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Yao Y, Du J, Wang D, Li N, Tao Z, Wu D, Peng F, Shi J, Zhou W, Zhao T, Tang Y. High-intensity interval training ameliorates postnatal immune activation-induced mood disorders through KDM6B-regulated glial activation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:290-303. [PMID: 38851307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Postnatal immune activation (PIA) induces persistent glial activation in the brain and causes various neuropathologies in adults. Exercise training improves stress-related mood disorders; however, the role of exercise in psychiatric disorders induced by early-life immune activation and the association between exercise training and glial activation remain unclear. We compared the effects of different exercise intensities on the PIA model, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Both HIIT and MICT in adolescent mice inhibited neuroinflammation, remodeled synaptic plasticity, and improved PIA-induced mood disorders in adulthood. Importantly, HIIT was superior to MICT in terms of reducing inflammation and increasing body weight. RNA-seq of prefrontal cortex (PFC) tissues revealed a gene expression pattern, confirming that HIIT was more effective than MICT in improving brain glial cell activation through epigenetic modifications of KDM6B. We investigated the role of KDM6B, a specific histone lysine demethylation enzyme - histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase, in inhibiting glial activation against PIA-induced depression and anxiety by regulating the expression of IL-4 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Overall, our data support the idea that HIIT improves PIA-induced mood disorders by regulating KDM6B-mediated epigenetic mechanisms and indicate that HIIT might be superior to MICT in improving mood disorders with PIA in mice. Our findings provide new insights into the treatment of anxiety and depression disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingyi Du
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dongshuang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Naigang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhouhang Tao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fan Peng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiaming Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Ryabushkina YA, Ayriyants KA, Sapronova AA, Mutovina AS, Kolesnikova MM, Mezhlumyan EV, Bondar NP, Reshetnikov VV. Effects of different types of induced neonatal inflammation on development and behavior of C57BL/6 and BTBR mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 280:114550. [PMID: 38614416 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in the early postnatal period can disturb trajectories of the completion of normal brain development and can lead to mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders later in life. In our study, we focused on evaluating short- and long-term effects of neonatal inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C), or their combination in female and male C57BL/6 and BTBR mice. We chose the BTBR strain as potentially more susceptible to neonatal inflammation because these mice have behavioral, neuroanatomical, and physiological features of autism spectrum disorders, an abnormal immune response, and several structural aberrations in the brain. Our results indicated that BTBR mice are more sensitive to the influence of the neonatal immune activation (NIA) on the formation of neonatal reflexes than C57BL/6 mice are. In these experiments, the injection of lipopolysaccharide had an effect on the formation of the cliff aversion reflex in female BTBR mice. Nonetheless, NIA had no delayed effects on either social behavior or anxiety-like behavior in juvenile and adolescent BTBR and C57BL/6 mice. Altogether, our data show that NIA has mimetic-, age-, and strain-dependent effects on the development of neonatal reflexes and on exploratory activity in BTBR and C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A Ryabushkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Ayriyants
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Sapronova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Mutovina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maria M Kolesnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Eva V Mezhlumyan
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalya P Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Vasiliy V Reshetnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia.
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Liu H, Zhu T, Zhang L, Li F, Zheng M, Chen B, Zhu H, Ren J, Lu X, Huang C. Immunization with a low dose of zymosan A confers resistance to depression-like behavior and neuroinflammatory responses in chronically stressed mice. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:211-226. [PMID: 38651984 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stimulation of the innate immune system prior to stress exposure is a possible strategy to prevent depression under stressful conditions. Based on the innate immune system stimulating activities of zymosan A, we hypothesize that zymosan A may prevent the development of chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior. Our results showed that a single injection of zymosan A 1 day before stress exposure at a dose of 2 or 4 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 1 mg/kg, prevented the development of depression-like behaviors in mice treated with chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). The prophylactic effect of a single zymosan A injection (2 mg/kg) on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors disappeared when the time interval between zymosan A and stress exposure was extended from 1 day or 5 days to 10 days, which was rescued by a second zymosan A injection 10 days after the first zymosan A injection and 4 days (4×, once daily) of zymosan A injections 10 days before stress exposure. Further analysis showed that a single zymosan A injection (2 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure could prevent the CSDS-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Inhibition of the innate immune system by pretreatment with minocycline (40 mg/kg) abolished the preventive effect of zymosan A on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and CSDS-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. These results suggest that activation of the innate immune system triggered by zymosan A prevents the depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain induced by chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
