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Llor C, Moragas A, Ruppe G, Lykkegaard J, Hansen MP, Antsupova VS, Jensen JN, Theut AM, Petek D, Sodja N, Kowalczyk A, Bjerrum L. Diagnosing probable urinary tract infections in nursing home residents without indwelling catheters: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00419-1. [PMID: 39209268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overdiagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is one of the most common reasons for the unnecessary use of antibiotics in nursing homes, increasing the risk of missing serious conditions. Various decision tools and algorithms aim to aid in UTI diagnosis and the initiation of antibiotic therapy for residents. However, due to the lack of a clear reference standard, these tools vary widely and can be complex, with some requiring urine testing. As part of the European-funded IMAGINE project, aimed at improving antibiotic use for UTIs in nursing home residents, we have reviewed the recommendations. OBJECTIVES This review provides a comprehensive summary of the more relevant tools and algorithms aimed at identifying true UTIs among residents living in nursing homes and discusses the challenges in using these algorithms based on updated research. SOURCES The discussion is based on a relevant medical literature search and synthesis of the findings and published tools to provide an overview of the current state of improving the diagnosis of UTIs in nursing homes. CONTENT The following topics are covered: prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, diagnostic challenges, clinical criteria, urinary testing, and algorithms to be implemented in nursing home facilities. IMPLICATIONS Diagnosing UTIs in residents is challenging due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and nonspecific urinary tract signs and symptoms among those with suspected UTIs. The fear of missing a UTI and the perceived antibiotic demands from residents and relatives might lead to overdiagnosis of this common condition. Despite their widespread use, urine dipsticks should not be recommended for geriatric patients. Patients who do not meet the minimum diagnostic criteria for UTIs should be evaluated for alternative conditions. Adherence to a simple algorithm can prevent unnecessary antibiotic courses without compromising resident safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Llor
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Primary Care Research Institute Jordi Gol, Institut d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Moragas
- Primary Care Research Institute Jordi Gol, Institut d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of General Pathology. University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Georg Ruppe
- Austrian Interdisciplinary Platform on Ageing/Österreichische Plattform für Interdisziplinäre Alternsfragen (OEPIA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jesper Lykkegaard
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Malene Plejdrup Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit of General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria S Antsupova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jette Nygaard Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Anna Marie Theut
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Davorina Petek
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Sodja
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Kowalczyk
- Centre for Family and Community Medicine, the Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lars Bjerrum
- Department of Public Health, Section and Research Unit of General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bocquier A, Erkilic B, Babinet M, Pulcini C, Agrinier N. Resident-, prescriber-, and facility-level factors associated with antibiotic use in long-term care facilities: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:29. [PMID: 38448955 PMCID: PMC10918961 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are needed in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) to tackle antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to identify factors associated with antibiotic use in LTCFs. Such information would be useful to guide antimicrobial stewardship programmes. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of studies retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycINFO, APA PsycTherapy, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. We included quantitative studies that investigated factors associated with antibiotic use (i.e., antibiotic prescribing by health professionals, administration by LTCF staff, or use by residents). Participants were LTCF residents, their family, and/or carers. We performed a qualitative narrative synthesis of the findings. RESULTS Of the 7,591 screened records, we included 57 articles. Most studies used a longitudinal design (n = 34/57), investigated resident-level (n = 29/57) and/or facility-level factors (n = 32/57), and fewer prescriber-level ones (n = 8/57). Studies included two types of outcome: overall volume of antibiotic prescriptions (n = 45/57), inappropriate antibiotic prescription (n = 10/57); two included both types. Resident-level factors associated with a higher volume of antibiotic prescriptions included comorbidities (5 out of 8 studies which investigated this factor found a statistically significant association), history of infection (n = 5/6), potential signs of infection (e.g., fever, n = 4/6), positive urine culture/dipstick results (n = 3/4), indwelling urinary catheter (n = 12/14), and resident/family request for antibiotics (n = 1/1). At the facility-level, the volume of antibiotic prescriptions was positively associated with staff turnover (n = 1/1) and prevalence of after-hours medical practitioner visits (n = 1/1), and negatively associated with LTCF hiring an on-site coordinating physician (n = 1/1). At the prescriber-level, higher antibiotic prescribing was associated with high prescription rate for antibiotics in the previous year (n = 1/1). CONCLUSIONS Improving infection prevention and control, and diagnostic practices as part of antimicrobial stewardship programmes remain critical steps to reduce antibiotic prescribing in LTCFs. Once results confirmed by further studies, implementing institutional changes to limit staff turnover, ensure the presence of a professional accountable for the antimicrobial stewardship activities, and improve collaboration between LTCFs and external prescribers may contribute to reduce antibiotic prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bocquier
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France.
