1
|
Heo SJ, Kim YA, Lee DH, Shin JY. How Bereaved Parents Experience Public, Self Stigma Years After a Child's Death. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221100902. [PMID: 35532351 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
This study identifies the stigma experienced by 12 bereaved parents 2 and 5 years after losing a child in the Sewol ferry disaster in South Korea. Using thematic analysis, we categorized the experience of stigma into two components based on Corrigan and Kosyluk's social cognitive model of stigma: public stigma and self-stigma, and each was analyzed into three types of stigma: stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination. We identified four additional factors related to stigma mitigation. The potential implications for characterizing the experiences of bereaved parents, particularly those facing stigma, are discussed in light of these findings in the longitudinal perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Jung Heo
- Department of Education, Traumatic Stress Center, 35017Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ae Kim
- Department of Education, Traumatic Stress Center, 35017Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Education, Traumatic Stress Center, 35017Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- Department of Education, Traumatic Stress Center, 35017Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bougea A, Anagnostouli M, Angelopoulou E, Spanou I, Chrousos G. Psychosocial and Trauma-Related Stress and Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analytic Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2022; 35:24-37. [PMID: 33205677 DOI: 10.1177/0891988720973759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress has deleterious effects on brain health and yet, the prognostic value of psychosocial stress regarding the most common types of dementias, including Alzheimer disease, is still unclear. The primary aim of this systematic review was to explore the association between psychosocial stress and late onset dementia. We classified 24articles from Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science, as pertaining toxic categories of psychosocial and trauma-related stress (low socio-economic status [SES] related inequalities, marital status, posttraumatic stress disorder, work stress, "vital exhaustion" [VE], and, combined stressors). Using the Quality of Prognosis Studies in Systematic Reviews tool, we judged the quality of evidence to be low. This systematic review provided some non-robust, yet suggestive evidence that the above psychosocial types of stress are associated with increased risk of dementia in later life. Future robust, longitudinal studies with repeated validated measures of psychosocial stress and dementiaare required to strengthen or refute these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bougea
- Memory & Movement Disorders Clinic, 1st Department of Neurology, 69078Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Anagnostouli
- Memory & Movement Disorders Clinic, 1st Department of Neurology, 69078Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Demyelinating Diseases Clinic, 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Memory & Movement Disorders Clinic, 1st Department of Neurology, 69078Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Spanou
- Memory & Movement Disorders Clinic, 1st Department of Neurology, 69078Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Umberson D, Donnelly R, Xu M, Farina M, Garcia MA. Death of a Child Prior to Midlife, Dementia Risk, and Racial Disparities. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1983-1995. [PMID: 31760426 PMCID: PMC7566971 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study considers whether experiencing the death of a child prior to midlife (by parental age 40) is associated with subsequent dementia risk, and how such losses, which are more common for black than for white parents, may add to racial disparities in dementia risk. METHODS We use discrete-time event history models to predict dementia incidence among 9,276 non-Hispanic white and 2,182 non-Hispanic black respondents from the Health and Retirement Study, 2000-2014. RESULTS Losing a child prior to midlife is associated with increased risk for later dementia, and adds to disparities in dementia risk associated with race. The death of a child is associated with a number of biosocial variables that contribute to subsequent dementia risk, helping to explain how the death of child may increase risk over time. DISCUSSION The death of a child prior to midlife is a traumatic life course stressor with consequences that appear to increase dementia risk for both black and white parents, and this increased risk is explained by biosocial processes likely activated by bereavement. However, black parents are further disadvantaged in that they are more likely than white parents to experience the death of a child, and such losses add to the already substantial racial disadvantage in dementia risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra Umberson
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Rachel Donnelly
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Minle Xu
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Matthew Farina
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Michael A Garcia
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang N, Hu Q. "It is not simply the loss of a child": The challenges facing parents who have lost their only child in post-reproductive age in China. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:209-218. [PMID: 31190628 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1626941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The death of one's only child in post-reproductive age (in Chinese, shidu) is a traumatic event that has specific cultural implications in China. This study investigates the experience of a changed life and emerging challenges amongst Chinese shidu parents. Thematic analysis of 36 interviews revealed four main life consequences following shidu: impairment of psychological and physical health, weakening of social networks and interactions, loss of meaning in life, and lack of care and security. We suggest that health monitoring and mental health intervention, adequate social and community support, and improved social security are the critical needs in this vulnerable group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Hu
- School of Public Administration, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hunter S, Smailagic N, Brayne C. Dementia Research: Populations, Progress, Problems, and Predictions. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S119-S143. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hunter
