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Ito K, Honma N, Ogata H, Yamada A, Miyashita M, Arai T, Sasaki E, Shibuya K, Mikami T, Sawaki M. Clinicopathological importance of Bcl-2 and p53 in postmenopausal triple-negative breast carcinoma and association with age. Pathol Int 2024; 74:574-582. [PMID: 38656745 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Appropriate biomarkers are required to predict the clinical outcome of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In this study, we focused on the clinical importance of two representative tumor-associated proteins, Bcl-2 and p53. Bcl-2 expression is usually related to estrogen receptor expression and a favorable outcome in breast cancer. TNBC has been reported to show a high frequency of p53 positivity suggesting TP53 mutations. The expressions of Bcl-2 and p53 were immunohistochemically examined in TNBC involving two age groups of postmenopausal women (≥75 y/o, n = 75; 55-64 y/o, n = 47), who underwent surgery without neoadjuvant therapy. We examined their associations with each other, or with clinicopathological factors including the outcome. Bcl-2 expression was inversely correlated with androgen receptor, apocrine morphology, and p53 expressions, and was an independent predictor of a poor outcome in total or in younger women. p53 positivity was associated with a more favorable outcome than p53 negativity in the younger group. In combined analyzes, none of the twenty Bcl-2-negative/p53-positive cases in the younger group exhibited recurrence, resulting in the independent favorable predictive value of Bcl-2-negative/p53-positive. The anti-apoptotic nature of Bcl-2 may be apparent in TNBC. The excellent outcome of Bcl-2-negative/p53-positive cases in the younger group warrants further combined investigation of Bcl-2/p53 in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ito
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoko Honma
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ogata
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mika Miyashita
- Palliative Care Nursing, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Sawaki
- Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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Azadeh Jouneghani M, Keshavarzi F, Haghnazari N, Hooshmandi Z, Amini S. The Investigation of the Association Between the Bcl-2 3'-UTR rs1564483 Polymorphism and miR-296-3p in the Development of Breast and Gastric Cancers. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231207835. [PMID: 37928451 PMCID: PMC10625176 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231207835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene regulates carcinogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis. This study evaluated the association of Bcl-2 3'-untranslated regions (3' UTR) rs1564483 polymorphism and miR-296-3p with the development of breast and gastric cancers. Methods A microarray analysis was performed on the Genomic Spatial Event (GSE)29431 and GSE161533 datasets for breast and gastric cancers. Blood samples were taken from 222 (111 patients and 111 controls) and 210 (84 patients and 126 controls) individuals for breast and gastric cancers, respectively. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples and genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by examining the high-temperature melting curve. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the potential correlation between the rs1564483 polymorphism and the risk of breast and gastric cancers concerning pathological characteristics. Results The results of the microarray showed that the Bcl-2 gene was up-regulated in gastric cancer (logFC [log fold change]: 0.65, adjusted P < .05). Clinical outcome showed no notable relationship between the rs1564483 polymorphism and breast cancer risk; however, for gastric cancer, it identified a large difference between healthy controls and patients for an allelic frequency of rs1564483 (P ⩽ .001). Moreover, an assay of different models (dominant, recessive, and co-dominant) showed a significant association between the AG genotype between control and gastric cases (Pearson chi-square test, P = .046). In addition, the prevalence of the AG genotype was greater in persons under the age of 45 and in patients with H. pylori infection (P ⩽ .001). The AG genotype was not related to smoking, although the AA genotype was associated with increased cancer incidence in smokers (P ⩽ .001). Conclusions In silico studies and calculations of the ΔG binding of micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) hsa-miR-296-3p to the mutant and wild alleles of the rs15644833 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have revealed that Bcl-2 mRNA expression in gastric cancer decreases, thus confirming the tumor suppressor role of the Bcl-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Nahid Haghnazari
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Hooshmandi
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sabrieh Amini
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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Moawadh MS, Mir R, Tayeb FJ, Asim O, Ullah MF. Molecular Evaluation of the Impact of Polymorphic Variants in Apoptotic ( Bcl-2/Bax) and Proinflammatory Cytokine ( TNF-α/IL-8) Genes on the Susceptibility and Progression of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Case-Control Biomarker Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3933-3952. [PMID: 37232720 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of apoptosis (the programmed cell death) is dependent on the crucial involvement of BCL2 and BAX. The Bax-248G>A and Bcl-2-938 C>A polymorphic variations in the promoter sequences of the Bax and Bcl-2 gene have been recently associated with low Bax expression, progression to advanced stages, treatment resistance, and shortened overall survival rate in some hematological malignancies, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and other myeloproliferative neoplasms. Chronic inflammation has been linked to various stages of carcinogenesis wherein pro-inflammatory cytokines play diverse roles in influencing cancer microenvironment leading to cell invasion and cancer progression. Cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-8 have been implicated in cancer growth in both solid and hematological malignancies with studies showing their elevated levels in patients. Genomic approaches have in recent years provided significant knowledge with the regard to the association of certain SNPs (single nucleotide polymerphisms) either in a gene or its promoter that can influence its expression, with the risk and susceptibility to human diseases including cancer. This study has investigated the consequences of promoter SNPs in apoptosis genes Bax-248G>A (rs4645878)/Bcl-2-938C>A (rs2279115) and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α rs1800629 G>A/IL-8 rs4073 T>A on the risk and susceptibility towards hematological cancers. The study design has 235 individuals both male and female enrolled as subjects that had 113 cases of MPDs (myeloproliferative disorders) and 122 healthy individuals as controls. The genotyping studies were conducted through ARMS PCR (amplification-refractory mutation system PCR). The Bcl-2-938 C>A polymorphism showed up in 22% of patients in the study, while it was observed in only 10% of normal controls. This difference in genotype and allele frequency between the two groups was significant (p = 0.025). Similarly, the Bax-248G>A polymorphism was detected in 6.48% of the patients and 4.54% of the normal controls, with a significant difference in genotype and allele frequency between the groups (p = 0.048). The results suggest that the Bcl-2-938 C>A variant is linked to an elevated risk of MPDs in the codominant, dominant, and recessive inheritance models. Moreover, the study indicated allele A as risk allele which can significantly increase the risk of MPDs unlike the C allele. In case of Bax gene covariants, these were associated with an increased risk of MPDs in the codominant inheritance model and dominant inheritance model. It was found that the allele A significantly enhanced the risk of MPDs unlike the G allele. The frequencies of IL-8 rs4073 T>A in patients was found to be TT (16.39%), AT (36.88%) and AA (46.72%), compared to controls who were more likely to have frequencies of TT (39.34%), AT (37.70%) and AA (22.95%) as such, respectively. There was a notable overrepresentation of the AA genotype and GG homozygotes among patients compared to controls in TNF-α polymorphic variants, with 6.55% of patients having the AA genotype and 84% of patients being GG homozygotes, compared to 1.63% and 69%, respectively in controls. The data from the current study provide partial but important evidence that polymorphisms in apoptotic genes Bcl-2-938C>A and Bax-248G>A and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 rs4073 T>A and TNF-α G>A may help predict the clinical outcomes of patients and determine the significance of such polymorphic variations in the risk of myeloproliferative diseases and their role as prognostic markers in disease management using a case-control study approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdoh S Moawadh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (FAMS), University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (FAMS), University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Molecular Biology, Prince Fahd Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris J Tayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (FAMS), University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Community College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Orooba Asim
- Division of Molecular Biology, Prince Fahd Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Fahad Ullah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (FAMS), University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Pang L, Shah H, Qian S, Sathish V. Iminodibenzyl redirected cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation pattern in lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:167-180. [PMID: 34102280 PMCID: PMC8355066 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is up-regulated by redox imbalance and is considered a target for cancer therapy. The rationale of the COX-2 inhibitor lies in suppressing COX-2 catalyzed peroxidation of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential and pervasive in our daily diet. However, COX-2 inhibitors fail to improve cancer patients' survival and may lead to severe side effects. Here, instead of directly inhibiting COX-2, we utilize a small molecule, iminodibenzyl, which could reprogram the COX-2 catalyzed omega-6 PUFAs peroxidation in lung cancer by inhibiting delta-5-desaturase (D5D) activity. Iminodibenzyl breaks the conversion from dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid, resulting in the formation of a distinct byproduct, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid, in lung cancer cells and solid tumors. By utilizing COX-2 overexpression in cancer, the combination of DGLA supplementation and iminodibenzyl suppressed YAP1/TAZ pathway, decreasing the tumor size and lung metastasis in nude mice and C57BL/6 mice. This D5D inhibition-based strategy selectively damaged lung cancer cells with a high COX-2 level, whereas it could avoid harassing normal lung epithelial cells. This finding challenged the COX-2 redox basis in cancer, providing a new direction for developing omega-6 (DGLA)-based diet/regimen in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Steven Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Zhang J, Yang W, Xiao Y, Shan L. MiR-125b Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer SW480 Cells via Targeting STAT3. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:187-194. [PMID: 34238196 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210708165037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Multiple studies have unveiled the key role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of various types of cancer. However, the mechanism of action of miR-125b in the development and progression of colon cancer remains unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the association of miR-125b and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its role in the proliferation and apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer cells. METHODS The miR-125b expression in NCM460, SW480, HT29, and HCT8 cells was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SW480 cells were transfected with lentiviruses of GFP-miR-125b and GFP-NC to establish a stable miR-125b overexpression colon cancer cell model and a control model. The targeting relationship between miR-125b and STAT3 was analyzed using bioinformatics and verified by the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and TUNEL staining. The expression levels of STAT3, Bcl-2, and Bax were analyzed using Western blot analysis. RESULTS It was found that the relative mRNA expression of miR-125b was decreased in SW480, HT29, and HCT8 cells compared with that in NCM460 cells (P<0.05). The luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that miR-125b downregulated the STAT3 gene expression (P<0.05). Overexpression of miR-125b inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in SW480 colon cancer cells and was accompanied by upregulated Bax expression and downregulated Bcl-2 expression (P<0.05). Re-expression of STAT3 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis, whereas Bcl-2 expression increased, and Bax expression decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The miR-125b regulates the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 by downregulating the expression of STAT3, thereby inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yunxi Xiao
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Linlin Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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Kashyap D, Garg VK, Goel N. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis: Role in cancer development and prognosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:73-120. [PMID: 33931145 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, also named programmed cell death, is a fundament process required for morphogenetic homeostasis during early development and in pathophysiological conditions. It is come into existence in 1972 by work of Kerr, Wyllie and Currie and later on investigated during the research on development of the C. elegans. Trigger by several stimuli, apoptosis is necessary during the embryonic development and aging as homeostatic mechanism to control the cell population and also play a key role as defense mechanism against the immune responses and elimination of damaged cells. Cancer, a genetic disease, is a growing burden on the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. Every year there is tremendously increasing in the number of new cancer cases and mortality rate. Although, there is a significant improvement have been made in biotechnological and bioinformatic fields however, the therapeutic advantages and cancer etiology is still under explored. Several studies determined the deregulation of different apoptotic components during the cancer development and progression. Apoptosis relies on activation of distinct signaling pathways that are often deregulated in cancer. Thus, exploring the single or more than one apoptotic component underlying their expression in carcinogenesis could help to track the disease progression. Current book chapter will provide the several evidences supporting the use of different apoptotic components as prognosis and prediction markers in various human cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduation Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Neelam Goel
- Department of Information Technology, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Kim HA, Lee D, Lee H, Lee J. Lysimachia christinae Hance as an anticancer agent against breast cancer cells. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5717-5728. [PMID: 33133573 PMCID: PMC7590289 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. Although chemoprevention is widely employed to treat breast cancer, anticancer drugs can cause significant adverse effects. Lysimachia christinae Hance (LH) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic effects. However, its potential anticancer activity has not been fully investigated in breast cancers to date. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found that the main constituent of LH extract (LHE) was rutin. Our results indicated that LHE or rutin markedly decreased the proliferation and viability of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 and ER-negative HCC38 human breast cancer cells. LHE treatment induced morphological changes in apoptotic nuclei using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) propidium iodide (PI) staining assay revealed that apoptosis significantly increased in both breast cancer cell types after LHE treatment. Additionally, the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Bcl-2, and phospho-Akt decreased, while that of cleaved PARP and p53 increased, in both cell types. Furthermore, LHE treatment inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). LHE treatment significantly upregulated E-cadherin level in MCF-7 and HCC38 cells, while vimentin level was downregulated in HCC38 cells. In addition, transwell and wound-healing assays revealed that LHE or rutin inhibited breast cancer cell migration. Overall, these findings demonstrate that LHE is a promising therapeutic agent that acts by promoting apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation, EMT, and cell migration in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun A. Kim
- Department of Food and NutritionChosun UniversityGwangjuKorea
| | | | - Hwan Lee
- College of PharmacyChosun UniversityGwangjuKorea
| | - Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and NutritionChosun UniversityGwangjuKorea
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8
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Kosmas Konstantinos, Georgia M, Marios S, Eirini K, Anna M. Expression of Bcl-2 in Imprint Smears of Endometrial Carcinoma. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Bocchi M, Sousa Pereira ND, Furuya RK, Motoori Fernandes CY, Losi-Guembarovski R, Vitiello GAF, Amarante MK, Watanabe MAE. Expression of Ki67 and p53 Proteins: Breast Cancer Aggressivity Markers in Brazilian Young Patients. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2020; 10:379-388. [PMID: 32716670 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2020.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The increase in breast cancer (BC) cases in young women is of great importance since the tumor behavior in this group is generally more aggressive than in their older counterparts, and strategies for early diagnosis and prognostication are needed. Therefore, this work sought to investigate prognostic markers associated with young (<44 years old) BC patients. Methods: Two hundred thirty-six primary tumor tissues from 232 BC patients, of which 44 had less than 44 years at diagnosis were evaluated regarding the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), Ki67, and p53 (used as an indicator of p53 mutations) through immunohistochemistry. Also, data regarding tumor size, histopathological grade (HG), lymph node metastasis disease stage, and patients' survival status were collected. Results: Early age tumors had higher Ki67 expression and p53 mutations, and these markers were positively correlated with each other and associated worse prognosis parameters, such as negativity for ER and PR and positivity for HER2, and with higher HG, tumor size, and disease stage. In young patients, Ki67 correlated with ER, PR, and HG, whereas p53 correlated with HER2 and disease stage. Also, Ki67 associated with BC death independently of time from diagnosis, patients age, tumor size, and disease stage, and showed a trend toward a positive correlation with death in young patients, but not in the older group. Conclusion: Young BC patients were more likely to have intensely proliferative tumors with p53 mutations and these markers may hold prognostic relevance in BC, especially in this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Bocchi
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Nathalia de Sousa Pereira
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Yukari Motoori Fernandes
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Glauco Akelinghton Freire Vitiello
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marla Karine Amarante
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Hashemi Doulabi MS, Ghaedi K, Ranji N, Khazaei Koohpar Z. rs1016860 of BCL2 3′UTR associates with hsa-miR-629-5p binding potential in breast cancer and gastric cancer in Isfahan population. Gene 2020; 738:144457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Cao WH, Su YJ, Liu NQ, Peng Y, Diao C, Cheng RC. Role of Ca²⁺ in Inhibiting Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis of Parathyroid Gland Cells in New Zealand White Rabbits. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920546. [PMID: 32071284 PMCID: PMC7043353 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoparathyroidism is a common complication after thyroidectomy. Calcium supplementation can relieve these symptoms, but it is not clear whether it can protect the parathyroid glands. This study aimed to verify whether Ca²⁺ inhibits the apoptosis of parathyroid cells following ischemic injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS A rabbit model of parathyroid gland ischemic injury was established. The blood calcium concentrations were measured by colorimetry. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The parathyroid tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Western blotting was used to quantify the levels of the following proteins: caspase-3 and p38 MAP Kinase (p38 MAPK). RESULTS This study demonstrates that apoptosis can be a part of the pathological changes associated with parathyroid ischemic injury. Calcium supplementation inhibited the apoptosis of parathyroid cells following ischemic injury. There were no significant differences among the serum calcium levels from the Sham operation (Sham), the Control group (CG), or the Calcium supplementation group (CSG) after 24 h, 72 h, and 168 h of treatment. PTH levels in the CG were significantly higher than in the CSG at 24 h and 72 h after treatments. The apoptosis rate of parathyroid cells from rabbits in the CSG was significantly lower than that of those from rabbits in the CG at 24 h and 72 h after the treatment. Calcium supplementation inhibited p38 MAPK and caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that calcium supplementation inhibited the apoptosis of parathyroid cells following ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-han Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yan-jun Su
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Nian-qiu Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Chang Diao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-chuan Cheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