| | - Berkehan Erkilic
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Martin Babinet
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Epidémiologie clinique, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Céline Pulcini
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France
- Centre régional en antibiothérapie du Grand Est AntibioEst, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Nelly Agrinier
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy, F-54000, France
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Epidémiologie clinique, Nancy, F-54000, France
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Cooper DL, Buterakos R, Wagner LM, Tith J, Lee SYD. A retrospective comparison of guidelines to assess hospital-diagnosed urinary tract infection in nursing home residents. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1354-1358. [PMID: 33872686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate antibiotic treatments for urinary tract infection (UTI) in nursing home (NH) residents are common and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Published guidelines aim to improve accurate assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of UTIs. This study assessed whether records from hospitalized NH residents diagnosed with UTI, while comparing the Cooper Tool and Stone criteria, supported appropriate treatment. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted using electronic medical record (EMR) data from residents of 3 NHs who were diagnosed with UTI when hospitalized over a 3-year period. The Cooper Tool and Stone criteria were used to assess treatment appropriateness. RESULTS Of 79 hospitalized residents treated for UTI, 11 (13.9%) were appropriately treated according to the Cooper Tool and 9 (11.4%) according to Stone. The 2 criteria agreed in 9 of the cases including 100% of those with catheters. Urinalysis was documented in 72% of residents and 24% had documentation of culture and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate UTI treatment rates using both tools were low but much higher in those with catheters. Future research is necessary to validate the use of these tools in the hospital setting which have the potential to improve treatment accuracy and reduce unnecessary antibiotics use.
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Sturm L, Flood M, Montoya A, Mody L, Cassone M. Updates on Infection Control in Alternative Health Care Settings. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2021; 35:803-825. [PMID: 34362545 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients increasingly receive care from a large spectrum of different settings, placing them at risk for exposure to pathogens by many different sources. Each health care environment has its own specific challenges, and thus infection control programs must be tailored to each specific setting. High-turnover outpatient settings may require additional considerations, such as establishing patient triage and follow-up protocols, and broadened cleaning and disinfection procedures. In nursing homes, infection control programs should focus on surveillance for infections and antimicrobial resistance, outbreak investigation and control plan for epidemics, isolation precautions, hand hygiene, staff education, and employee and resident health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sturm
- Sr. Director-Infection Prevention, Quality, Clinical & Network Services, Ascension, 4600 Edmundson Road, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA
| | - Michelle Flood
- Ascension St John Hospital Detroit, 19251 Mack Avenue Suite 190, Grosse Pointe Woods, MI 48236, USA
| | - Ana Montoya
- East Ann Arbor Geriatrics Center, 4260 Plymouth Road, Room B1337, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lona Mody
- East Ann Arbor Geriatrics Center, 4260 Plymouth Road, Room B1337, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; University of Michigan Geriatrics, 300 North Ingalls Street, Room 914, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2007, USA
| | - Marco Cassone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine BSRB Building, Room 3023. 109 Zina Pitcher place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Raban MZ, Gates PJ, Gasparini C, Westbrook JI. Temporal and regional trends of antibiotic use in long-term aged care facilities across 39 countries, 1985-2019: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256501. [PMID: 34424939 PMCID: PMC8382177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic misuse is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance and a concern in long-term aged care facilities (LTCFs). Our objectives were to: i) summarise key indicators of systemic antibiotic use and appropriateness of use, and ii) examine temporal and regional variations in antibiotic use, in LTCFs (PROSPERO registration CRD42018107125). METHODS & FINDINGS Medline and EMBASE were searched for studies published between 1990-2021 reporting antibiotic use rates in LTCFs. Random effects