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Norton MC, Hatch DJ, Munger RG, Smith KR. Family Member Deaths in Childhood Predict Systemic Inflammation in Late Life. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2017; 63:104-115. [PMID: 28521621 PMCID: PMC6407705 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2017.1281099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological and epidemiological evidence has linked early-life psychosocial stress with late-life health, with inflammation as a potential mechanism. We report here the association between familial death in childhood and adulthood and increased levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation. The Cache County Memory Study is a prospective study of persons initially aged 65 and older in 1995. In 2002, there were 1,955 persons in the study with data on CRP (42.3 percent male, mean [SD] age = 81.2 [5.8] years), linked with objective data on family member deaths. Using logistic regression, high (> 10 mg/L) versus low (≤ 10 mg/L) CRP was regressed on cumulative parental, sibling, spouse, and offspring deaths during childhood and during early adulthood, adjusted for family size in each period (percentage family depletion; PFD). Findings revealed PFD during childhood to be significantly associated with CRP (OR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.01, 1.04]). Individuals with two or more family deaths were 79 percent more likely to have elevated CRP than those with zero family deaths (OR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.07, 2.99]). Early adulthood PFD was not related to CRP. This study demonstrates a link between significant psychosocial stress in early life and immune-inflammatory functioning in late life, and suggests a mechanism explaining the link between early-life adversity and late-life health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Norton
- a Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development , Utah State University , Logan , Utah , USA
- b Department of Psychology , Utah State University , Logan , Utah , USA
- c Center for Epidemiologic Studies , Utah State University , Logan , Utah , USA
| | - Daniel J Hatch
- d Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Ronald G Munger
- c Center for Epidemiologic Studies , Utah State University , Logan , Utah , USA
- e Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences , Utah State University , Logan , Utah , USA
| | - Ken R Smith
- f Department of Family and Consumer Studies and Population Sciences , Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Norton MC, Fauth E, Clark CJ, Hatch D, Greene D, Pfister R, Tschanz JT, Smith KR. Family member deaths across adulthood predict Alzheimer's disease risk: The Cache County Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:256-63. [PMID: 26133120 PMCID: PMC4950508 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parental death during childhood, and offspring and spouse death during adulthood have individually been associated with faster cognitive decline and higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in late life. However, the cumulative effect of childhood and adulthood family deaths on AD risk among different age cohorts has not been studied. METHODS To examine these associations, this prospective cohort study uses a population-based sample of 4545 initially non-demented participants (56.7% female; age M = 75.0/SD = 6.9 years) observed at four triennial waves, linked with objective Utah Population Database data on cumulative mother, father, sibling, spouse, and offspring death experienced during childhood and adulthood. Cox regression modeled survival time from baseline interview to AD onset, as a function of family deaths during childhood or adulthood, among different age groups, along with gender and presence of ε4 allele at apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphic genetic locus. RESULTS Age group significantly moderated the relationship between family death and AD; among persons aged 65-69 years at baseline (children of the Great Depression), those exposed to 3-4 deaths and 5+ deaths during adulthood exhibited a doubling of AD risk (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 2.25, p = .038, and aHR = 2.72, p = .029), while among persons aged 80 years and older, those exposed to 3-4 deaths during adulthood exhibited lower AD risk (HR = 0.539, p = 0.014). In a combined model of childhood and adulthood deaths, these findings persisted. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a cohort effect in the link between family member deaths during adulthood and AD risk later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Norton
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University,Department of Psychology, Utah State University,Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University
| | - Elizabeth Fauth
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University
| | - Christine J. Clark
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University
| | - Dan Hatch
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University
| | - Daylee Greene
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University
| | | | - JoAnn T. Tschanz
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University,Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University
| | - Ken R. Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies and the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG. The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging: factors affecting risk of Alzheimer's disease and its progression after onset. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013; 25:673-85. [PMID: 24423221 PMCID: PMC4089882 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.849663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging is a longitudinal, population-based study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. Initiated in 1995 and extending to 2013, the study has followed over 5,000 elderly residents of Cache County, Utah (USA) for over twelve years. Achieving a 90% participation rate at enrolment, and spawning two ancillary projects, the study has contributed to the literature on genetic, psychosocial and environmental risk factors for AD, late-life cognitive decline, and the clinical progression of dementia after its onset. This paper describes the major study contributions to the literature on AD and dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn T. Tschanz
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University,Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University
| | - Maria C. Norton
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University,Department of Family, Consumer & Human Development, Utah State University
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | | |
Collapse
|