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Roy G, Drouin-Chartier JP. Cardiovascular disease prevention in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: how important is a healthy diet in the era of long-lasting cholesterol-lowering drug therapies? Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:1-6. [PMID: 37910156 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an in-depth perspective on the importance of diet for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). RECENT FINDINGS Even though data on diet and CVD prevention in HeFH are limited, the currently available evidence supports its cholesterol-lowering effect and its favorable association with CVD risk on the long-term. However, qualitative evidence from individuals with HeFH suggests that there is a common perception that diet is useless compared to medication, and this misconception serves as a barrier to healthy eating. On the other hand, evidence also suggests that individuals with HeFH are at higher risk of eating disorders compared with unaffected individuals. Family history of premature death and the chronic nature of the disease would be in cause. SUMMARY Emphasizing a healthy diet needs to remain at the foundation of CVD prevention in HeFH. Evidence are limited but supportive of the cholesterol-lowering and cardioprotective potential effects of diet. Engaging in conversations about healthy dieting with individuals in HeFH is likely to help prevent misconceptions about diet. Additionally, it could help reduce the risk of eating disorders, which, altogether, is likely to improve overall CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Roy
- Centre NUTRISS (Nutrition, Santé et Société), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF)
| | - Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- Centre NUTRISS (Nutrition, Santé et Société), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Shirani M, Talebi S, Sadeghi O, Hassanizadeh S, Askari G, Bagherniya M, Sahebkar A. Effects of marine-derived n-3 PUFA supplementation on soluble adhesion molecules: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106963. [PMID: 37863453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects but their effects on serum levels of adhesion molecules are inconsistent and contradictory. In this updated systematic review and meta-analysis, marine sources of omega-3 fatty acids were pooled up to determine the effects of omega-3 supplementation on adhesion molecules. PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases (from inception to April 2023) were searched and all RCTs investigating the effects of marine sources of omega-3, on blood concentrations of adhesion molecules were included and a meta-analysis undertaken. Forty-two RCTs were included involving 3555 participants aged from 18 to 75 years. Meta-analysis of 38 arms from 30 RCTs reporting serum concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) showed a significant reduction after omega-3 supplementation (WMD: -1.26, 95% CI: -1.88 to -0.64 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Meta-analysis of 40 arms from 30 RCTs reporting serum concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) revealed a reduction following omega-3 supplementation, although it was not significant (WMD: -1.76, 95%CI: -3.68 to 0.16 ng/mL, P = 0.07). Meta-analysis of 27 arms from 21 trials showed no effect on E-selectin (WMD: 0.01, 95%CI: -0.02 to 0.04 ng/mL, P = 0.62). Pooling 15 arms from 11 RCTs showed a marginally significant reducing effect on P-selectin concentrations (WMD: -2.67, 95%CI: -5.53 to 0.19 ng/mL, P = 0.06). A considerable decrease in VCAM concentration was observed after omega-3 supplementation in this meta-analysis with a trend to decreases in both ICAM and P-selectin levels, with effects that may be significant depending on study design, and there was no effect on E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shirani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Talebi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Hassanizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Khandouzi N, Zahedmehr A, Asadian S, Nasrollahzadeh J. Effects of olive oil and flaxseed consumption in a healthy diet on endothelial function, plasma lipids and inflammatory factors of patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized clinical trial. Coron Artery Dis 2023; 34:332-340. [PMID: 37335239 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A healthy lifestyle, including a healthy diet has been associated with an improvement in cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of olive oil and flaxseed consumption as part of a healthy diet on endothelial function, plasma inflammatory factors, and lipid profile in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHOD This randomized nonblinded trial was performed on CHD patients. In the control group, participants received general heart-healthy dietary recommendations while in the intervention group, in addition to these recommendations, the participants consumed 25 ml of olive oil and 30 g of flaxseeds daily for 3 months. At baseline and after 3 months, changes in brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and lipids and lipoproteins were measured. RESULTS A total of 50 patients finished the trial ( n = 24 in the intervention and n = 26 in the control groups). Compared to the control group, consumption of flaxseed and olive oil significantly improved brachial artery FMD%, and reduced plasma IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, total cholesterol, and tended to reduce hs-CRP, and non-HDL-cholesterol but the concentration of other study indices were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Inclusion of olive oil and flaxseed in the diet of CHD patients may contribute to secondary prevention by improving endothelial function and plasma inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Khandouzi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Sanaz Asadian