meta-analysis provided pooled estimates of antibiotic use rates (percentage of residents on an antibiotic on a single day [point prevalence] and over 12 months [period prevalence]; percentage of appropriate prescriptions). Meta-regression examined associations between antibiotic use, year of measurement and region. A total of 90 articles representing 78 studies from 39 countries with data between 1985-2019 were included. Pooled estimates of point prevalence and 12-month period prevalence were 5.2% (95% CI: 3.3-7.9; n = 523,171) and 62.0% (95% CI: 54.0-69.3; n = 946,127), respectively. Point prevalence varied significantly between regions (Q = 224.1, df = 7, p<0.001), and ranged from 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9-2.7) in Eastern Europe to 9.0% in the British Isles (95% CI: 7.6-10.5) and Northern Europe (95% CI: 7.7-10.5). Twelve-month period prevalence varied significantly between regions (Q = 15.1, df = 3, p = 0.002) and ranged from 53.9% (95% CI: 48.3-59.4) in the British Isles to 68.3% (95% CI: 63.6-72.7) in Australia. Meta-regression found no association between year of measurement and antibiotic use prevalence. The pooled estimate of the percentage of appropriate antibiotic prescriptions was 28.5% (95% CI: 10.3-58.0; n = 17,245) as assessed by the McGeer criteria. Year of measurement was associated with decreasing appropriateness of antibiotic use over time (OR:0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.91). The most frequently used antibiotic classes were penicillins (n = 44 studies), cephalosporins (n = 36), sulphonamides/trimethoprim (n = 31), and quinolones (n = 28). CONCLUSIONS Coordinated efforts focusing on LTCFs are required to address antibiotic misuse in LTCFs. Our analysis provides overall baseline and regional estimates for future monitoring of antibiotic use in LTCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Z. Raban
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J. Gates
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudia Gasparini
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johanna I. Westbrook
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Clark MD, Halford Z, Herndon C, Middendorf E. Evaluation of Antibiotic Initiation Tools in End-of-Life Care. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2021; 39:274-281. [PMID: 34169763 DOI: 10.1177/10499091211027806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospice patients are frequently confronted with potentially infectious complications necessitating antibiotic consideration. Information regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics and their impact on symptom management in hospice patients are unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate and describe the use of an antibiotic initiation tool in patients admitted to outpatient hospice services. The primary outcome assessed the percentage of antibiotics that were appropriately initiated based on Loeb's Minimum Criteria (LMC) for Antibiotic Initiation Tool. Secondary outcomes included the number of patients with documented symptom resolution following antibiotic completion, the number of antibiotic courses that were successfully completed, and treatment-related adverse events. METHODS This was a retrospective, multisite, descriptive analysis of hospice patients treated with antibiotics between April 2019 and September 2020. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty patients were assessed for inclusion, with 172 meeting eligibility criteria and receiving a total of 201 antibiotic courses. Based on LMC, 84 of the 201 (42%) antibiotics ordered were appropriate, with 60% of these LMC-approved courses resulting in symptom resolution. Out of 201 total courses, 99 (49%) resulted in symptom resolution. Overall, 160 (80%) antibiotic courses were successfully completed. CONCLUSION In this study, antibiotic initiation in hospice patients frequently did not meet LMC. Less than half of the antibiotics prescribed led to symptom resolution despite antibiotic course completion in most patients. There is no consensus or guidelines directing appropriate antibiotic decision-making in hospice patients. The appropriate use of antibiotics in terminally ill patients warrants additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Clark
- Pharmacy Clinical Programs, 4002The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachery Halford
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 4107Union University College of Pharmacy, Jackson, TN, USA
| | - Chris Herndon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 33140Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL, USA.,Department of Community and Family Medicine, St. Louis School of Medicine, Edwardsville, IL, USA
