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Pawlowski T, Malyszczak K, Pawlak D, Inglot M, Zalewska M, Grzywacz A, Radkowski M, Laskus T, Janocha-Litwin J, Frydecka D. HTR1A, TPH2, and 5-HTTLPR Polymorphisms and Their Impact on the Severity of Depressive Symptoms and on the Concentration of Tryptophan Catabolites during Hepatitis C Treatment with Pegylated Interferon-α2a and Oral Ribavirin (PEG-IFN-α2a/RBV). Cells 2023; 12:cells12060970. [PMID: 36980311 PMCID: PMC10046909 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seeing that there are no data about associations between serotonin gene polymorphism and tryptophan catabolite concentration during PEG-IFN-α2a treatment, the aim of the current study is to examine (a) the associations between polymorphisms within the HTR1A, TPH2, and 5-HTT genes and the severity of depression symptoms and (b) the relationships among rs6295, rs4570625, and 5-HTTLPR rs25531polymorphisms and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity, as well as kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRP), kynurenic acid (KA), and anthranilic acid (AA) concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study followed a prospective, longitudinal, single-center cohort design. The severity of the depressive symptoms of 101 adult patients with chronic HCV infections was measured during PEG-IFN-α2a/RBV treatment. We used the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. The subjects were evaluated six times-at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24. At all the time points, MADRS score, as well as KYN, TRP, KA, and AA concentrations, and IDO activity were measured. At baseline, rs6295, rs4570625, and 5-HTTLPR rs25531polymorphisms were assessed. RESULTS Subjects with C/C genotypes of 5-HT1A and lower-expressing alleles (S/S, LG/LG, and S/LG) of 5-HTTLPR scored the highest total MADRS scores and recorded the highest increase in MADRS scores during treatment. We found associations between TRP concentrations and the TPH-2 and 5-HTTLPR rs25531 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new data that we believe can help better understand infection-induced depression as a distinct type of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Inglot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiency, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zalewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiency, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Adult Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Janocha-Litwin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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Shakeel U, Shamim S, Azam Z, Arshad HM, Asgher A. Double blind, randomised trial to compare efficacy of escitalopram versus citalopram for interferon induced depression in hepatitis C patients. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 19:100622. [PMID: 32760848 PMCID: PMC7390792 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the study was to compare the two antidepressant drugs citalopram and escitalopram on the basis of efficacy in depressed patients of Hepatitis C patients receiving interferons. Methods In this double blind randomized trial, the hepatitis C patients visited National institute of liver and Gastro intestinal diseases (NILGID), Dow University Hospital, were screened for depression before starting treatment with interferons. The Institutional review board approval was obtained and its letter reference no.is: IRB-682/DUHS/Approval/2016/169. Patients with previous history of depression were excluded from the study. The patients who started with Interferon therapy were assessed for depression on baseline and then on each visit. Those who developed depression were randomly assigned to receive either citalopram or escitalopram. Treatment groups were assessed with depression scale each time they visit the clinic. Two antidepressants were compared for their efficacy at an interval of 4 weeks, 8weeks and then 12 weeks. Results In the current study 80 patients were randomized to receive either citalopram or escitalopram. The study outcome was better in patients treated with escitalopram. The mean change in depression score from baseline to the end of the study was greater in escitalopram group i.e. 10.41 as compared to citalopram group i.e. 14.17. The difference in depression score was also calculated as 4.28 and. 3.76 (p < 0.001) for both the drugs at week 8 and week 12 respectively, which was statistically significant. Difference in depression score were also calculated for gender 0.576 (p = 0.497) and age 0.950 (p = 0.265), which were found to be non-significant, statistically. Conclusion The results demonstrated superiority of escitalopram over citalopram, the drug is twice as potent as the racemic mixture. Additionally the drug is well tolerated and exhibited better effects. Escitalopram proved to be a safer alternative to citalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Shakeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Sumbul Shamim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Azam
- National Institute of Liver and Gastro intestinal Diseases, Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Ali Asgher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
