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Li XY, Zhang SY, Hong YZ, Chen ZG, Long Y, Yuan DH, Zhao JJ, Tang SS, Wang H, Hong H. TGR5-mediated lateral hypothalamus-dCA3-dorsolateral septum circuit regulates depressive-like behavior in male mice. Neuron 2024; 112:1795-1814.e10. [PMID: 38518778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Although bile acids play a notable role in depression, the pathological significance of the bile acid TGR5 membrane-type receptor in this disorder remains elusive. Using depression models of chronic social defeat stress and chronic restraint stress in male mice, we found that TGR5 in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) predominantly decreased in GABAergic neurons, the excitability of which increased in depressive-like mice. Upregulation of TGR5 or inhibition of GABAergic excitability in LHA markedly alleviated depressive-like behavior, whereas down-regulation of TGR5 or enhancement of GABAergic excitability facilitated stress-induced depressive-like behavior. TGR5 also bidirectionally regulated excitability of LHA GABAergic neurons via extracellular regulated protein kinases-dependent Kv4.2 channels. Notably, LHA GABAergic neurons specifically innervated dorsal CA3 (dCA3) CaMKIIα neurons for mediation of depressive-like behavior. LHA GABAergic TGR5 exerted antidepressant-like effects by disinhibiting dCA3 CaMKIIα neurons projecting to the dorsolateral septum (DLS). These findings advance our understanding of TGR5 and the LHAGABA→dCA3CaMKIIα→DLSGABA circuit for the development of potential therapeutic strategies in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yi Li
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shi-Ya Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Hong
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Long
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan-Hua Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su-Su Tang
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine/Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Hao Hong
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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2
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Qian H, Shu C, Xiao L, Wang G. Histamine and histamine receptors: Roles in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:825591. [PMID: 36213905 PMCID: PMC9537353 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is high and its social impact is great, we still know very little about the pathophysiology of depression. The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that 5-HT, NE, and DA synergistically affect mood, which is the basis of current drug therapy for depression. However, histamine as a monoamine transmitter is rarely studied. Our review is the first time to illustrate the effect of histaminergic system on depression in order to find the way for the development of new antidepressant drugs. The brain neurotransmitter histamine is involved in MDD, and the brain histaminergic system operates through four receptors. Histamine and its receptors can also regulate the immune response to improve symptoms of depression. In addition, H3R can interact with other depression-related transmitters (including 5-HT, DA, GLU, and MCH); thus, histamine may participate in the occurrence of depression through other neural circuits. Notably, in rodent studies, several H3R and H1R antagonists were found to be safe and effective in alleviating depression-like behavior. To highlight the complex functions of histamine in depression, and reveals that histamine receptors can be used as new targets for antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Choi KY. Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765110. [PMID: 34869277 PMCID: PMC8637283 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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4
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Urbanavicius J, Fabius S, Roncalho A, Joca S, Torterolo P, Scorza C. Melanin-concentrating hormone in the Locus Coeruleus aggravates helpless behavior in stressed rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112120. [PMID: 31376444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that antagonists of receptor 1 of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH-R1) elicit antidepressive-like behavior, suggesting that MCH-R1 might be a novel target for the treatment of depression and supports the hypothesis that MCHergic signaling regulates depressive-like behaviors. Consistent with the evidence that MCHergic neurons send projections to dorsal and median raphe nuclei, we have previously demonstrated that MCH microinjections in both nuclei induced a depressive-like behavior. Even though MCH neurons also project to Locus Coeruleus (LC), only a few studies have reported the behavioral and neurochemical effect of MCH into the LC. We studied the effects of MCH (100 and 200 ng) into the LC on coping-stress related behaviors associated with depression, using two different behavioral tests: the forced swimming test (FST) and the learned helplessness (LH). To characterize the functional interaction between MCH and the noradrenergic LC system, we also evaluated the neurochemical effects of MCH (100 ng) on the extracellular levels of noradrenaline (NA) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an important LC terminal region involved in emotional processing. MCH administration into the LC elicited a depressive-like behavior evidenced in both paradigms. Interestingly, in the LH, MCH (100) elicited a significant increase in escape failures only in stressed animals. A significant decrease in prefrontal levels of NA was observed after MCH microinjection into the LC. Our results demonstrate that increased MCH signaling into the LC triggers depressive-like behaviors, especially in stressed animals. These data further corroborate the important role of MCH in the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Urbanavicius
- Departament of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay
| | - Sara Fabius
- Departament of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay
| | - Aline Roncalho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Samia Joca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departament of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay.