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Alix-Panabières C, Cayrefourcq L, Mazard T, Maudelonde T, Assenat E, Assou S. Molecular Portrait of Metastasis-Competent Circulating Tumor Cells in Colon Cancer Reveals the Crucial Role of Genes Regulating Energy Metabolism and DNA Repair. Clin Chem 2017; 63:700-713. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBACKGROUNDUnraveling the molecular mechanisms that regulate the biology of metastasis-competent circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is urgently needed to understand metastasis formation and tumor relapse. Our group previously established the first cell line (CTC-MCC-41) derived from metastasis-competent CTCs of a patient with colon cancer.METHODSIn this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of CTC-MCC-41 cells using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays with the aim of unraveling the molecular basis of their special features (stem cell properties and ability to initiate and support metastasis formation).RESULTSComparison of the transcriptome data of metastasis-competent CTC-MCC-41 cells and of HT-29 cells (derived from a primary colon cancer) highlights the differential expression of genes that regulate energy metabolism [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1A (PPARGC1A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1B (PPARGC1B), fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 (ALDH3A1)], DNA repair [BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1), Fanconi anemia complementation group B (FANCB), Fanconi anemia complementation group M (FANCM)], and stemness [glutaminase 2 (GLS2), cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS), and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH)]. The differential expression of 20 genes was validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.CONCLUSIONSThis study gives a comprehensive outlook on the molecular events involved in colon cancer progression and provides potential CTC biomarkers that may help develop new therapies to specifically target CTCs with stem cell properties that cause metastases and tumor relapse in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells, Department of Cellular and Tissue Biopathology of Tumors, University Medical Centre, Montpellier, France
- EA2415 – Help for Personalized Decision: Methodological Aspects, University Institute of Clinical Research (IURC), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Cayrefourcq
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells, Department of Cellular and Tissue Biopathology of Tumors, University Medical Centre, Montpellier, France
- EA2415 – Help for Personalized Decision: Methodological Aspects, University Institute of Clinical Research (IURC), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mazard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer à Montpellier (ICM), France
- Institut du Cancer à Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Maudelonde
- Laboratory of Hormonal and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Montpellier, France
- EA2415 – Help for Personalized Decision: Methodological Aspects, University Institute of Clinical Research (IURC), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre, Montpellier, France
| | - Said Assou
- University of Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1183; Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
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Xie H, Tao W, Wu X, Gu J. Genetic variations in apoptosis pathway and the risk of ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:56737-56745. [PMID: 27462919 PMCID: PMC5302949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is a highly conserved form of cell death and aberrant regulation of apoptotic cell death mechanisms leads to variety of major human diseases, especially tumor formation. Genetic variations in apoptosis genes may increase susceptibility to ovarian cancer. RESULTS In individual SNP analysis, 12 SNPs in 5 apoptosis pathway genes were significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk after adjustment for multiple comparisons at q-value <0.05. The most significant SNP was rs11152377 in the Bcl-2 gene. The homozygous variant TT genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ovarian cancer (odds ratio [OR] =0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-0.77, P<0.001). Cumulative effect analysis showed joint effects of increased risk of ovarian cancer with increasing number of unfavorable genotypes in patients. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis further revealed high-order gene-gene interactions and categorized the study subjects into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Compared with the low-risk group, medium-risk group and high-risk group conferred 1.76-fold (95% CI: 1.06-2.90) and 3.64-fold (95% CI: 2.37-5.59) increased risk of ovarian cancer (P for trend <0.001)Materials and Methods: In a case-control study of 417 ovarian cancer patients and 417 matched controls, we evaluated the associations of 587 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 65 genes of the apoptosis pathway with the risk of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic variations in apoptosis pathway genes modulate the risk of ovarian cancer individually and jointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wade Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Polymorphisms of BCL2 and BAX Genes Associate with Outcomes in Advanced Non-small cell lung cancer Patients treated with platinum-based Chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17766. [PMID: 26656462 PMCID: PMC4674711 DOI: 10.1038/srep17766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the gene belonging to the BCL2 family are thought to play a role in chemotherapy resistance. This study investigated the association of BCL2-938C>A(rs2279115) and BAX-248G>A(rs4645878) promoter region SNPs and the clinical responses and outcomes of 235 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. The data suggested that BAX-248GA and GA+AA genotype was associated with poor response [odds ratio (OR) 1.943, p = 0.039; OR 1.867, p = 0.038, respectively] to chemotherapy, and BCL2-938CA, CA+AA and BAX-248GA, AA and GA+AA were associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.514, p = 0.004; HR 1.456, p = 0.009; HR 1.449, p = 0.013; HR 2.006, p = 0.010; HR 1.506, p = 0.003, respectively] and BCL2-938CA, AA and CA+AA and BAX-248GA, AA and GA+AA were associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR 2.006, p < 0.001; HR 2.322, p < 0.001; HR 2.096, p < 0.001; HR 1.632, p = 0.001; HR 2.014, p = 0.010; HR 1.506, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, combination of these two polymorphisms showed patients with 2–4 variant alleles of these two genes associated with poor PFS and OS (HR 1.637, p = 0.001; HR 2.365, p < 0.001). The data from the current study provide evidence that BCL2-938C>A and BAX-248G>A polymorphisms may be useful in predicting clinical outcomes of patients with advanced inoperable NSCLC to platinum-based chemotherapy.
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15
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Liu N, Yu C, Shi Y, Jiang J, Liu Y. SMAD4 expression in breast ductal carcinoma correlates with prognosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1709-1715. [PMID: 26622737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined SMAD4 expression in fine-needle aspiration cell blocks from patients with breast ductal carcinoma, in order to assess its viability as a prognostic marker. Using immunohistochemistry, the SMAD4 protein status of 86 breast ductal carcinoma fine-needle biopsies, from patients who underwent tumor resection at Beihua University Affiliated Hospital (Jilin, China) between 2002 and 2008, was characterized. The association between SMAD4 expression and clinicopathological parameters, as well as prognosis was assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel method and Cox proportional hazards regression. SMAD4 staining was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its expression was found to be decreased in ductal breast carcinoma as compared with adjacent normal breast epithelia. Patients with reduced SMAD4 expression levels tended to exhibit more poorly differentiated tumors, a higher risk of recurrence and shorter overall survival. These results demonstrated that the evaluation of SMAD4 protein status in fine-needle biopsy specimens of breast ductal carcinoma may provide additional prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Yanfen Shi
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University Affiliated Hospital, Jilin City, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Yuhe Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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Abstract
The biological characteristics of the tumour are used to estimate prognosis and select appropriate systemic therapy for patients with (breast) cancer. The advent of molecular technology has incorporated new biomarkers along with immunohistochemical and serum biomarkers. Immunohistochemical markers are often used to guide treatment decisions, to classify breast cancer into subtypes that are biologically distinct and behave differently, and both as prognostic and predictive factors. Steroid hormone receptors, markers of tumour proliferation, and factors involved in angiogenesis and apoptosis are of scientific interest. In this review we will provide information on the immunohistochemical markers used in the management of breast cancer patients using available data from the literature. We consider the utility of established immunohistochemical markers, and discuss the challenges involved in integrating novel molecular markers into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Carmen Zaha
- Dana Carmen Zaha, Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea University, Oradea 410087, Romania
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17
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A single nucleotide polymorphism in PIK3CA gene is inversely associated with P53 protein expression in breast cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:30. [PMID: 24908061 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17849071 was recently reported to be inversely associated with PIK3CA amplification in follicular thyroid cancer, but the main function of this SNP remains unclear. In this study, by using PCR and sequencing method, we explored whether this SNP was associated with P53 expression status and other clinicopathological characteristics in 62 Chinese breast cancer (BCa) patients. In our results, P53 protein accumulation was significantly associated with HER2 overexpression (P = 0.013) and Ki-67 expression (P = 0.007), which were in accord with previous studies. Besides, there was a significantly inverse relationship between P53 protein expression and rs17849071 GT+GG genotype in Chinese BCa patients (P = 0.044). The SNP was not related to other important BCa markers such as estrogen receptor, progestin receptor, and HER2. Among different BCa intrinsic subtypes, no significant differences were found on P53 expression status (P = 0.356) or rs17849071 polymorphism (T>G) (P = 0.813). In conclusion, SNP rs17849071 GT+GG genotype was inversely associated with P53 protein accumulation in BCa samples. Studies with larger sample size focusing on exploring the relationship of rs17849071 polymorphisms, P53 accumulation, P53 mutations, and PIK3CA amplification might be needed.