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Sun CF, Chiu WC, Chen PC, Chang HC, Guu TW, Shityakov S, Miller AH, Felger JC, Chang JPC, Su KP. Depression-free after Interferon-α exposure indicates less incidence of depressive disorder: A longitudinal study in Taiwan. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:125-131. [PMID: 32434045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IFN-α-induced depression in patients undergoing hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment provides powerful support for the inflammation hypothesis of depression. Most studies have focused on the occurrence of depressive symptoms, but there has been no study yet in depression-free HCV patients receiving IFN-α. We hypothesized that HCV patients who did not develop depression after IFN-α exposure might have a lower incidence of depressive disorders after the IFN-α treatment. METHODS We conducted a twelve-year population-based cohort study of chronic HCV patients who received IFN-α therapy. The data were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The study cohort was patients without any depressive disorder nor antidepressant use before and during IFN-α therapy. They were matched randomly by age, sex income and urbanization at a ratio of 1:4 with the control cohort of HCV patients without IFN-α therapy. The follow-up started after the last administration of IFN-α, and the primary outcome was the incidence of depressive disorders after IFN-α therapy. RESULTS A total of 20,468 depression-free subjects were identified from records of HCV patients receiving IFN-α therapy. Patients without IFN-α-induced depression were associated with a significantly lower incidence (per 10,000 person-years) of new-onset depressive disorders (126.8, 95% Confidential Interval [CI] of 118.5-135.6) as compared to the control cohort (145.2, 95% CI of 140.0-150.6) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, income, urbanization and comorbid diseases, the crude hazard ratio for the incident depressive disorder was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80-0.87) and the adjusted hazard ratios was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.87) for IFN-α-induced depression-free subjects as compared to the controls. DISCUSSION Our study indicates that IFN-α treated depression-free patients have a lower risk for depressive disorders. This hypothesized mechanism might derive from an IFN-α-induced resilience factor as yet to be defined. CONCLUSIONS Our study might suggest a new possibility for a new pharmacological strategy against depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Sun
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Chang
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - Ta-Wei Guu
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, Departments of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Albert PR, Le François B, Vahid-Ansari F. Genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms for treatment of major depression: the 5-HT1A receptor gene as a paradigm. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:164-176. [PMID: 30807072 PMCID: PMC6488484 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression and anxiety are highly prevalent and involve chronic dysregulation of serotonin, but they remain poorly understood. Here, we review novel transcriptional (genetic, epigenetic) and posttranscriptional (microRNA, alternative splicing) mechanisms implicated in mental illness, focusing on a key serotonin-related regulator, the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and stress-induced DNA methylation of the 5-HT1A promoter converge to differentially alter pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression associated with major depression and reduced therapeutic response to serotonergic antidepressants. Major depression is also associated with altered levels of splice factors and microRNA, posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate RNA stability. The human 5-HT1A 3′-untranslated region is alternatively spliced, removing microRNA sites and increasing 5-HT1A expression, which is reduced in major depression and may be genotype-dependent. Thus, the 5-HT1A receptor gene illustrates the convergence of genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms in gene expression, neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, and major depression. Understanding gene regulatory mechanisms could enhance the detection, categorization and personalized treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Albert
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Brice Le François
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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Dai CX, Hu CC, Shang YS, Xie J. Role of Ginkgo biloba extract as an adjunctive treatment of elderly patients with depression and on the expression of serum S100B. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12421. [PMID: 30278520 PMCID: PMC6181482 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) as an adjunctive treatment of elderly patients with depression and the effect on the expression of serum S100B. METHODS 136 elderly patients with depression were divided into EGb + citalopram (Cit) group and Cit group equally. Efficacy was evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). Wisconsin Card Classification Test (WCST) was used to evaluate cognitive function. Serum S100B expression was measured with ELISA. The relationship of S100B with HAMD, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score, and WCST results was evaluated subsequently. RESULTS The time of onset of efficacy was significantly shorter in EGb + Cit group. There were significant differences in HAMD and HAMA scores after treatment than before treatment between groups (all P < .05). After treatment, total number of WCST test, the number of continuous errors and non-persistent errors in both groups were less than those before treatment. The correct number and classifications number were increased than before treatment. In EGb + Cit group, correct numbers and classifications were increased, and the number of persistent errors was decreased. After treatment, S100B level was decreased, and S100B levels change in EGb + Cit group was greater than in Cit group. Serum S100B level was positively correlated with HAMD and HAMA scores before treatment and positively correlated with persistent errors number in WCST. CONCLUSION EGb, as an adjunctive treatment, can effectively improve depressive symptoms and reduce expression of serum S100B, which is a marker of brain injury, suggesting that EGb restores neurologic function during the treatment of depression in elderly patients and S100B participates in the therapeutic mechanism. EGb combined with depressive drugs plays synergistic role, and the time of onset of efficacy is faster than single antidepressants.