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5
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Research into an Association between Anhedonia and Decreased REM Latency in Moderately to Severely Depressed Patients. SLEEP DISORDERS 2018; 2018:1636574. [PMID: 30057824 PMCID: PMC6051023 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1636574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia stands as a core symptom and potential trait marker of major depressive disorder (MDD). The importance of rapid eye movement sleep latency (REML) as a biological marker of depression has previously and repeatedly been studied. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between anhedonia and REML in moderately to severely depressed patients. The shortened Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) was chosen to assess depressive symptoms and, among them, more particularly, anhedonic symptoms. Two-way ANCOVA was used for statistical analyses. A significant association between anhedonic symptoms and REML was found when the number of sleep cycles (NCy) and the severity of depression were added as covariates. Our findings suggest that REML may be a useful variable to differentiate some diagnostic subtypes of depression related to anhedonia.
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Al Shweiki MHDR, Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Hengerer B, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Otto M. Major depressive disorder: insight into candidate cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers from proteomics studies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:499-514. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1336435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Hengerer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Naufahu J, Alzaid F, Fiuza Brito M, Doslikova B, Valencia T, Cunliffe A, Murray JF. Melanin-concentrating hormone in peripheral circulation in the human. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:513-523. [PMID: 28053003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide with a well-characterised role in energy homeostasis and emergent roles in diverse physiologic functions such as arousal, mood and reproduction. Work to date has predominantly focused on its hypothalamic functions using animal models; however, little attention has been paid to its role in circulation in humans. The aims of this study were to (a) develop a radioimmunoassay for the detection of MCH in human plasma; (b) establish reference ranges for circulating MCH and (c) characterise the pattern of expression of circulating MCH in humans. A sensitive and specific RIA was developed and cross-validated by RP-HPLC and MS. The effective range was 19.5-1248 pg MCH/mL. Blood samples from 231 subjects were taken to establish a reference range of 19.5-55.4 pg/mL for fasting MCH concentrations. There were no significant differences between male and female fasting MCH concentrations; however, there were correlations between MCH concentrations and BMI in males and females with excess fat (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020) and between MCH concentrations and fat mass in females with excess fat (P = 0.038). Plasma MCH concentrations rose significantly after feeding in a group of older individuals (n = 50, males P = 0.006, females P = 0.023). There were no robust significant correlations between fasting or post-prandial MCH and resting metabolic rate, plasma glucose, insulin or leptin concentrations although there were correlations between circulating MCH and leptin concentrations in older individuals (P = 0.029). These results indicate that the role of circulating MCH may not be reflective of its regulatory hypothalamic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naufahu
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
| | - F Alzaid
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
| | - M Fiuza Brito
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
| | - B Doslikova
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
| | - T Valencia
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
| | - A Cunliffe
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
| | - J F Murray
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Westminster, London, UK
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8
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Microinjection of the melanin-concentrating hormone into the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus inhibits REM sleep in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:66-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Schmidt FM, Schröder T, Kirkby KC, Sander C, Suslow T, Holdt LM, Teupser D, Hegerl U, Himmerich H. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, but not CRP, are inversely correlated with severity and symptoms of major depression. Psychiatry Res 2016; 239:85-91. [PMID: 27137966 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To clarify findings of elevated cytokine levels in major depression (MD), this study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of cytokines, symptoms of MD and antidepressant treatment outcome. At baseline (T0) and 4 weeks following initiation of antidepressant treatment (T1), levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF), CRP and depression ratings HAMD-17 and BDI-II were assessed in 30 patients with MD and 30 age-and sex-matched controls. At T0, in the patient group, cytokines, but not CRP, negatively correlated with individual BDI-II-items, factors and severities and showed both negative and positive correlations with HAMD-17 items. At T1 and within the controls, no such relationships were observed. At T0 and T1, levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in treatment responders (ΔHAMD-17T0-T1≥50%,n=15) compared to non-responders. When controlled for baseline BDI, differences between groups were only found significant for IL-2 at T0. The results suggest cytokines are not generally pro-depressive but rather relate to more specific regulation of symptoms and severities in MD. Together with the association between cytokines and