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Liang JY, Gao S, Jiang JM, Zhang P, Zou W, Tang XQ, Tang YY. Itaconate inhibits corticosterone-induced necroptosis and neuroinflammation via up-regulating menin in HT22 cells. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:393-405. [PMID: 38427168 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT) damages hippocampal neurons as well as induces neuroinflammation. The tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite itaconate has an anti-inflammatory role. Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death, also known as inflammatory cell death. Menin is a multifunctional scaffold protein, which deficiency aggravates neuroinflammation. In this study, we explored whether itaconate inhibits CORT-induced neuroinflammation as well as necroptosis and further investigated the mediatory role of Menin in this protective effect of itaconate by using an exposure of CORT to HT22 cells (a hippocampal neuronal cell line). The viability of HT22 cells was examined by the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8). The morphology of HT22 cells was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The expressions of necroptosis-related proteins (p-RIP1/RIP1, p-RIP3/RIP3, and p-MLKL/MLKL) were evaluated by western blotting. The contents of inflammatory factors were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Our results showed that CORT increases the contents of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α) as well as decreases the contents of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) in HT22 cells. We also found that CORT increases the expressions of necroptosis-related proteins (p-RIP1/RIP1, p-RIP3/RIP3, and p-MLKL/MLKL) and decreases the cell viability in HT22 cells, indicating that CORT induces necroptosis in HT22 cells. Itaconate improves CORT-induced neuroinflammation and necroptosis. Furthermore, itaconate upregulates the expression of Menin in CORT-exposed HT22 cells. Importantly, silencing Menin abolishes the antagonistic effect of itaconate on CORT-induced necroptosis and neuroinflammation. In brief, these results indicated that itaconate protects HT22 cells against CORT-induced neuroinflammation and necroptosis via upregulating Menin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Mei Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336 S Dongfeng Road, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336 S Dongfeng Road, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Yun Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Gamage E, Orr R, Travica N, Lane MM, Jacka F, Dissanayaka T, Kim JH, Grosso G, Godos J, Marx W. Polyphenols as novel interventions for depression: exploring the efficacy, mechanisms of action, and implications for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105225. [PMID: 37164045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous animal and human studies have assessed the relationship between polyphenols and outcomes related to depression. However, no comprehensive synthesis of the main findings has been conducted. The aim of this manuscript was to systematically review the available evidence from animal and human studies on the association and the effects of dietary polyphenols on depression and provide recommendations for future research. We based our review on 163 preclinical animal, 16 observational and 44 intervention articles assessing the relationship between polyphenols and outcomes related to depression. Most animal studies demonstrated that exposure to polyphenols alleviated behaviours reported to be associated with depression. However, human studies are less clear, with some studies reporting and inverse relationship between the intake of some polyphenols, and polyphenol rich foods and depression risk and symptoms, while others reporting no association or effect. Hence, while there has been extensive research conducted in animals and there is some supporting evidence in humans, further human studies are required, particularly in younger and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gamage
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rebecca Orr
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Melissa M Lane
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Thusharika Dissanayaka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jee H Kim
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
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Oxidative Stress in Depression: The Link with the Stress Response, Neuroinflammation, Serotonin, Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020470. [PMID: 36830028 PMCID: PMC9951986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent, complex, and highly debilitating disease. The full comprehension of this disease is still a global challenge. Indeed, relapse, recurrency, and therapeutic resistance are serious challenges in the fight against depression. Nevertheless, abnormal functioning of the stress response, inflammatory processes, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity are known to underlie the pathophysiology of this mental disorder. The role of oxidative stress in disease and, particularly, in depression is widely recognized, being important for both its onset and development. Indeed, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species and lack of efficient antioxidant response trigger processes such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuronal death. Keeping in mind the importance of a detailed study about cellular and molecular mechanisms that are present in depression, this review focuses on the link between oxidative stress and the stress response, neuroinflammation, serotonergic pathways, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity's imbalances present in depression. The study of these mechanisms is important to lead to a new era of treatment and knowledge about this highly complex disease.
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Nacre extract from pearl oyster suppresses LPS-induced depression and anxiety. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Zhao YF, Verkhratsky A, Tang Y, Illes P. Astrocytes and major depression: The purinergic avenue. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109252. [PMID: 36122663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses worldwide which impairs the social functioning of the afflicted patients. Astrocytes promote homeostasis of the CNS and provide defense against various types of harmful influences. Increasing evidence suggests that the number, morphology and function of astrocytes are deteriorated in the depressed brain and the malfunction of the astrocytic purinergic system appears to participate in the pathophysiology of MDD. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) released from astrocytes modulates depressive-like behavior in animal models and probably also clinical depression in patients. Astrocytes possess purinergic receptors, such as adenosine A2A receptors (Rs), and P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y11Rs, which mediate neuroinflammation, neuro(glio)transmission, and synaptic plasticity in depression-relevant areas of the brain (e.g. medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala nuclei). By contrast, astrocytic A1Rs are neuroprotective and immunosuppressive. In the present review, we shall discuss the release of purines from astrocytes, and the expression/function of astrocytic purinergic receptors. Subsequently, we shall review in more detail novel evidence indicating that the dysregulation of astrocytic purinergic signaling actively contributes to the pathophysiology of depression and shall discuss possible therapeutic options based on knowledge recently acquired in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhao
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - A Verkhratsky
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT, 01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Y Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - P Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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