- Department of Radiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
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Storm-Larsen C, Hande LN, Kummen M, Thunhaug H, Vestad B, Hansen SH, Hovland A, Trøseid M, Lappegård KT, Hov JR. Reduced gut microbial diversity in familial hypercholesterolemia with no effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intervention - a pilot trial. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2022; 82:363-370. [PMID: 35913798 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) undergo an aggressive treatment with cholesterol-lowering drugs to prevent coronary heart disease. Recent evidence suggests an interplay between the gut microbiota, blood lipid levels and lipid-lowering drugs, but this has yet to be studied in individuals with FH. The objective of the study was to characterize the gut microbiota of individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia and examine if effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on blood lipids act through modification of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiota composition of individuals with FH (N = 21) and healthy controls (N = 144) was analyzed by extracting DNA from stool samples and sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A subgroup (n = 15) of the participants received omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation or placebo in a crossover manner, and the effect of PUFAs on the gut microbiota was also investigated. Individuals with FH had a different gut microbiota composition compared to healthy controls, characterized by reduced richness (p = .001) and reduction of several genera belonging to Clostridia and Coriobacteriia. Patients using ezetimibe in addition to statins appeared to have lower richness compared to those only using statins (p = .01). Intervention with omega-3 PUFAs had negligible impact on the microbiota composition. Positive effects on blood lipids after intervention with omega-3 PUFA were not associated with baseline gut microbiota composition or gut microbial changes during treatment. Further, patients with FH have an altered gut microbiota compared to healthy controls, possibly driven by the use of ezetimibe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Storm-Larsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Nesse Hande
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Kummen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Thunhaug
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Beate Vestad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simen Hyll Hansen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Hovland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious diseases, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Tore Lappegård
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Surgery, Inflammatory diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Effect of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Composition in Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081809. [PMID: 36009356 PMCID: PMC9405021 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Treatment is mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction. How omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) supplements affect lipoproteins in FH subjects is unknown. We hypothesized that a high-dose n-3 PUFA supplement would reduce atherogenic lipoproteins and influence the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) function. We performed a randomized, double-blinded crossover study with 34 genetically verified FH individuals (18−75 years, clinically stable, statin treatment > 12 months). Treatment was 4 g n-3 PUFAs (1840 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 1520 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily) or four capsules of olive oil for three months in a crossover design with a washout period of three months. The defined outcomes were changes in triglycerides, lipoproteins, lipoprotein subfractions, apolipoproteins, and HDL-C function. After treatment with n-3 PUFAs, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides were reduced compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.01 for all). Total HDL-C levels were unchanged, but the subfraction of large HDL-C was higher (p ≤ 0.0001) after n-3 PUFAs than after placebo, and intermediate HDL-C and small HDL-C were reduced after n-3 PUFAs compared to placebo (p = 0.02 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively). No changes were found in apolipoproteins and HDL-C function. N-3 PUFAs supplements reduced atherogenic lipoproteins in FH subjects, leaving HDL-C function unaffected.