treatment responder status, these data support cytokines as a promising but still controversial biomarker of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, d-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schröder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, d-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kenneth C Kirkby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-27, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, d-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, d-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, d-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, d-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, d-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, d-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Calegare BF, Costa A, Fernandes L, Dias AL, Torterolo P, Almeida VD. Subchronical treatment with Fluoxetine modifies the activity of the MCHergic and hypocretinergic systems. Evidences from peptide CSF concentration and gene expression. Sleep Sci 2016; 9:89-93. [PMID: 27656272 PMCID: PMC5022008 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the postero-lateral hypothalamus are located two neuronal systems that utilize the neuropeptides melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretins (also called orexins) as neuromodulators. These systems have reciprocal connections between them, and project throughout the central nervous system. MCH has been involved in the generation of sleep, mainly REM sleep, while hypocretins have a critical role in the generation of wakefulness. MCHergic activity is also involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MD). In this regards, intracerebral administration of MCH promotes pro-depressive behaviors (i.e., immobility in the forced swimming test) and REM sleep hypersomnia, which is an important trait of depression. Furthermore, the antagonism of the MCHR-1 receptor has a reliable antidepressant effect, suggesting that MCH is a pro-depressive factor. Hypocretins have been also involved in mood regulation; however, their role in depression is still on debate. Taking these data into account, we explored whether systemic subchronical treatment with Fluoxetine (FLX), a serotonergic antidepressant, modifies the concentration of MCH in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as the preproMCH mRNA expression. We also evaluated the hypocretinergic system by quantifying the hypocretin-levels in the CSF and the preprohypocretin mRNA expression. Compared to control, FLX increased the levels of preprohypocretin mRNA without affecting the hypocretin-1 CSF levels. On the contrary, FLX significantly decreased the MCH CSF concentration without affecting the preproMCH gene expression. This result is in agreement with the fact that MCH serum level diminishes during the antidepressant treatment in MD, and supports the hypothesis that an increase in the MCHergic activity could have pro-depressive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. Calegare
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia Costa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leandro Fernandes
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L. Dias
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vânia D’ Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Torterolo P, Scorza C, Lagos P, Urbanavicius J, Benedetto L, Pascovich C, López-Hill X, Chase MH, Monti JM. Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in REM Sleep and Depression. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:475. [PMID: 26733789 PMCID: PMC4681773 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptidergic neuromodulator synthesized by neurons of the lateral sector of the posterior hypothalamus and zona incerta. MCHergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system, including areas such as the dorsal (DR) and median (MR) raphe nuclei, which are involved in the control of sleep and mood. Major Depression (MD) is a prevalent psychiatric disease diagnosed on the basis of symptomatic criteria such as sadness or melancholia, guilt, irritability, and anhedonia. A short REM sleep latency (i.e., the interval between sleep onset and the first REM sleep period), as well as an increase in the duration of REM sleep and the density of rapid-eye movements during this state, are considered important biological markers of depression. The fact that the greatest firing rate of MCHergic neurons occurs during REM sleep and that optogenetic stimulation of these neurons induces sleep, tends to indicate that MCH plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of sleep, especially REM sleep. In addition, the acute microinjection of MCH into the DR promotes REM sleep, while immunoneutralization of this peptide within the DR decreases the time spent in this state. Moreover, microinjections of MCH into either the DR or MR promote a depressive-like behavior. In the DR, this effect is prevented by the systemic administration of antidepressant drugs (either fluoxetine or nortriptyline) and blocked by the intra-DR microinjection of a specific MCH receptor antagonist. Using electrophysiological and microdialysis techniques we demonstrated also that MCH decreases the activity of serotonergic DR neurons. Therefore, there are substantive experimental data suggesting that the MCHergic system plays a role in the control of REM sleep and, in addition, in the pathophysiology of depression. Consequently, in the present report, we summarize and evaluate the current data and hypotheses related to the role of MCH in REM sleep and MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Lagos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessika Urbanavicius
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luciana Benedetto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Pascovich
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena López-Hill
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International and University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaime M Monti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
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