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18
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2014; 13:136-44. [PMID: 26327844 PMCID: PMC4520353 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2014.42717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles of eukaryotic cells. They perform crucial functions such as generating most of the cellular energy through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and some other metabolic processes. In addition, mitochondria are involved in regulation of cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Also, mitochondria play important roles in carcinogenesis via altering energy metabolism, resistance to apoptosis, increase of production of ROS and mtDNA (mitochondrial genome) changes. Studies have suggested that aerobic glycolysis is high in malignant tumors. Probably, it correlates with high glucose intake of cancerous tissues. This observation is contrary to Warburg's theory that the main way of energy generation in cancer cells is non-oxidative glycolysis. Further studies have suggested that in tumor cells both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were active at various rates. An increase of intracellular oxidative stress induces damage of cellular structure and somatic mutations. Further studies confirmed that permanent activity of oxidative stress and the influence of chronic inflammation damage the healthy neighboring epithelium and may lead to carcinogenesis. For instance, chronic inflammatory bowel disease could be related to high risk of colon adenocarcinoma. The data have shown a role of ROS generation, mtDNA or nDNA alterations and abnormal apoptotic machinery in endometrial cancer progress. Recent studies suggest that mtDNA mutations might play a potential role in endometrial cancer progress and indicate an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis in this cancer. The investigators suggested that MtCOI and MtND6 alteration has an influence on assembly of respiratory complexes in endometrial cancer. In many human cancers, there is a deregulation of the balance between cell growth and death. The tumor cells can avoid apoptosis through a loss of balance between anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, reduced caspase function and impaired death receptor signaling. Over-expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 gene has also been identified in numerous cancers including colon, thyroid, breast and endometrial cancer. Most studies have found low BCL-2 family gene expression, which could be a sign of blocking apoptosis in breast and endometrial cancer. Moreover, BCL-2 gene expression is correlated with the degree of aggressiveness and differentiation in endometrial cancer. As a result, it could be a valuable predictor of disease progression.
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19
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Pan Q, Pan H, Lou H, Xu Y, Tian L. Inhibition of the angiogenesis and growth of Aloin in human colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:69. [PMID: 23848964 PMCID: PMC3722112 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis has been an attractive target for drug therapy. Aloin (AL), an natural compound derived from Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves, has been shown to possess anti-cancer potential activities. However, its roles in tumor angiogenesis and the involved molecular mechanism are unknown. Method To evaluate the antiangiogenic and anticancer activities of AL, endothelial cell scratch, modified Boyden chamber inserts and tube formation assays were done in HUVECs, and MTT and Live-Dead assays were used to determine the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction of colorectal cancer cells in vitro. The inhibition effects of AL were further confirmed by a mouse xenograft model in vivo. The expression levels of STAT3 signaling pathway and that mediated-target genes were measured in HUVECs and SW620 cells by Western blots. Results Here, we demonstrated that AL significantly inhibited HUVECs proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro. Western blotting showed that AL suppressed activation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in endothelial cells. In addition, the constitutively activated STAT3 protein, and the expression of STAT3-regulated antiapoptotic (Bcl-xL), proliferative (c-Myc), and angiogenic (VEGF) proteins were also down-regulated in response to AL in human SW620 cancer cells. Consistent with the above findings, AL inhibited tumor cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in vitro, and substantially reduced tumor volumes and weight in vivo mouse xenografts, without obviously toxicity. Conclusion Our studies provided the first evidence that AL may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and growth via blocking STAT3 activation, with the potential of a drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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20
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Dorjgochoo T, Xiang YB, Long J, Shi J, Deming S, Xu WH, Cai H, Cheng J, Cai Q, Zheng W, Shu XO. Association of genetic markers in the BCL-2 family of apoptosis-related genes with endometrial cancer risk in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60915. [PMID: 23637776 PMCID: PMC3634058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro studies have demonstrated the role of the BCL-2 family of genes in endometrial carcinogenesis. The role of genetic variants in BCL-2 genes and their interactions with non-genetic factors in the development of endometrial cancer has not been investigated in epidemiological studies. Patients and Methods We examined the relationship between BCL-2 gene family variants and endometrial cancer risk among 1,028 patients and 1,922 age-matched community controls from Shanghai, China. We also investigated possible interactions between genetic variants and established risk factors (demographic, lifestyle and clinical). Individuals were genotyped for 86 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BCL2, BAX, BAD and BAK1 genes. Results Significant associations with endometrial cancer risk were found for 9 SNPs in the BCL2 gene (P trend<0.05 for all). For SNPs rs17759659 and rs7243091 (minor allele for both: G), the associations were independent. The odds ratio was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.04–1.53) for women with AG genotype for the SNP rs17759659 and 1.82 (95% CI: 1.21–2.73) for women with the GG genotype for the SNP rs7243091. No interaction between these two SNPs and established non-genetic risk factors of endometrial cancer was noticed. Conclusion Genetic polymorphisms in the BCL2 gene may be associated with the risk of endometrial cancer in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsogzolmaa Dorjgochoo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jiajun Shi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sandra Deming
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wang-Hong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jiarong Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Yang P, Du CW, Kwan M, Liang SX, Zhang GJ. The impact of p53 in predicting clinical outcome of breast cancer patients with visceral metastasis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2246. [PMID: 23873310 PMCID: PMC3718193 DOI: 10.1038/srep02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study, we analyzed role of p53 in predicting outcome in visceral metastasis breast cancer (VMBC) patients. 97 consecutive VMBC patients were studied. P53 positivity rate was 29.9%. In the p53-negative group, median disease free survival (DFS), and time from primary breast cancer diagnosis to death (OS1), time from metastases to death (OS2) were 25, 42.5, and 13.5 months, respectively. In the p53-positive group, they were 10, 22, and 8 months, respectively. Statistically significant differences in DFS and OS1 were detected between the p53-negative and p53-positive subtypes. However, p53 appears to have no influence on OS2. In Cox regression analysis, p53 expression and TNM stage were predictive factors of DFS. In the multivariate analysis, p53 expression and the duration of DFS correlated with OS1, but not for OS2. Taken together, our data indicate p53 showing predicting role in OS1 for VMBC, but not for OS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515031, PR China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - C. W. Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515031, PR China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - M. Kwan
- Department of Pathology, Liver Cancer and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - S. X. Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515031, PR China
| | - G. J. Zhang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515031, PR China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, PR China
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Jaafar H, Abdullah S, Murtey MD, Idris FM. Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in Tumour Cells and Blood Vessels of Breast Cancer and their Association with Angiogenesis and Hormonal Receptors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:3857-62. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Chen J, Wang J, Lin L, He L, Wu Y, Zhang L, Yi Z, Chen Y, Pang X, Liu M. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathway by nitidine chloride suppressed the angiogenesis and growth of human gastric cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:277-87. [PMID: 22203730 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 has been strongly implicated in human malignancies, and constitutive activation of STAT3 serves a crucial role in cell survival, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and inflammation. In this study, we showed that nitidine chloride, a natural phytochemical alkaloid derived from Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb) DC, exerts potent anticancer activity through STAT3 signaling cascade. Nitidine chloride dose dependently suppressed VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tubular structure formation in vitro and dramatically reduced VEGF-triggered neovascularization in mouse cornea and Matrigel plugs in vivo. This angiogenesis inhibition mediated by nitidine chloride was well interpreted by the suppression of Janus kinase 2/STAT3 signaling and STAT3 DNA-binding activity in endothelial cells. Furthermore, nitidine chloride suppressed the constitutively activated STAT3 protein, its DNA-binding activity, and the expression of STAT3-dependent target genes, including cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, and VEGF in human gastric cancer cells. Consistent with the earlier findings, nitidine chloride inhibited gastric tumor cell growth and induced tumor cell apoptosis in vitro and effectively suppressed the volume, weight, and microvessel density of human SGC-7901 gastric solid tumors (n = 8) at a dosage of 7 mg/kg/d (intraperitoneal injection). Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis further revealed that the expression of STAT3, CD31, and VEGF protein in xenografts was remarkably decreased by the alkaloid. Taken together, we propose that nitidine chloride is a promising anticancer drug candidate as a potent STAT3 signaling inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Lara JF, Thor AD, Dressler LG, Broadwater G, Bleiweiss IJ, Edgerton S, Cowan D, Goldstein LJ, Martino S, Ingle JN, Henderson IC, Norton L, Winer EP, Hudis CA, Ellis MJ, Berry DA, Hayes DF. p53 Expression in node-positive breast cancer patients: results from the Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9344 Trial (159905). Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5170-8. [PMID: 21693655 PMCID: PMC3149770 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE p53 as a prognostic and predictive factor in early-stage breast cancer has had mixed results. We studied p53 protein expression, by immunohistochemistry, in a randomized clinical trial of stage II patients treated with adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide with or without paclitaxel [Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 9344, INT0148]. PATIENTS AND METHODS Epithelial p53 expression was evaluated using two immunohistochemical antibodies (DO7 and 1801) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from patients with node-positive breast cancer who were randomized to four cycles of cyclophosphamide and one of three doses of doxorubicin (60, 75, or 90 mg/m(2); AC) and to receive four subsequent cycles of paclitaxel (T) or not. Prognostic and predictive value of p53 protein expression was assessed, independent of treatment assignment, for escalating doses of doxorubicin or addition of T with endpoints of relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Of 3,121 patients, 1,887 patient specimens treated on C9344 were obtained, passed quality control, and evaluated for p53 expression. Expression was 23% and 27% for mAbs 1801 and D07, respectively, with 92% concordance. In univariate analysis, p53 positivity was associated with worse OS with either antibody, but only p53 staining with monoclonal antibody 1801 had significantly worse RFS. In multivariate analysis, p53 was not predictive of RFS or OS from either doxorubicin dose escalation or addition of paclitaxel regardless of the antibody. CONCLUSION Nuclear staining of p53 by immunohistochemistry is associated with worse prognosis in node-positive patients treated with adjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapy but is not a useful predictor of benefit from doxorubicin dose escalation or the addition of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Lara
- Department of Pathology, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA.