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Batista ES, da Silva Rios T, Muñoz VR, Jesus JS, Vasconcelos MM, da Cunha DT, Marques-Rocha JL, Nakandakari SCBR, Lara R, da Silva ASR, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Mekary RA, de Moura LP, Camargo EA, Cintra DE. Omega-3 mechanism of action in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mononuclear cells from overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease participants: study protocol for the "Brazilian Omega Study" (BROS)-a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:927. [PMID: 34922604 PMCID: PMC8684080 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The low-grade inflammation is pivotal in obesity and its comorbidities; however, the inflammatory proteins are out of target for traditional drug therapy. Omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids can modulate the downstream signaling of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFα) through GPR120, a G-protein-coupled receptor, a mechanism not yet elucidated in humans. This work aims to investigate if the ω3 supplementation, at a feasible level below the previously recommended level in the literature, is enough to disrupt the inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress), and also if in acute treatment (3 h) ω3 can activate the GPR120 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and leukocytes from overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) participants. The R270H variant of the Ffar4 (GPR120 gene) will also be explored about molecular responses and blood lipid profiles. A triple-blind, prospective clinical trial will be conducted in overweight men and women, aged 19–75 years, randomized into placebo or supplemented (2.2 g of ω3 [EPA+DHA]) groups for 28 days. For sample calculation, it was considered the variation of TNFα protein and a 40% dropout rate, obtaining 22 individuals in each group. Volunteers will be recruited among patients with NAFLD diagnosis. Anthropometric parameters, food intake, physical activity, total serum lipids, complete fatty acid blood profile, and glycemia will be evaluated pre- and post-supplementation. In the PBMC and neutrophils, the protein content and gene expression of markers related to inflammation (TNFα, MCP1, IL1β, IL6, IL10, JNK, and TAK1), ER-stress (ATF1, ATF6, IRE1, XBP1, CHOP, eIF2α, eIF4, HSP), and ω3 pathway (GPR120, β-arrestin2, Tab1/2, and TAK1) will be evaluated using Western blot and RT-qPCR. Participants will be genotyped for the R270H (rs116454156) variant using the TaqMan assay. It is hypothesized that attenuation of inflammation and ER-stress signaling pathways in overweight and NAFLD participants will be achieved through ω3 supplementation through binding to the GPR120 receptor. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov #RBR-7x8tbx. Registered on May 10, 2018, with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05702-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellencristina Silva Batista
- Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Nutrition Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Thaiane da Silva Rios
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Joyce Santos Jesus
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Thimóteo da Cunha
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Jose Luis Marques-Rocha
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Susana Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rania Angelina Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil. .,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
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Roy G, Boucher A, Couture P, Drouin-Chartier JP. Impact of Diet on Plasma Lipids in Individuals with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Nutritional Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010235. [PMID: 33561083 PMCID: PMC7829745 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conclusive data on the effectiveness of dietary interventions in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) management are unavailable. Whether this is due to a true lack of effects or biases in intervention designs remains unsettled. We systematically assessed the impact on LDL-C of published dietary randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted among individuals with HeFH in relation to their design and risk of bias. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase in November 2020 to identify RCTs that assessed the impact of: (1) food-based interventions; (2) dietary counseling interventions; or (3) dietary supplements on LDL-C in individuals with HeFH. We evaluated the risk of bias of each study using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 method. RESULTS A total of 19 RCTs comprising 837 individuals with HeFH were included. Of those, five were food-based interventions, three were dietary counseling interventions and 12 were dietary supplement-based interventions (omega-3, n = 3; phytosterols, n = 7; guar gum, n = 1; policosanol, n = 1). One study qualified both as a food-based intervention and as a dietary supplement intervention due to its factorial design. A significant reduction in LDL-C levels was reported in 10 RCTs, including eight dietary supplement interventions (phytosterols, n = 6, omega-3, n = 1; guar gum, n = 1), one food-based intervention and one dietary counseling intervention. A total of 13 studies were judged to have some methodological biases in a way that substantially lowers confidence in the results. Studies at low risk of biases were more likely to report significant reductions in LDL-C concentrations, compared with studies at risk of bias (chi-square statistic: 5.49; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION This systemic review shows that the apparent lack of effectiveness of diet manipulation in modulating plasma levels of LDL-C among individuals with HeFH is likely due to biases in study designs, rather than a true lack of effects. The likelihood of reporting significant reductions in LDL-C was associated with the concurrent risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Roy
