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Aberrant probabilistic reinforcement learning in first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 264:400-406. [PMID: 32056775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivational dysregulation represents a core vulnerability factor for bipolar disorder. Whether this also comprises aberrant learning of stimulus-reinforcer contingencies is less clear. METHODS To answer this question, we compared healthy first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder (n = 42) known to convey an increased risk of developing a bipolar spectrum disorder and healthy individuals (n = 97). Further, we investigated the effects of the behavioral activation system (BAS) on reinforcement learning across the entire sample. All participants were assessed with a probabilistic learning task that distinguishes learning from positive and negative feedback. Main outcome measures included choice frequencies and learning rate parameters generated by computational reinforcement learning algorithms. RESULTS First-degree relatives choose more rewarding stimuli more consistently and showed marginally reduced learning rates from unexpected negative feedback. Further, first-degree relatives had lower BAS scores than controls, which were negatively associated with learning rates from unexpected negative feedback. LIMITATIONS However as probands also reported other mental disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and substance abuse among their first-degree relatives, we cannot know, whether these findings are specific to the risk for bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION The behavior of first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder, who also display increased BAS sensitivity, is less influenced by unexpected negative feedback. This reduced learning from unexpected negative feedback biases subsequent choices towards stimuli with higher probabilities for a reward. In sum, our results confirm the role of aberrant reinforcement learning in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
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Hosang GM, Fisher HL, Cohen-Woods S, McGuffin P, Farmer AE. Stressful life events and catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) gene in bipolar disorder. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:419-426. [PMID: 28102561 DOI: 10.1002/da.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small body of research suggests that gene-environment interactions play an important role in the development of bipolar disorder. The aim of the present study is to contribute to this work by exploring the relationship between stressful life events and the catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) Val158 Met polymorphism in bipolar disorder. METHODS Four hundred eighty-two bipolar cases and 205 psychiatrically healthy controls completed the List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire. Bipolar cases reported the events experienced 6 months before their worst depressive and manic episodes; controls reported those events experienced 6 months prior to their interview. The genotypic information for the COMT Val158 Met variant (rs4680) was extracted from GWAS analysis of the sample. RESULTS The impact of stressful life events was moderated by the COMT genotype for the worst depressive episode using a Val dominant model (adjusted risk difference = 0.09, 95% confidence intervals = 0.003-0.18, P = .04). For the worst manic episodes no significant interactions between COMT and stressful life events were detected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to explore the relationship between stressful life events and the COMT Val158 Met polymorphism focusing solely on bipolar disorder. The results of this study highlight the importance of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors for bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Hosang
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne E Farmer
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Bortolato M, Walss-Bass C, Thompson PM, Moskovitz J. Manic symptom severity correlates with COMT activity in the striatum: A post-mortem study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:247-254. [PMID: 27458023 PMCID: PMC5468118 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1208844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which catalyses the degradation of dopamine and norepinephrine, is posited to participate in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. In support of this notion, rich evidence has documented that the severity of various BD and schizophrenia symptoms is moderated by rs4680, a single nucleotide polymorphism of the COMT gene featuring a valine (Val)-to-methionine (Met) substitution that results in lower catalytic activity. Nevertheless, the specific relevance of COMT enzymatic activity in the pathophysiology of BD and schizophrenia dimensions remains elusive. METHODS We measured COMT catalytic activity in post-mortem prefrontal cortices, striata and cerebella of schizophrenia and BD patients, as well as non-affected controls. These values were then correlated with rs4680 genotypes and psychopathology scores in the last week of life. RESULTS No direct correlation between COMT activity and rs4680 genotypes was found; however, the severity of manic symptoms was highly correlated with COMT activity in the striatum, irrespective of the diagnostic group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that COMT striatal activity, but not rs4680 genotype, may serve as a biomarker for manic symptoms. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings and assess the neurobiological links between COMT striatal activity and manic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA,Corresponding authors: Marco Bortolato, MD PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, . Jackob Moskovitz, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045,
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Peter M. Thompson
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso, El Paso TX 79905 USA
| | - Jackob Moskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA,Corresponding authors: Marco Bortolato, MD PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, . Jackob Moskovitz, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045,
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Vai B, Riberto M, Poletti S, Bollettini I, Lorenzi C, Colombo C, Benedetti F. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val(108/158)Met polymorphism affects fronto-limbic connectivity during emotional processing in bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 41:53-59. [PMID: 28049082 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inactivates catecholamines, Val/Val genotype was associated to an increased amygdala (Amy) response to negative stimuli and can influence the symptoms severity and the outcome of bipolar disorder, probably mediated by the COMT polymorphism (rs4680) interaction between cortical and subcortical dopaminergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study is to explore how rs4680 and implicit emotional processing of negative emotional stimuli could interact in affecting the Amy connectivity in bipolar depression. Forty-five BD patients (34 Met carriers vs. 11 Val/Val) underwent fMRI scanning during implicit processing of fearful and angry faces. We explore the effect of rs4680 on the strength of functional connectivity from the amygdalae to whole brain. Val/Val and Met carriers significantly differed for the connectivity between Amy and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and supramarginal gyrus. Val/Val patients showed a significant positive connectivity for all of these areas, where Met carriers presented a significant negative one for the connection between DLPFC and Amy. Our findings reveal a COMT genotype-dependent difference in corticolimbic connectivity during affective regulation, possibly identifying a neurobiological underpinning of clinical and prognostic outcome of BD. Specifically, a worse antidepressant recovery and clinical outcome previously detected in Val/Val patients could be associated to a specific increased sensitivity to negative emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vai
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; CERMAC (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria Ss. Assunta, Roma, Italy.