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PD-1 polymorphisms are associated with sporadic breast cancer in Chinese Han population of Northeast China. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 129:195-201. [PMID: 21487727 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a potent immunoregulatory molecule which is responsible for the negative regulation of T-cell activation and peripheral tolerance. In order to investigate the association between polymorphisms of PD-1 and breast cancer, a case-control study was conducted in Chinese female population consisting of 490 cases with breast cancer and 512 age-matched healthy individuals from Heilongjiang Province of China. Four polymorphisms of the PD-1 gene, including rs36084323 (PD-1.1), rs7421861, rs2227982 (PD-1.9), and rs2227981 (PD-1.5), were selected and genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The frequencies of PD-1.1 GG genotype and PD-1.5 CT genotype were significantly lower in cases compared with controls (P = 0.020 and 0.004, respectively), and PD-1.5 CC genotype and C allele had higher frequencies in cases (P = 0.003 and 0.010). In haplotype analysis, we observed that the frequencies of ATTC and GTCT haplotypes were lower in cases than those of in controls (P = 0.0055 and 0.0012, respectively), whereas the GTCC and ATCC haplotypes had higher frequencies in cases (P = 0.0040 and 0.00008037, respectively). Additionally, strong association was showed between PD-1.1 and P53, and haplotype CCTA was associated with ER status. These results primarily suggest that PD-1 gene polymorphisms may affect the breast cancer risk and prognosis in Chinese Han females of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China.
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Jung SY, Jeong J, Shin SH, Kwon Y, Kim EA, Ko KL, Shin KH, Ro J, Lee KS, Park IH, Lee S, Kim SW, Kang HS. Accumulation of p53 determined by immunohistochemistry as a prognostic marker in node negative breast cancer; analysis according to St Gallen consensus and intrinsic subtypes. J Surg Oncol 2010; 103:207-11. [PMID: 21337548 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the prognostic impact of p53 accumulation by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in lymph node-negative breast cancer (LNN-BC), and in subgroups of St Gallen consensus and intrinsic subtypes. METHODS A total 845 with a pathologic diagnosis of LNN-BC patients that underwent surgery at the National Cancer Center, Korea between 2001 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The median age was 48 years (range: 25-85) and median follow-up period was 66.0 months (range: 9-101). Univariate analysis determined that tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), p53, and Ki-67 were significant for disease free survival (DFS). Of these factors, PgR negativity (HR 3.57; 95% CI 1.26-10.09; P = 0.01) and p53 positivity (HR 3.17; 95% CI 1.51-6.65; P = 0.002) were independent prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. In the subanalysis for 4 intrinsic subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpression, and triple-negative subtypes) and risk groups by St Gallen consensus, there were significant differences of DFS rates by p53 (5-year DFS rate, luminal A; 97.2% for p53 (-) vs 93.8% for p53 (+); P = 0.03, triple-negative subgroups; 94.1% vs 78.7%; P = 0.002, intermediate-risk group; 96.5% vs 90.7%; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS P53 has prognostic power in LNN-BC, and gives the additional prognostic information for intrinsic subtypes and St Gallen consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Jung
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Kallel-Bayoudh I, Hassen HB, Khabir A, Boujelbene N, Daoud J, Frikha M, Sallemi-Boudawara T, Aifa S, Rebaï A. Bcl-2 expression and triple negative profile in breast carcinoma. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S55-61. [PMID: 20890735 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis have been proposed during the last two decades, among which HER2 and oestrogen receptors are of common use in routine clinical practice. However, in recent years, BCL2 has been recognized as an important prognostic parameter in human breast cancer, although its clinical utility is well established. The aim of this study was to examine the protein expression patterns of BCL2, HER2, oestrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and to evaluate their correlation with survival and other prognostic parameters such as tumour size, histological grade and metastasis. We used a retrospective study including 84 Tunisian women with breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure protein expression levels of several biomarkers. Association with conventional biopathological factors was analysed by SPSS (version13). The expression rates of BCL2, HER2, ER and PR were, respectively, 69, 62, 58.3 and 51.2%. In univariate analyses, BCL2 was highly correlated with both PR (P < 0.001) and ER (P = 0.006) and also with HER2 expression (P = 0.001). The triple negative profile showed a significant association with SBR (P = 0.016) and BCL2 expression (P = 0.02). In multivariate analyses, a significant association was maintained between BCL2 and both PR and ER (P = 0.02 and P = 0.004, respectively). Survival analysis showed that BCL2 expression was positively correlated with patients survival (P = 0.032). A Bayesian network analysis of all the variables confirmed the high value of BCL2 expression as a predictor of survival. As conclusion, BCL2 expression seems to be a very useful factor that should be in combination with HER2 and ER in breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Kallel-Bayoudh
- Bioinformatics and Signalling Unit, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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Yu B, Sun X, Shen HY, Gao F, Fan YM, Sun ZJ. Expression of the apoptosis-related genes BCL-2 and BAD in human breast carcinoma and their associated relationship with chemosensitivity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:107. [PMID: 20691103 PMCID: PMC2924279 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of BCL-2 and BAD genes in tissues of breast carcinoma and investigate the relationship between the expression of BCL-2 and BAD in breast cancer cells with chemosensitivity. METHODS Immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the expression of BCL-2, BAD in 10 normal breast tissues, 10 breast fibroadenoma tissues, 40 youth human breast carcinoma tissues, 40 menopause human breast carcinoma tissues. And to detect the expression of ER, PR in 80 human breast carcinoma tissues. 20 Surgical samples of breast cancer, diagnosed by pathology, were obtained from The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The cancer sample cells were cultured separately in the incubator at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2 in vitro. The rate of inhibition of cancer cells in 4 kinds of anticancer drugs-- Epirubicin Adriamycin (EADM),5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), Navelbine(NVB) and Diaminedichloroplatinum (DDP), were assayed by MTT method. RESULTS The expression of BCL-2, BAD genes in young human breast carcinoma tissues were lower than that in menopause human breast carcinoma tissues (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the positive expression rate of BCL-2 and histologic grade or the lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression rates of BCL-2 and of ER, PR (P < 0.05). The expression of BAD had no relationship with the expression of ER, PR, histologic grade and the lymph node metastasis(P = NS). Sensitivity rates of 20 breast cancer cells in 0.1 x PPC within 48 h in vitro were 30% EADM,20% 5-Fu,45% NVB and 25% DDP. Respectively, the rate of inhibition of EADM,5- Fu, NVB and DDP were significantly higher in the BCL-2 negative cancer cells than in the BCL-2 positive cancer cells. A negative correlation was found between expression of BCL-2 and chemosensitivity for all the 4 anticancer drugs. The inhibition rates of EADM and NVB were significantly lower in the BAD negative cancer cells than in the BAD positive cancer cells. A positive correlation was found between expression of BAD and chemosensitivity for Epirubicin. CONCLUSION The expression of BCL-2 and BAD can be used as prognosis factors of breast cancer. Detection of the BCL-2 protein expression level, particularly, combined with the detection of the expression of BCL-2 and BAD as well as ER and PR were helpful in confirming the prognosis of breast carcinoma. The combined detection of BCL-2 and BAD may be markers for predicting the responses to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
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Ayatollahi H, Ghaffarzadegan K, Sharifi N, Farahmand MJ, Jarafian AH. Comparison of two score systems in Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast and relation with oestrogen and progestrone receptors. Breast J 2009; 15:310-2. [PMID: 19645793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kyndi M, Sørensen FB, Knudsen H, Alsner J, Overgaard M, Nielsen HM, Overgaard J. Impact of BCL2 and p53 on postmastectomy radiotherapy response in high-risk breast cancer. A subgroup analysis of DBCG82 b&c. Acta Oncol 2009; 47:608-17. [PMID: 18465329 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine p53 and BCL2 expression in high-risk breast cancer patients randomized to postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS The present analysis included 1 000 of 3 083 high-risk breast cancer patients randomly assigned to PMRT in the DBCG82 b&c studies. Tissue microarray sections were stained with immunohistochemistry for p53 and BCL2. Median potential follow-up was 17 years. Clinical endpoints were locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant metastases (DM), overall mortality, and overall survival (OS). Statistical analyses included Kappa statistics, chi(2) or exact tests, Kaplan-Meier probability plots, Log-rank test, and Cox univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS p53 accumulation was not significantly associated with increased overall mortality, DM or LRR probability in univariate or multivariate Cox regression analyses. Kaplan-Meier probability plots showed reduced OS and improved DM and LRR probabilities after PMRT within subgroups of both p53 negative and p53 positive patients. Negative BCL2 expression was significantly associated with increased overall mortality, DM and LRR probability in multivariate Cox regression analyses. Kaplan-Meier probability plots showed a significantly improved overall survival after PMRT for the BCL2 positive subgroup, whereas practically no survival improvement was seen after PMRT for the BCL2 negative subgroup. In multivariate analysis of OS, however, no significant interaction was found between BCL2 and randomization status. Significant reductions in LRR probability after PMRT were recorded within both the BCL2 positive and BCL2 negative subgroups. CONCLUSION p53 was not associated with survival after radiotherapy in high-risk breast cancer, but BCL2 might be.