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut Sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.R.); (A.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Anykim Boucher
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut Sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.R.); (A.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrick Couture
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut Sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.R.); (A.B.); (P.C.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut Sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.R.); (A.B.); (P.C.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +418-656-2131
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Barkas F, Nomikos T, Liberopoulos E, Panagiotakos D. Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Individuals with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082436. [PMID: 32823643 PMCID: PMC7468930 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although a cholesterol-lowering diet and the addition of plant sterols and stanols are suggested for the lipid management of children and adults with familial hypercholesterolemia, there is limited evidence evaluating such interventions in this population. Objectives: To investigate the impact of cholesterol-lowering diet and other dietary interventions on the incidence or mortality of cardiovascular disease and lipid profile of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Search methods: Relevant trials were identified by searching US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Metabolism Trials Register and clinicaltrials.gov.gr using the following terms: diet, dietary, plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber and familial hypercholesterolemia. Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of cholesterol-lowering diet or other dietary interventions in children and adults with familial hypercholesterolemia were included. Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed the eligibility of the included trials and their bias risk and extracted the data which was independently verified by other colleagues. Results: A total of 17 trials were finally included, with a total of 376 participants across 8 comparison groups. The included trials had either a low or unclear bias risk for most of the assessed risk parameters. Cardiovascular incidence or mortality were not evaluated in any of the included trials. Among the planned comparisons regarding patients’ lipidemic profile, a significant difference was noticed for the following comparisons and outcomes: omega-3 fatty acids reduced triglycerides (mean difference (MD): −0.27 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.47 to −0.07, p < 0.01) when compared with placebo. A non-significant trend towards a reduction in subjects’ total cholesterol (MD: −0.34, 95% CI: −0.68 to 0, mmol/L, p = 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: −0.31, 95% CI: −0.61 to 0, mmol/L, p = 0.05) was noticed. In comparison with cholesterol-lowering diet, the additional consumption of plant stanols decreased total cholesterol (MD: −0.62 mmol/L, 95% CI: −1.13 to −0.11, p = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: −0.58 mmol/L, 95% CI: −1.08 to −0.09, p = 0.02). The same was by plant sterols (MD: −0.46 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.76 to −0.17, p < 0.01 for cholesterol and MD: −0.45 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.74 to −0.16, p < 0.01 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol). No heterogeneity was noticed among the studies included in these analyses. Conclusions: Available trials confirm that the addition of plant sterols or stanols has a cholesterol-lowering effect on such individuals. On the other hand, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids effectively reduces triglycerides and might have a role in lowering the cholesterol of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Additional studies are needed to investigate the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering diet or the addition of soya protein and dietary fibers to a cholesterol-lowering diet in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Barkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece; (F.B.); (E.L.)
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 176 71 Athens, Greece;
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 176 71 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece; (F.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Demosthenes Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 176 71 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-9549332 or +30-210-9549100
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Calanus oil in the treatment of obesity-related low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:967-979. [PMID: 31853565 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calanus oil (COil) is a natural product extracted from marine zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus found in the North Atlantic Ocean. This oil is rich in wax esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and has been projected as the best alternative to fish oil because its production cannot keep pace with the demands from the growing markets. The COil is the only commercially available marine source of wax esters, whereas classic ω-3 PUFAs comes from triglycerides, ethyl esters, and phospholipids. It has, in recent decades, been seen that there is an unprecedented rise in the use of PUFA-rich oil in the aquaculture industry. A simultaneous rise in the demand of PUFAs is also observed in the health care industry, where PUFAs are suggested preventing various disorders related to lifestyles such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic low-grade inflammation, atherosclerosis, and brain and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). In this review, we will explore the metabolic aspects related to the use of COil as an antioxidant, anticholesterinemic, and anti-inflammatory dietary source and its impact on the prevention and therapy of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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