| | - M Riberto
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - S Poletti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; CERMAC (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - I Bollettini
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; CERMAC (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - C Lorenzi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - C Colombo
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | - F Benedetti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; CERMAC (Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Rahimi Z, Kakabaraee K, Garavand A, Rahimi Z. The T Allele of MTHFR c.C677T and Its Synergism with G (Val 158) Allele of COMT c.G472A Polymorphism Are Associated with the Risk of Bipolar I Disorder. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:510-5. [PMID: 27447284 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the present study were to investigate the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) c.C677T (p.A222V) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) c.G472A (p.V158M) polymorphisms and their synergism with respect to bipolar I disorder (BID). METHODS Within an ethnic Kurdish population from Western Iran the MTHFR c.C677T and COMT c.G472A polymorphisms were studied in 150 patients with BID and 149 gender- and age-matched healthy individuals using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS In the presence of MTHFR 677T allele and MTHFR TT genotype, the risk of BID was 1.44 times (p = 0.046) and 1.81-fold (p = 0.029), respectively. The frequency of COMT 472G allele compared to the A allele in cases and controls was not significant (p = 0.078); however there was a synergism between the presence of MTHFR 677T and COMT 472G alleles that increased the risk of BID by 2.58-fold (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the presence of the lower activity allele of MTHFR (677T) increased the risk of BID. In addition, the concomitant presence of the MTHFR 677T allele with the COMT 472G allele was associated with increased susceptibility to BID in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Rahimi
- 1 Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University , Kermanshah, Iran .,2 Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keivan Kakabaraee
- 1 Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Garavand
- 3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- 2 Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran .,3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah, Iran
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Zumárraga M, Arrúe A, Basterreche N, Macías I, Catalán A, Madrazo A, Bustamante S, Zamalloa MI, Erkoreka L, Gordo E, Arnaiz A, Olivas O, Arroita A, Marín E, González-Torres MA. COMT haplotypes, catecholamine metabolites in plasma and clinical response in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:837-51. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We examined the association of COMT haplotypes and plasma metabolites of catecholamines in relation to the clinical response to antipsychotics in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Patients & methods: We studied 165 patients before and after four weeks of treatment, and 163 healthy controls. We assessed four COMT haplotypes and the plasma concentrations of HVA, DOPAC and MHPG. Results: Bipolar patients: haplotypes are associated with age at onset and clinical evolution. In schizophrenic patients, an haplotype previously associated with increased risk, is related to better response of negative symptoms. Conclusion: Haplotypes would be good indicators of the clinical status and the treatment response in bipolar and schizophrenic patients. Larger studies are required to elucidate the clinical usefulness of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Zumárraga
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aurora Arrúe
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nieves Basterreche
- Unidad de Hospitalización de Corta Estancia, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Psicología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Isabel Macías
- Unidad de Salud Laboral, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Catalán
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Basurto, Osakidetza, Avenida de Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantza Madrazo
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Basurto, Osakidetza, Avenida de Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Basurto, Osakidetza, Avenida de Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - María I Zamalloa
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leire Erkoreka
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Psicología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Salud Mental de Barakaldo, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, La Felicidad 9, 3. 48901 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Gordo
- Unidad de Hospitalización de Corta Estancia, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ainara Arnaiz
- Unidad de Hospitalización de Corta Estancia, Hospital de Zamudio, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Olga Olivas
- Centro de Salud Mental de Gernika, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, San Juan 1, 48300 Gernika, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ariane Arroita
- Centro de Salud Mental de Barakaldo, Red de Salud Mental de Bizkaia, Osakidetza, La Felicidad 9, 3. 48901 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Elena Marín
- Hospital Psiquiátrico de Bermeo, Tonpoi Bidea s/n. 48370, Bermeo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miguel A González-Torres
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Psicología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Basurto, Osakidetza, Avenida de Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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Kennedy KP, Cullen KR, DeYoung CG, Klimes-Dougan B. The genetics of early-onset bipolar disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2015; 184:1-12. [PMID: 26057335 PMCID: PMC5552237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset bipolar disorder has been associated with a significantly worse prognosis than late-onset BD and has been hypothesized to be a genetically homogenous subset of BD. A sizeable number of studies have investigated early-onset BD through linkage-analyses, candidate-gene association studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and analyses of copy number variants (CNVs), but this literature has not yet been reviewed. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed database on articles published online before January 15, 2015 and after 1990. Separate searches were made for linkage studies, candidate gene-association studies, GWAS, and studies on CNVs. RESULTS Seventy-three studies were included in our review. There is a lack of robust positive findings on the genetics of early-onset BD in any major molecular genetics method. LIMITATIONS Early-onset populations were quite small in some studies. Variance in study methods hindered efforts to interpret results or conduct meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS The field is still at an early phase for research on early-onset BD. The largely null findings mirror the results of most genetics research on BD. Although most studies were underpowered, the null findings could mean that early-onset BD may not be as genetically homogenous as has been hypothesized or even that early-onset BD does not differ genetically from adult-onset BD. Nevertheless, clinically the probabilistic developmental risk trajectories associated with early-onset that may not be primarily genetically determined continued to warrant scrutiny. Future research should dramatically expand sample sizes, use atheoretical research methods like GWAS, and standardize methods.
