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Baek SU, Lee YM, Yoon JH. Association between long working hours and the development of suicidal ideation among female workers: An 8-year population-based study using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Family (2012-2020). Psychiatry Res 2024; 333:115731. [PMID: 38237536 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Long working hours and overwork have recently emerged as pressing public health concerns. We explored the association between long working hours and suicidal ideation in female workers. A total of 8017 women (24,331 observations) from the fourth to eighth waves of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (2012-2020) were analyzed. To address the repeated measurements within each participant, we employed a generalized estimating equation to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 1.9% for those working 35-40 h/week and 4.4% for those working ≥55 h/week. Compared to individuals working 35-40 h/week, those working ≥55 h/week were more likely to experience concurrent suicidal ideation (OR [95% CI]:1.85 [1.43-2.39]). The OR (95% CI) of the association between long working hours and onset of suicidal ideation in the subsequent wave was 1.69 (1.20-2.38) for ≥55 h/week. In subgroup analysis, this association was pronounced among workers with low-income levels (OR [95% CI]: 1.97 [1.29-3.02]) and blue-collar occupations (OR [95% CI]: 2.27 [1.41-3.66]). Policy efforts are required to protect the mental health of female workers exposed to long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Uk Baek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Min Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Baek SU, Kim MS, Lim MH, Kim T, Won JU, Yoon JH. Working hours and the onset of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms: A 10-year nationwide longitudinal study in South Korea (2012-2022). Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115344. [PMID: 37473489 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Long working hours are associated with adverse health outcomes. We investigated the association between working hours and suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms. We analyzed a nationally representative sample of 11,116 Korean workers, comprising 64,661 observations from 2012 to 2022, to investigate how working hours were associated with mental health problems. To account for repeated measurements in each participant, we employed a generalized estimating equation to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the total observations, 13.1% reported working ≥55 h/week. The RR (95% CI) of the association between long working hours and onset of suicidal ideation in the subsequent year was 1.20 (0.95-1.53) for 41-48 h, 1.35 (1.02-1.78) for 49-54 h, and 1.56 (1.23-1.98) for ≥55 h/week, compared to 35-40 h/week. The RR (95% CI) of the association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in the subsequent year was 1.19 (1.07-1.34) for 41-48 h, 1.11 (0.97-1.28) for 49-54 h, and 1.24 (1.10-1.40) for ≥55 h per week, compared to 35-40 h/week. Those working fewer than 35 h/week also had an increased risk of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms. Policy interventions are needed to reduce excess working hours and protect workers' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Uk Baek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong-Hun Lim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Uk Won
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Li C, Wei Z, Wang Y, Sun L. Associations between Suicidal Ideation and Relatives' Physical and Mental Health among Community Residents: Differences between Family Members and Lineal Consanguinity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15997. [PMID: 36498070 PMCID: PMC9737015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Despite the verified relationship between relatives’ characteristics and individual suicidal ideation, few studies have discussed the role of family members and lineal consanguinity independently according to whether they live together with the individuals or not. (2) Methods: The data in this study were collected in November 2019 and identified rural adults over 18 years old in Shandong as the survey objects, with a total of 879 valid cases included in this survey. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the risk factors affecting adults’ suicidal ideation and differentiate the effects of a family member and lineal consanguinity’s physical and mental health. Relatives’ physical and mental health were estimated by three aspects: whether they were suffering from chronic diseases, mental illness, or alcoholism. (3) Results: The study showed that a family member’s physical (OR = 2.303, p < 0.01) and mental health (OR = 5.877, p < 0.05) was related to suicidal ideation, but the association between lineal consanguinities’ physical and mental health and suicidal ideation were not supported. People over 40 years old (OR = 6.528, p < 0.05), from only-child families (OR = 4.335, p < 0.01), with household indebtedness (OR = 2.992, p < 0.001), or difficulty falling asleep (OR = 3.165, p < 0.001) had risk factors of suicidal ideation. (4) Conclusions: The physical and mental health of individuals’ family members are related to their suicidal ideation, and their lineal consanguinities’ physical and mental health are not related to suicidal ideation. These findings imply the different associations between family environment, genetic factors, and suicidal ideation. Family members’ health should be considered as a factor to prevent and control suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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