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Comparison of criteria for determining appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 43:860-863. [PMID: 34162459 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes remains a challenge. The revised McGeer criteria, which are widely used to conduct infection surveillance in nursing homes, were not designed to assess antibiotic appropriateness. The Loeb criteria were explicitly designed for this purpose but are infrequently used outside investigational studies. The extent to which the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria overlap and can be used interchangeably for tracking antibiotic appropriateness in nursing homes remains insufficiently studied. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional chart review study in 5 Wisconsin nursing homes and applied the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria to all nursing home-initiated antibiotic treatment courses. Kappa (κ) statistics were employed to assess level of agreement overall and by treatment indications. RESULTS Overall, 734 eligible antibiotic courses were initiated in participating nursing homes during the study period. Of 734 antibiotic courses, 372 (51%) satisfied the Loeb criteria, while only 211 (29%) of 734 satisfied the revised McGeer criteria. Only 169 (23%) of 734 antibiotic courses satisfied both criteria, and the overall level of agreement between them was fair (κ = 0.35). When stratified by infection type, levels of agreement between the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria were moderate for urinary tract infections (κ = 0.45), fair for skin and soft-tissue infections (0.36), and slight for respiratory tract infections (0.17). CONCLUSIONS Agreement between the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria is limited, and nursing homes should employ the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria for their intended purposes. Studies to establish the best method for ongoing monitoring of antibiotic appropriateness in nursing homes are needed.
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Sommer-Larsen SD, Arnold SH, Holm A, Aamand Olesen J, Cordoba G. Quality of the Diagnostic Process, Treatment Decision, and Predictors for Antibiotic Use in General Practice for Nursing Home Residents with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030316. [PMID: 33803831 PMCID: PMC8003235 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in nursing home (NH) residents and Denmark is one of the countries with the highest antibiotic use in NHs. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the diagnostic process and treatment decision on the day of the first contact from NHs to general practice and assess predictors for prescription of antibiotics in NH residents without an indwelling urinary catheter. The study was a prospective observational study in general practice in the Capital Region of Denmark; 490 patients were included; 158 out of 394 (40.1%, 95% CI 35; 45) patients with suspected UTI had urinary tract symptoms; 270 out of 296 (91.2%, 95% CI 87; 94) patients without urinary tract symptoms had a urine culture performed. Performing urine culture in the general practice was inversely associated to prescription of antibiotics on day one (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.13; 0.56). It is imperative to support the implementation of interventions aimed at improving the quality of the diagnostic process on day one, as less than half of the patients given the diagnosis "suspected UTI" had urinary tract symptoms, and most patients without urinary tract symptoms had a urine culture performed.
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Fornaro R, Heil E, Claeys K, Sheikh F, Naqvi F, Chou J, Oketch E, Mansour D, Zarowitz B, Brandt N. Identifying and Bridging the Gaps in Antimicrobial Stewardship in Post-Acute and Long-Term Care. J Gerontol Nurs 2021; 46:8-13. [PMID: 31895956 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20191211-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
National organizations have developed guidelines and tools for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in post-acute and long-term care (PALTC), but there is a need to effectively translate these into actionable, measurable, and impactful programs. An electronic needs assessment survey was developed and distributed to health care providers and administrators involved with AMS activities in PALTC facilities in Maryland. The results of this survey were used to develop a statewide initiative to improve AMS in nursing facilities. The survey revealed that barriers to implementing AMS include limited access or poor utilization of experts in AMS and infectious disease, adverse event data collection tools, and locally developed protocols and guidelines. Strategies to improve AMS included the provision of free continuing education to a multidisciplinary audience and improved access to individuals with expertise in infectious disease and the development of an adverse drug event tool. Continuing to provide meaningful tools and resources that address the specific needs of nursing facilities should lead to improved compliance with regulations and ultimately improved resident outcomes. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46(1), 8-13.].
