RXRG, UGT1A3, PPARA, TRPC3, CYP1A1, ABCC2, AHR, and ADRA2A. The crucial pathways of occurrence and treatment molecular mechanism of CHD were analyzed, including retinoic acid metabolic process, flavonoid metabolic process, response to xenobiotic stimulus, cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus, cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus, retinoid binding, retinoic acid binding, and monocarboxylic acid binding. Finally, we elucidate the underlying role and mechanism behind these genes in the pathogenesis and treatment of CHD. Conclusions Generally speaking, the nodes in subnetwork affect the pathological process of CHD, thus indicating the mechanism of Jingzhi Guanxin prescriptions containing Chuanxiong and Jiangxiang essential oils in the treatment of CHD.
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Saramago M, da Costa PJ, Viegas SC, Arraiano CM. The Implication of mRNA Degradation Disorders on Human DISease: Focus on DIS3 and DIS3-Like Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1157:85-98. [PMID: 31342438 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19966-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA degradation is considered a critical posttranscriptional regulatory checkpoint, maintaining the correct functioning of organisms. When a specific RNA transcript is no longer required in the cell, it is signaled for degradation through a number of highly regulated steps. Ribonucleases (or simply RNases) are key enzymes involved in the control of RNA stability. These enzymes can perform the RNA degradation alone or cooperate with other proteins in RNA degradation complexes. Important findings over the last years have shed light into eukaryotic RNA degradation by members of the RNase II/RNB family of enzymes. DIS3 enzyme belongs to this family and represents one of the catalytic subunits of the multiprotein complex exosome. This RNase has a diverse range of functions, mainly within nuclear RNA metabolism. Humans encode two other DIS3-like enzymes: DIS3L (DIS3L1) and DIS3L2. DIS3L1 also acts in association with the exosome but is strictly cytoplasmic. In contrast, DIS3L2 acts independently of the exosome and shows a distinctive preference for uridylated RNAs. These enzymes have been shown to be involved in important cellular processes, such as mitotic control, and associated with human disorders like cancer. This review shows how the impairment of function of each of these enzymes is implicated in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saramago
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo J da Costa
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra C Viegas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Cecília M Arraiano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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