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Survivin expression in breast carcinoma: correlation with apoptosis and prognosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009; 16:221-6. [PMID: 18301249 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3180c317bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin is a novel inhibitor of apoptosis commonly detected in tissues during fetal development and in cancer, but not usually in normal tissues. It has been suggested that the expression of this protein may be of prognostic significance in gastric, colorectal, and bladder carcinomas. We assessed survivin expression in breast carcinomas correlating results with expression of other antiapoptotic (bcl-2, bcl-x) and proapoptotic (bax) markers, with prognostic parameters, and with prognosis. DESIGN Paraffin-embedded sections of 37 breast carcinomas were immunostained for survivin, bcl-2, bcl-x, and bax. Expression was evaluated in normal breast tissue and carcinoma, nuclei and cytoplasm, as intensity (0 to 3+), and percentage of positive cells. RESULTS Survivin expression was noted in 30 (81%) of breast carcinomas, and in normal breast tissue, in nuclei, and cytoplasm. There was a significant correlation (P=0.022) between survivin and bcl-x expression; survivin and bcl-x tended to correlate with overall survival (P=0.072 and 0.075, respectively), but not with disease-free survival (P=0.19 and 0.18, respectively). There was no correlation of survivin with bcl-2 or bax expression, or with other prognostic parameters (age, tumor size, histologic type, histologic grade, nodal status, and tumor stage) (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The majority (81%) of breast carcinomas show survivin expression which correlates with bcl-x, another antiapoptotic marker, and both markers tend to correlate with prognosis.
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Cecka F, Hornychová H, Melichar B, Ryska A, Jandík P, Mergancová J, Klozová-Urminská H. Expression of bcl-2 in breast cancer: correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2008; 51:107-12. [PMID: 18998362 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. It is an immensely heterogeneous disease, characterised by a broad variety of clinical development. The research in recent years has focused on finding new markers of prognosis. This study investigates the role of expression of the bcl-2 protein in breast cancer. We analysed bcl-2 expression in 57 women with primary breast carcinoma who were treated with neoadjuvant (primary) chemotherapy, followed by a surgical procedure. The bcl-2 expression was correlated with other clinicopathological characteristics of the tumour- histological grade, stage, expression of hormonal receptors, proliferation rate, and with the survival of the patients. No significant association of bcl-2 expression with either overall survival or disease free survival was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cecka
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Surgery, Czech Republic.
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Rossner P, Gammon MD, Zhang YJ, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Memeo L, Mansukhani M, Long CM, Garbowski G, Agrawal M, Kalra TS, Gaudet MM, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM. Mutations in p53, p53 protein overexpression and breast cancer survival. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:3847-57. [PMID: 19602056 PMCID: PMC2832100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene that encodes p53 protein, a molecule involved in cell cycle regulation and has been inconsistently linked to breast cancer survival. Using archived tumour tissue from a population-based sample of 859 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1996 and 1997, we determined p53 mutations in exons 5–8 and p53 protein overexpression. We examined the association of p53 mutations with overexpression and selected tumour clinical parameters. We assessed whether either p53 marker was associated with survival through 2002, adjusting for other tumour markers and prognostic factors. The prevalence of protein overexpression in the tumour was 36% (307/859) and of any p53 mutation was 15% (128/859). p53 overexpression was positively associated with the presence of any p53 mutation (odds ratio [OR]= 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.5–3.2), particularly missense mutations (ER = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.6–13.7). Negative oestrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status was positively associated with both p53 protein overexpression (= 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7–4.0) and p53 mutation (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.4–6.5). Any p53 mutation and missense mutations, but not p53 protein overexpression, were associated with breast cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR]= 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0–2.8; HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.6, respectively) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.4; HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2–3.4, respectively); nonsense mutations were associated only with breast cancer-specific mortality (HR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.1–8.1). These associations however did not remain after adjusting for ER/PR status. Thus, in this population-based cohort of women with breast cancer, although p53 protein overexpression and p53 mutations were associated with each other, neither independently impacted breast cancer-specific or all-causing mortality, after considering ER/PR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Ribeiro-Silva A, Zucoloto S. Expression of apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 correlates with breast carcinomas of luminal or basal-like subtype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-9294.2008.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Callagy GM, Webber MJ, Pharoah PDP, Caldas C. Meta-analysis confirms BCL2 is an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:153. [PMID: 18510726 PMCID: PMC2430210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A number of protein markers have been investigated as prognostic adjuncts in breast cancer but their translation into clinical practice has been impeded by a lack of appropriate validation. Recently, we showed that BCL2 protein expression had prognostic power independent of current used standards. Here, we present the results of a meta-analysis of the association between BCL2 expression and both disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in female breast cancer. Methods Reports published in 1994–2006 were selected for the meta-analysis using a search of PubMed. Studies that investigated the role of BCL2 expression by immunohistochemistry with a sample size greater than 100 were included. Seventeen papers reported the results of 18 different series including 5,892 cases with an average median follow-up of 92.1 months. Results Eight studies investigated DFS unadjusted for other variables in 2,285 cases. The relative hazard estimates ranged from 0.85 – 3.03 with a combined random effects estimate of 1.66 (95%CI 1.25 – 2.22). The effect of BCL2 on DFS adjusted for other prognostic factors was reported in 11 studies and the pooled random effects hazard ratio estimate was 1.58 (95%CI 1.29–1.94). OS was investigated unadjusted for other variables in eight studies incorporating 3,910 cases. The hazard estimates ranged from 0.99–4.31 with a pooled estimate of risk of 1.64 (95%CI 1.36–2.0). OS adjusted for other parameters was evaluated in nine series comprising 3,624 cases and the estimates for these studies ranged from 1.10 to 2.49 with a pooled estimate of 1.37 (95%CI 1.19–1.58). Conclusion The meta-analysis strongly supports the prognostic role of BCL2 as assessed by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer and shows that this effect is independent of lymph node status, tumour size and tumour grade as well as a range of other biological variables on multi-variate analysis. Large prospective studies are now needed to establish the clinical utility of BCL2 as an independent prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Callagy