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Reliability of nonlocalizing signs and symptoms as indicators of the presence of infection in nursing-home residents. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 43:417-426. [PMID: 33292915 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most common medications prescribed in nursing homes. The annual prevalence of antibiotic use in residents of nursing homes ranges from 47% to 79%, and more than half of antibiotic courses initiated in nursing-home settings are unnecessary or prescribed inappropriately (wrong drug, dose, or duration). Inappropriate antibiotic use is associated with a variety of negative consequences including Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), adverse drug effects, drug-drug interactions, and antimicrobial resistance. In response to this problem, public health authorities have called for efforts to improve the quality of antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes.
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Kistler CE, Jump RLP, Sloane PD, Zimmerman S. The Winter Respiratory Viral Season During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21:1741-1745. [PMID: 33256954 PMCID: PMC7586921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The winter respiratory virus season always poses challenges for long-term care settings; this winter, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will compound the usual viral infection challenges. This special article discusses unique considerations that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) brings to the health and well-being of residents and staff in nursing homes and other long-term care settings this winter. Specific topics include preventing the spread of respiratory viruses, promoting immunization, and the diagnosis and treatment of suspected respiratory infection. Policy-relevant issues are discussed, including whether to mandate influenza immunization for staff, the availability and use of personal protective equipment, supporting staff if they become ill, and the distribution of a COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available. Research is applicable in all of these areas, including regarding the use of emerging electronic decision support tools. If there is a positive side to this year's winter respiratory virus season, it is that staff, residents, family members, and clinicians will be especially vigilant about potential infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Kistler
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Robin L P Jump
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) at the VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Philip D Sloane
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sheryl Zimmerman
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Schools of Social Work and Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Preventive Antibiotic Use in Nursing Homes: A Not Uncommon Reason for Antibiotic Overprescribing. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21:1181-1185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Boere TM, van Buul LW, Hopstaken RM, Veenhuizen RB, van Tulder MW, Cals JWL, Verheij TJM, Hertogh CMPM. Using point-of-care C-reactive protein to guide antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents (UPCARE): study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:149. [PMID: 32103747 PMCID: PMC7045632 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-5006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are over-prescribed for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in nursing home residents due to diagnostic uncertainty. Inappropriate antibiotic use is undesirable both on patient level, considering their exposure to side effects and drug interactions, and on societal level, given the development of antibiotic resistance. C-reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) may be a promising diagnostic tool to reduce antibiotic prescribing for LRTI in nursing homes. The UPCARE study will evaluate whether the use of CRP POCT for suspected LRTI is (cost-) effective in reducing antibiotic prescribing in the nursing home setting. Methods/design A cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted in eleven nursing homes in the Netherlands, with the nursing home as the unit of randomization. Residents with suspected LRTI who reside at a psychogeriatric, somatic, or geriatric rehabilitation ward are eligible for study participation. Nursing homes in the intervention group will provide care as usual with the possibility to use CRP POCT, and the control group will provide care as usual without CRP POCT for residents with (suspected) LRTI. Data will be collected from September 2018 for approximately 1.5 year, using case report forms that are integrated in the electronic patient record system. The primary study outcome is antibiotic prescribing for suspected LRTI at index consultation (yes/no). Discussion This is the first randomised trial to evaluate the effect of nursing home access to and training in the use of CRP POCT on antibiotic prescribing for LRTI, yielding high-level evidence and contributing to antibiotic stewardship in the nursing home setting. The relatively broad inclusion criteria and the pragmatic study design add to the applicability and generalizability of the study results. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register, Trial NL5054. Registered 29 August 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjarda M Boere
- Department of General Practice & Old Age Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura W van Buul
- Department of General Practice & Old Age Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Ruth B Veenhuizen
- Department of General Practice & Old Age Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jochen W L Cals
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo J M Verheij
- National lnstitute for Public Health and the Environment (RlVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of General Practice, Julius Centrum, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cees M P M Hertogh