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Lasselin J, Lekander M, Axelsson J, Karshikoff B. Sex differences in how inflammation affects behavior: What we can learn from experimental inflammatory models in humans. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:91-106. [PMID: 29935190 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human models demonstrate that experimental activation of the innate immune system has profound effects on brain activation and behavior, inducing fatigue, worsened mood and pain sensitivity. It has been proposed that inflammation is a mechanism involved in the etiology and maintenance of depression, chronic pain and long-term fatigue. These diseases show a strong female overrepresentation, suggesting that a better understanding of sex differences in how inflammation drives behavior could help the development of individualized treatment interventions. For this purpose, we here review sex differences in studies using experimental inflammatory models to investigate changes in brain activity and behavior. We suggest a model in which inflammation accentuates sex differences in brain networks and pre-existing vulnerability factors. This effect could render women more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of immune-to-brain communication over time. We call for systematic and large scale investigations of vulnerability factors for women in the behavioral response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lasselin
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mats Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianka Karshikoff
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA.
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Huang X, Liu X, Yu Y. Depression and Chronic Liver Diseases: Are There Shared Underlying Mechanisms? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:134. [PMID: 28533742 PMCID: PMC5420567 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of depression is higher in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) than that in the general population. The mechanism described in previous studies mainly focused on inflammation and stress, which not only exists in CLD, but also emerges in common chronic diseases, leaving the specific mechanism unknown. This review was to summarize the prevalence and risk factors of depression in CLD including chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and to point out the possible underlying mechanism of this potential link. Clarifying the origins of this common comorbidity (depression and CLD) may provide more information to understand both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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Sertoz OO, Tuncel OK, Tasbakan MI, Pullukcu H, Onmus IRD, Yamazhan T, Elbi H. Depression and anxiety disorders during pegylated interferon treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1293251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Babaei V, Ghorbani M, Mohseni N, Afraid H, Saghaei Y, Teimourian S. Clinical correlations between chronic hepatitis C infection and decreasing bone mass density after treatment with interferon-alpha. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pinto EF, Andrade C. Interferon-Related Depression: A Primer on Mechanisms, Treatment, and Prevention of a Common Clinical Problem. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:743-8. [PMID: 26733280 PMCID: PMC5050402 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160106155129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is among the commonest of psychiatric disorders, and inflammatory mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in its pathophysiology. Interferons are a superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines that play a role in host defence mechanisms. Interferons are used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis), viral (e.g. chronic hepatitis B and C), and malignant (e.g. malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia) disorders; depression, however, is a notable and clinically troublesome adverse effect. OBJECTIVE This article seeks to present a simple explanation and update for the reader about what interferons are, how interferons are classified, the clinical conditions in which interferons are used, the occurrence of depression as a clinical adverse effect of interferon therapy, possible mechanisms that explain interferon-related depression, the treatment of interferon-related depression, and the prevention of interferon-related depression. METHODS A qualitative literature review is presented. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the indication for IFN therapy, IFNs are associated with a 30- 70% risk of treatment-emergent depression. This risk could be due to the IFN, or to an interaction between the IFN and the indication for which it was prescribed. Various neurohormonal, neurochemical, neurohistological, and other mechanisms have been put forth to explain IFN-related depression. Prophylactic treatment with antidepressants reduces the risk of IFN-related depression; antidepressants also effectively treat the condition. Recent alternatives to IFNs have shown to decrease the risk of treatment-emergent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chittaranjan Andrade
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
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Llorens-Martín M, Jurado-Arjona J, Bolós M, Pallas-Bazarra N, Ávila J. Forced swimming sabotages the morphological and synaptic maturation of newborn granule neurons and triggers a unique pro-inflammatory milieu in the hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:242-254. [PMID: 26724574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental data suggest that mood disorders are related to inflammatory phenomena and have led to the "inflammatory hypothesis of depression". Given that the hippocampus is one of the most affected areas in these disorders, we used a model of acute stress (the Porsolt test) to evaluate the consequences of forced swimming on two crucial events related to the pathophysiology of major depression: the functional maturation of newborn granule neurons; and the hippocampal inflammatory milieu. Using PSD95:GFP-expressing retroviruses, we found that forced swimming selectively alters the dendritic morphology of newborn neurons and impairs their connectivity by reducing the number and volume of their postsynaptic densities. In addition, acute stress triggered a series of morphological changes in microglial cells, together with an increase in microglial CD68 expression, thus suggesting the functional and morphological activation of this cell population. Furthermore, we observed an intriguing change in the hippocampal inflammatory milieu in response to forced swimming. Importantly, the levels of several molecules affected by acute stress (such as Interleukin-6 and eotaxin) have been described to also be altered in patients with depression and other mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorens-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), c/ Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jerónimo Jurado-Arjona
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), c/ Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), c/ Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Pallas-Bazarra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), c/ Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), c/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), c/ Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Spain.
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