- Department of Pathology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Clinical Science Institute, Costello Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Nadler Y, Camp RL, Giltnane JM, Moeder C, Rimm DL, Kluger HM, Kluger Y. Expression patterns and prognostic value of Bag-1 and Bcl-2 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R35. [PMID: 18430249 PMCID: PMC2397537 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bcl-2 antanogene-1 (Bag-1) binds the anti-apoptotic mediator Bcl-2, and enhances its activity. Bcl-2 and Bag-1 are associated with chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells. Drugs that target Bcl-2 are currently in clinical development. The purpose of the present study was to examine expression patterns of Bag-1 in a large cohort of breast tumors and to assess the association with Bcl-2, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2/neu, and other clinical/pathological variables. Methods Tissue microarrays containing primary specimens from 638 patients with 10-year follow-up were employed, and the expression of Bag-1, Bcl-2, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2/neu was assessed using our automated quantitative analysis method. We used cytokeratin to define pixels as breast cancer (tumor mask) within the array spot, and we measured biomarker expression within the mask using Cy5 conjugated antibodies. Results High Bcl-2 expression was associated with improved survival in the entire cohort and in the node-positive subset (P = 0.008 and P = 0.002, respectively). High Bag-1 expression was associated with improved survival in the node-positive subset (P = 0.006). On multivariable analysis, neither Bcl-2 nor Bag-1 retained their independence as prognostic markers. Strong associations were found between Bag-1, Bcl-2, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Conclusion Bag-1 and Bcl-2 expression in breast tumors is associated with improved outcome and steroid receptor positivity. Evaluation of Bcl-2 and Bag-1 expression in breast cancer may identify a subset of patients with a favorable prognosis, who might not benefit from chemotherapy or who might benefit from Bcl-2 targeting agents in addition to antihormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Nadler
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Stark AM, Pfannenschmidt S, Tscheslog H, Maass N, Rösel F, Mehdorn HM, Held-Feindt J. Reduced mRNA and protein expression of BCL-2 versus decreased mRNA and increased protein expression of BAX in breast cancer brain metastases: a real-time PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation. Neurol Res 2007; 28:787-93. [PMID: 17288732 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain metastases are an increasingly common complication in breast cancer patients. Apoptosis regulating genes are promising candidates for further treatment options. We examined the mRNA and protein expression of p53, BCL-2 and BAX in breast cancer brain metastases versus primary tumors. METHODS In a two-step approach p53, BCL-2 and BAX mRNA expression in ductal invasive breast cancer brain metastases was examined by: (1) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) mRNA expression screening (band appearance in relation to an internal standard) and (2) quantitative real-time RT-PCR (CT-values in relation to an internal standard). Protein expression using immunohistochemistry. Results were compared with primary tumors. RESULTS We found significantly lower BCL-2 mRNA and protein expression in breast cancer brain metastases versus primary tumors. P53 mRNA and protein expression was also lower in metastases. However, this difference was only significant on mRNA but not on the protein level. BAX expression evaluation revealed was contradictory results: mRNA expression was significantly lower whereas protein expression was significantly higher in metastatic lesions. DISCUSSION The mRNA and protein expression of p53 and BCL-2 seems to be reduced in breast cancer brain metastases. BAX mRNA and protein may be regulated differentially in metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Stark
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein Medical Center, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University College of Medicine, Korea.
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Rolland P, Spendlove I, Madjd Z, Madjid Z, Rakha EA, Patel P, Ellis IO, Durrant L. The p53 positive Bcl-2 negative phenotype is an independent marker of prognosis in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1311-7. [PMID: 17187363 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine if the immunohistochemical p53 (+) Bcl-2 (-) phenotype predicts survival in breast cancer patients. Tissue from 819 cases of resected primary breast cancer, presented between 1986 and 1998, were assembled in tissue microarray format. Clinicopathological data and prospective disease specific survival data were collected prospectively and immunohistochemical analyses of p53 and Bcl-2 expression were performed using antibodies DO-7 (p53) and 124 (Bcl-2) employing a standard IHC protocol. The expression data were correlated with clinicopathological variables and outcomes in both univariate (chi(2)) and multivariate (Cox's regression) analyses. Abnormal p53 expression and positive Bcl-2 expression were detected in 29% (193/673) and 46% (307/673) of tumours, respectively. On univariate analysis Bcl-2 expression was correlated with the clinicopathological features of less aggressive disease and loss of Bcl-2 expression correlated with a reduction in survival (log rank = 11.91; p < 0.001). p53 expression correlated with the clinicopathological features of aggressive cancers and a reduction in survival (log rank = 17.81; p < 0.001). Nineteen percent (127/673) of tumours displayed a p53 (+) Bcl-2 (-) phenotype. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant reduction in survival in these cases (log rank 34.01; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that while neither p53 expression nor Bcl-2 expression alone had independent prognostic significance, the p53 (+) Bcl-2 (-) phenotype remained independently associated with a worse prognosis (HR 1.79 95%CI 1.10-2.89 p = 0.018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Rolland
- Academic and Clinical Department of Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Kumaraguruparan R, Prathiba D, Nagini S. Of humans and canines: Immunohistochemical analysis of PCNA, Bcl-2, p53, cytokeratin and ER in mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:218-24. [PMID: 16740286 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasms in humans and canines. Human and canine mammary tumours share several important epidemiological, clinicopathological and biochemical features. Development of mammary tumours involves accumulation of mutant cells caused by excessive proliferation and insufficient apoptosis or dysregulation of cellular differentiation. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the expression of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis associated proteins together with expression of estrogen receptors (ER) in both human and canine mammary tumours. Thirty breast cancer patients categorized as pre- and postmenopausal, and 30 mammary gland tumours obtained from bitches were included in this study. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, p53, cytokeratin and ER in tumour tissues and adjacent tissues were investigated using immunohistochemical staining. While the expression of PCNA, Bcl-2, p53 and ER was significantly increased, expression of cytokeratin was significantly lower in both human as well as canine mammary tumours compared to corresponding adjacent tissues. The magnitude of the changes was however more pronounced in premenopausal patients compared to postmenopausal patients. The changes in proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation associated proteins in human and canine mammary tumours validate use of the canine model to understand the molecular mechanisms of mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumaraguruparan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Cannings E, Kirkegaard T, Tovey SM, Dunne B, Cooke TG, Bartlett JMS. Bad expression predicts outcome in patients treated with tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 102:173-9. [PMID: 17004114 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Activation of the PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway has been linked to endocrine resistance in tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway causes phosphorylation of Bad leading to modulation of cellular apoptosis. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that disruption of apoptosis in breast cancer, via Akt activation, is linked with hormone resistance. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 402 oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers using antibodies against Bad, pBad (ser 112), Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax. RESULTS Bad, pBad (ser 112), Bcl-2 and Bax expression was observed in the cellular cytoplasmic compartment only. Patients, whose tumours had high levels of Bad expression, had a significantly improved disease-free survival when compared to patients whose tumours had low levels of Bad expression (P = 0.049). Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by either heregulin or oestrogen had no effect on expression of Bad, Bcl-2, Bax or Bcl-xl. However, heregulin increased pBad (ser 112) expression. DISCUSSION Data presented here shows that Bad expression is associated with relapse in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients, supporting our hypothesis that the apoptosis pathway is involved in tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cannings
- Endocrine Cancer Group, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University Department of Surgery, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Suzuki T, Toi M, Saji S, Horiguchi K, Aruga T, Suzuki E, Horiguchi S, Funata N, Karasawa K, Kamata N. Early breast cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2006; 11:108-19. [PMID: 16622745 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-006-0564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a common disease throughout the world. Here we review new knowledge about early breast cancer obtained during the past 5 years. The prognosis of early breast cancer is generally favorable. Especially, ductal carcinoma in situ has been regarded as a non-life-threatening disease. Therefore, early diagnosis and early onset of the treatment has been important. Early age at menarche, late age at first birth, and late age at menopause are related to breast cancer risk. Examination by mammography and ultrasonography is still the most effective means of detection for premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively. Additionally, there have been important advances in MRI, sentinel lymph node biopsy, breast-conserving surgery, partial breast irradiation, neoadjuvant systemic therapy, and adjuvant systemic therapy. Another approach to keeping the disease under control is the elucidation of breast cancer's molecular biological features. Assessment of potential molecular targets can lead to early diagnosis and molecular targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Tokyo 113-0025, Japan