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Moskovitz J, Walss-Bass C, Cruz DA, Thompson PM, Hairston J, Bortolato M. The enzymatic activities of brain catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and methionine sulphoxide reductase are correlated in a COMT Val/Met allele-dependent fashion. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:941-51. [PMID: 25640985 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays a primary role in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters and is implicated in the modulation of cognitive and emotional responses. The best characterized single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the COMT gene consists of a valine (Val)-to-methionine (Met) substitution at codon 108/158. The Met-containing variant confers a marked reduction in COMT catalytic activity. We recently showed that the activity of recombinant COMT is positively regulated by the enzyme Met sulphoxide reductase (MSR), which counters the oxidation of Met residues of proteins. The current study was designed to assess whether brain COMT activity may be correlated to MSR in an allele-dependent fashion. METHODS COMT and MSR activities were measured from post-mortem samples of prefrontal cortices, striata and cerebella of 32 subjects by using catechol and dabsyl-Met sulphoxide as substrates, respectively. Allelic discrimination of COMT Val(108/185) Met SNP was performed using the Taqman 5'nuclease assay. RESULTS Our studies revealed that, in homozygous carriers of Met, but not Val alleles, the activity of COMT and MSR was significantly correlated throughout all tested brain regions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the reduced enzymatic activity of Met-containing COMT may be secondary to Met sulphoxidation and point to MSR as a key molecular determinant for the modulation of COMT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackob Moskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Dianne A Cruz
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - Jenaqua Hairston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
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Deveci EO, Incebiyik A, Selek S, Camuzcuoglu A, Hilali NG, Camuzcuoglu H, Erdal ME, Vural M. Is catechol-o-methyltransferase gene polymorphism a risk factor in the development of premenstrual syndrome? Clin Exp Reprod Med 2014; 41:62-7. [PMID: 25045629 PMCID: PMC4102691 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2014.41.2.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate whether there was a correlation between catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism, which is believed to play a role in the etiology of psychotic disorders, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Methods Fifty-three women with regular menstrual cycles, aged between 18 and 46 years and diagnosed with PMS according to the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology criteria were included in this study as the study group, and 53 healthy women having no health problems were selected as the controls. Venous blood was collected from all patients included in the study and kept at -18℃ prior to analysis. Results There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic features such as age, body mass index, number of pregnancies, parity, and number of children. No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of COMT gene polymorphism (p=0.61) between women in the PMS and the control groups. However, a significant difference was found between arthralgia, which is an indicator of PMS, and low-enzyme activity COMT gene (Met/Met) polymorphism (p=0.04). Conclusion These results suggested that there was no significant relationship between PMS and COMT gene polymorphism. Since we could not find a direct correlation between the COMT gene polymorphism and PMS, further studies including alternative neurotransmitter pathways are needed to find an effective treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Ozturk Deveci
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Adnan Incebiyik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Salih Selek
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Camuzcuoglu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Nese Gul Hilali
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Camuzcuoglu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Vural
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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DeRosse P, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Molecular genetics of the psychosis phenotype. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:446-53. [PMID: 22762300 PMCID: PMC4211610 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relative to recent successes in elucidating the genetic mechanisms associated with complex diseases, including macular degeneration, diabetes mellitus, type 2, heart disease, and cancer, molecular genetic approaches to psychiatric illness have met with more limited success. While factors such as small allelic effects, allelic heterogeneity, and variation in population substructure have received considerable attention in attempt to explain the paucity of significant results in psychiatric genetics, significantly less focus has been directed toward phenotypic factors. METHOD Data derived from molecular genetic studies of the psychosis phenotype in patients with a range of psychiatric illnesses are reviewed. RESULTS Available data suggest that genes do not respect the boundaries of the current diagnostic system but may confer risk for symptom-based phenotypic variation that traverses those boundaries. CONCLUSIONS Molecular genetic studies offer convincing evidence for a relation between genetic variation and symptom-based phenotypic variation within psychiatric illness. These data may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other related disorders. The exploration of relations between genetic variation and symptom variation that traverses traditional diagnostic boundaries may ultimately lead to more refined classification systems that more closely reflect the genetic etiology of psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela DeRosse
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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