1
|
Ohi K, Fujikane D, Kuramitsu A, Takai K, Muto Y, Sugiyama S, Shioiri T. Is adjustment disorder genetically correlated with depression, anxiety, or risk-tolerant personality trait? J Affect Disord 2023; 340:197-203. [PMID: 37557993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Adjustment disorder has three main subtypes: adjustment disorder with depressed mood, adjustment disorder with anxiety, and adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct. The disorder is moderately heritable and has lifetime comorbidities with major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, or risk-tolerant personality. However, it remains unclear whether the degrees of genetic correlations between adjustment disorder and other psychiatric disorders and intermediate phenotypes are similar or different to those between MDD, anxiety disorders or risk-tolerant personality and these other psychiatric disorders and intermediate phenotypes. To compare patterns of genetic correlations, we utilized large-scale genome-wide association study summary statistics for adjustment disorder-related disorders and personality trait, eleven other psychiatric disorders and fifteen intermediate phenotypes. Adjustment disorder had highly positive genetic correlations with MDD, anxiety disorders, and risk-tolerant personality. Among other psychiatric disorders, adjustment disorder, MDD, anxiety disorders and risk-tolerant personality were positively correlated with risks for schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), SCZ + BD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and cross disorders. In contrast, adjustment disorder was not significantly correlated with risks for obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, or posttraumatic stress disorder despite significant genetic correlations of MDD or anxiety disorders with these disorders. Among intermediate phenotypes, adjustment disorder, MDD, anxiety disorders, and risk-tolerant personality commonly had a younger age at first sexual intercourse, first birth, and menopause, lower cognitive ability, and higher rate of smoking initiation. Adjustment disorder was not genetically correlated with extraversion, although the related disorder and personality were correlated with extraversion. Only adjustment disorder was correlated with a higher smoking quantity. These findings suggest that adjustment disorder could share a genetic etiology with MDD, anxiety disorders and risk-tolerant personality trait, as well as have a disorder-specific genetic etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Fujikane
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kuramitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takai
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zrnić Novaković I, Streicher A, Ajduković D, Ajduković M, Kiralj Lacković J, Lotzin A, Lueger-Schuster B. Trajectories of Adjustment Disorder and Well-Being in Austria and Croatia during 20 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6861. [PMID: 37835131 PMCID: PMC10572495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the trajectories of adjustment disorder (AD) symptoms and well-being over 20 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria and Croatia. Further objectives of this study were to examine whether sociodemographic characteristics and the symptoms of anxiety and depression could predict these trajectories. As part of the pan-European ESTSS ADJUST study, N = 1144 individuals were recruited using convenience sampling and assessed four times between June 2020 and January 2022 through an online survey. Latent growth curve modelling was applied to estimate the trajectories of AD symptoms and well-being. Over time, the prevalence of probable AD varied between 9.8% and 15.1%. The symptoms of AD tended to increase, whereas well-being tended to decrease. According to the majority of the models tested, women, participants from Austria and those with lower income had higher initial AD symptoms, whereas older participants and those from Croatia had higher initial well-being. In all models and at all timepoints, anxiety and depression significantly predicted AD and well-being scores. Overall, our study points to several predictors of AD and well-being and indicates high variability in people's reactions to the pandemic. Psychosocial support for the general population is needed during pandemics and similar crises, with a special focus on vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zrnić Novaković
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.L.-S.)
| | - Alina Streicher
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.L.-S.)
| | - Dean Ajduković
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.A.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Marina Ajduković
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Jana Kiralj Lacković
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.A.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Annett Lotzin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Lueger-Schuster
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.L.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shafierizi S, Basirat Z, Nasiri-Amiri F, Kheirkhah F, Chehrazi M, Pasha H, Faramarzi M. The prevalence of adjustment disorder and predisposing factors in infertile women. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:142. [PMID: 37131228 PMCID: PMC10152011 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is a stressful life event that increases the risk of developing mental disorders, particularly adjustment disorder (AD). Given the paucity of data on the prevalence of AD symptoms in infertility, the purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence, clinical presentation, and risk factors for AD symptoms in infertile women. METHOD In a cross-sectional study, 386 infertile women completed questionnaires including the Adjustment Disorder New Module-20 (ADNM), the Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI), the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), and the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD-5) at an infertility center between September 2020 and January 2022. RESULT The results indicated that 60.1% of infertile women exhibited AD symptoms (based on ADNM > 47.5). In terms of clinical presentation, impulsive behavior was more common. No significant relationship was observed between prevalence and women's age or duration of infertility. Infertility stress (β = 0.27, p < 0.001), coronavirus anxiety (β = 0.59, p = 0.13), and a history of unsuccessful assisted reproductive therapies (β = 2.72, p = 0.008) were several predisposing factors for AD symptoms in infertile women. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that all infertile women be screened from the start of infertility treatment. Additionally, the study suggests that infertility specialists should focus on combining medical and psychological treatments for individuals predisposed to AD, particularly infertile women who exhibit impulsive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shafierizi
- Counselling in Midwifery, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Basirat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nasiri-Amiri
- Department of Reproductive Health, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzan Kheirkhah
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chehrazi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hajar Pasha
- Department of Reproductive Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Faramarzi
- Department of Psychology, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Geer K. Adjustment Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment in Primary Care. Prim Care 2023; 50:83-88. [PMID: 36822730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adjustment disorder is a disorder characterized by an extreme emotional reaction to a stressor. It is defined diagnostically with either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V or ICD-11 definitions. There is currently a diagnostic tool that is still being validated to assist with diagnosing adjustment disorder. The prevalence of this disorder ranges from 0.2% to 40%, depending on the stressful circumstances that the patient experiences. There are several treatments available for adjustment disorder, ranging from psychological interventions, natural therapies to pharmacotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Geer
- AdventHealth East Orlando Family Medicine Residency, 7975 Lake Underhill Road Suite 210, Orlando, FL 32822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morgan MA, Kelber MS, Bellanti DM, Beech EH, Boyd C, Galloway L, Ojha S, Garvey Wilson AL, Otto J, Belsher BE. Outcomes and prognosis of adjustment disorder in adults: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:498-510. [PMID: 36347110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adjustment disorder (AD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders and is generally conceptualized to be mild and short-lived. Despite the frequent use of AD in clinical settings, little is known about the prognosis of this condition. Our goal was to systematically review research on a range of AD outcomes in order to provide a broad characterization of AD prognosis. We conducted searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. We included 31 cohort or randomized controlled trials with a total of 1,385,358 participants. Many patients maintained an AD diagnosis or were diagnosed with another mental health disorder months to years after initial diagnosis. Patients with AD tended to show symptom improvement at higher rates and to utilize less treatment than did patients with other disorders. AD-diagnosed groups experienced subsequent development of numerous physical conditions, such as infection, cancers, Parkinson's disease, and cardiovascular events, at higher rates than did control groups. Results were mixed regarding suicidality and occupational impairment. We rated most studies as having a moderate risk of bias. Based on limited findings, AD appears to progress as a milder disorder than do other disorders, but it not uncommonly transitions to more severe mental health states and may predict the development of future health issues, both mental and physical. Future prospective research that conforms to prognosis study guidelines is needed to better understand the course of this common disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Morgan
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA.
| | | | - Dawn M Bellanti
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA
| | - Erin H Beech
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA
| | - Courtney Boyd
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA
| | - Lindsay Galloway
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA
| | - Suman Ojha
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA
| | - Abigail L Garvey Wilson
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA; Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jean Otto
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA
| | - Bradley E Belsher
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Defense Health Agency, USA; Phoenix VA Health Care System, Carl T. Hayden Veterans Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|