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Andre F, Pusztai L. Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer among Patients and Implications for Patient Selection for Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1951-8. [PMID: 16906452 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy are not controversial, the absolute effect of such therapy is small. Therefore, there is a need to identify biomarkers that can help select patients with localized breast cancer for treatment. Despite intense research in this field, no biomarker has been shown to be useful to predict benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in daily practice. This can partially be explained by the fact that breast cancer is composed of several distinct subclasses, as shown by large-scale genomic analyses. In this review, we discuss why the current research approach based on a single biomarker is limited by the heterogeneity of cancer among patients. We then propose three solutions to improve the research strategies in this field: investigate one biomarker in a single homogeneous subclass to improve its predictive value; study the predictive value of multibiomarker assays in larger populations; and use functional pathways to predict the efficacy of a given drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Andre
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Unit 1354, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Leiser AL, Anderson SE, Nonaka D, Chuai S, Olshen AB, Chi DS, Soslow RA. Apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory markers in uterine leiomyosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:86-91. [PMID: 16289259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to investigate the expression of apoptotic and cell cycle regulators p53, p21, p27, bax, and bcl-2 in uterine leiomyosarcoma in order to identify molecular pathways that possibly could be important in the development of leiomyosarcoma. A secondary aim was to examine if the apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory protein expression profile of uterine leiomyosarcoma is potentially useful for clinical prognostic purposes. METHODS A tissue microarray representing 36 uterine leiomyosarcomas and 19 uterine leiomyomas was created with 3 representative cores from each tumor. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for bcl-2, bax, p21, p27, and p53 using standard techniques. Staining was scored 0-12 for each marker, 0-3 being negative and 4-12 positive. Outcome analyses were performed only for leiomyosarcomas. First recurrence was determined from the time of initial diagnosis. Survival was determined from the time of initial diagnosis to last follow-up. RESULTS Associations were found between disease type (leiomyosarcoma vs. leiomyoma) and the positivity status of p21 (43% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), p53 (54% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), and bax (34% vs. 94%, P < 0.001). bcl-2-positive leiomyosarcoma was associated with a longer time to recurrence (P = 0.02) in a univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis, tumor stage was the only independent significant prognostic factor (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The significant differential expression of apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory proteins in uterine leiomyosarcoma as compared to benign smooth muscle tumors suggests that pathways involving these proteins may be important in the development of malignant disease and, therefore, could be potential targets for molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza L Leiser
- Developmental Chemotherapy Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Neri A, Marrelli D, Roviello F, DeMarco G, Mariani F, DeStefano A, Megha T, Caruso S, Corso G, Cioppa T, Pinto E. Bcl-2 expression correlates with lymphovascular invasion and long-term prognosis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 99:77-83. [PMID: 16541314 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the mechanisms of apoptosis are responsible not only for the progression of breast cancer, but for different responses to treatment as well. Among the genes regulators of apoptosis, the tumor suppressor gene p53 and the bcl-2 gene have raised interest for their possible role as predictors of response to therapy and markers of prognosis. The purpose of our study was to prospectively analyze the prognostic value of the expression of p53 and bcl-2 genes in a series of 235 consecutive patients operated on for breast cancer at the Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the University of Siena, Italy.p53 and bcl-2 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, their association with conventional clinicopathological factors was analyzed by univariate analysis and their prognostic impact was evaluated by multivariate analysis.p53 and bcl-2 were detected respectively in 15.7 and 75.7% of cases, and resulted significantly related to presence of estrogen receptors for p53 over-expression and presence of peritumor lymphovascular invasion (LVI) for bcl-2 expression. With a median follow-up of 79 months, an independent negative prognostic impact on disease free and overall survival was observed for presence of LVI, absence of bcl-2 expression and number of involved axillary lymphnodes. The expression of bcl-2 improved the prognosis of LVI positive tumors up to values similar to LVI negative cases, while its absence associated to presence of LVI resulted in a poor outcome with only 28% of patients alive at 8 years. These data may indicate that expression of bcl-2 is a marker of breast cancers with reduced capability of distant colonization, even in presence of LVI, and may be particularly useful in the clinical setting, allowing to identify a subset of patients with an high risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Neri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Surgical Oncology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Abstract
Cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell motility are induced and regulated by a host of growth factors, vitamins, and hormones. The mode of function of these modifiers of biological response, the signaling pathways that they activate, and the interacting pathways that can influence the biological outcome have been the focus of attention. Especially recognized and discussed in this review is the deregulation of their function, leading to abnormalities in cell proliferation, alteration of intercellular adhesive cohesion, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and invasive behavior and metastatic deposition that are so characteristic of tumor development and progression, which strongly underscores the concept of molecular progression of cancer constructed on the basis of the relationship between genetic changes and the biological events associated with cancer progression. The molecular changes associated with hormone- and vitamin-driven responses and the deregulation of the expression and function of their target genes seem to correlate with specific biological events linked with cancer invasion and progression, and these findings could lead to the establishment of new markers of progression and to the development of new strategies for patient management. The scope of this work has been restricted by design and is dictated by the field of interest of the author's laboratory, but it is hoped that this field would be regarded adequately to reflect the wide genre of scientific interest in this field of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Sherbet
- School of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 6RU, United Kingdom
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Chen Y, Hühn D, Knösel T, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Deutschmann N, Petersen I. Downregulation of connexin 26 in human lung cancer is related to promoter methylation. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:14-21. [PMID: 15386363 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-Cell communication via gap junctions plays a key role in carcinogenesis and in growth control. One of the gap junction proteins, Connexin 26 (Cx26) was considered as tumor suppressor in various cancers. In our study, the expression of Cx26 was analyzed in human lung cancer. The reduced mRNA expression was observed in 17 lung cancer cell lines examined by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. In 138 primary carcinomas comprising all subtypes analyzed by immunohistochemistry, 85 cases (62%) exhibited no expression of Cx26, whereas in other 53 cases the Cx26 staining was positive (38%). Additionally, an association between Cx26 protein expression and higher grading of tumors was found in whole tumor samples (p =0.028) but no statistically significant correlations could be observed with tumor stage, tumor size and node status. In squamous cell carcinoma, tumors with higher stage and grading were linked to higher expression of Cx26 (p = 0.015 and 0.017, respectively). To explore the mechanism responsible for the downregulation of Cx26, we treated 2 lung cancer cell lines H2170 and H226 with the demethylation agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and found the reexpression of Cx26 mRNA. Methylation status of these 2 cell lines was further analyzed by PCR amplification of bisulfite modified DNA and sequencing. A heterogeneous methylation pattern turned out. Our results suggest the inactivation of Cx26 in lung cancer may be explained by promoter methylation.
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MESH Headings
- Actins
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Connexin 26
- Connexins/genetics
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA Modification Methylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Decitabine
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Liu S, Bishop WR, Dasmahapatra B, Wang Y. Pharmacogenomics of the p53 tumor suppressor and its role in cancer chemoresistance. Drug Dev Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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