- Department of General Practice & Old Age Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,National lnstitute for Public Health and the Environment (RlVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Sloane PD, Zimmerman S, Ward K, Kistler CE, Paone D, Weber DJ, Wretman CJ, Preisser JS. A 2-Year Pragmatic Trial of Antibiotic Stewardship in 27 Community Nursing Homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019; 68:46-54. [PMID: 31317534 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if antibiotic prescribing in community nursing homes (NHs) can be reduced by a multicomponent antibiotic stewardship intervention implemented by medical providers and nursing staff and whether implementation is more effective if performed by a NH chain or a medical provider group. DESIGN Two-year quality improvement pragmatic implementation trial with two arms (NH chain and medical provider group). SETTING A total of 27 community NHs in North Carolina that are typical of NHs statewide, conducted before announcement of the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services antibiotic stewardship mandate. PARTICIPANTS Nursing staff and medical care providers in the participating NHs. INTERVENTION Standardized antibiotic stewardship quality improvement program, including training modules for nurses and medical providers, posters, algorithms, communication guidelines, quarterly information briefs, an annual quality improvement report, an informational brochure for residents and families, and free continuing education credit. MEASUREMENTS Antibiotic prescribing rates per 1000 resident days overall and by infection type; rate of urine test ordering; and incidence of Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. RESULTS Systemic antibiotic prescription rates decreased from baseline by 18% at 12 months (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69-0.98) and 23% at 24 months (IRR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.65-0.90). A 10% increase in the proportion of residents with the medical director as primary physician was associated with a 4% reduction in prescribing (IRR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.92-0.99). Incidence of C. difficile and MRSA infections, hospitalizations, and hospital readmissions did not change significantly. No adverse events from antibiotic nonprescription were reported. Estimated 2-year implementation costs per NH, exclusive of medical provider time, ranged from $354 to $3653. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic stewardship programs can be successfully disseminated in community NHs through either NH administration or medical provider groups and can achieve significant reductions in antibiotic use for at least 2 years. Medical director involvement is an important element of program success. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:46-54, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Sloane
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Service Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sheryl Zimmerman
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Service Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Ward
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Service Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christine E Kistler
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Service Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Wretman
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Service Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John S Preisser
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Zanichelli V, Monnier AA, Gyssens IC, Adriaenssens N, Versporten A, Pulcini C, Le Maréchal M, Tebano G, Vlahović-Palčevski V, Stanić Benić M, Milanič R, Harbarth S, Hulscher ME, Huttner B. Variation in antibiotic use among and within different settings: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:vi17-vi29. [PMID: 29878219 PMCID: PMC5989604 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Variation in antibiotic use may reflect inappropriate use. We aimed to systematically describe the variation in measures for antibiotic use among settings or providers. This study was conducted as part of the innovative medicines initiative (IMI)-funded international project DRIVE-AB. Methods We searched for studies published in MEDLINE from January 2004 to January 2015 reporting variation in measures for systemic antibiotic use (e.g. DDDs) in inpatient and outpatient settings. The ratio between a study's reported maximum and minimum values of a given measure [maximum:minimum ratio (MMR)] was calculated as a measure of variation. Similar measures were grouped into categories and when possible the overall median ratio and IQR were calculated. Results One hundred and forty-three studies were included, of which 85 (59.4%) were conducted in Europe and 12 (8.4%) in low- to middle-income countries. Most studies described the variation in the quantity of antibiotic use in the inpatient setting (81/143, 56.6%), especially among hospitals (41/81, 50.6%). The most frequent measure was DDDs with different denominators, reported in 23/81 (28.4%) inpatient studies and in 28/62 (45.2%) outpatient studies. For this measure, we found a median MMR of 3.7 (IQR 2.6-5.0) in 4 studies reporting antibiotic use in ICUs in DDDs/1000 patient-days and a median MMR of 2.3 (IQR 1.5-3.2) in 18 studies reporting outpatient antibiotic use in DDDs/1000 inhabitant-days. Substantial variation was also identified in other measures. Conclusions Our review confirms the large variation in antibiotic use even across similar settings and providers. Data from low- and middle-income countries are under-represented. Further studies should try to better elucidate reasons for the observed variation to facilitate interventions that reduce unwarranted practice variation. In addition, the heterogeneity of reported measures clearly shows that there is need for standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zanichelli
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annelie A Monnier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine, Research group of Immunology and Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Inge C Gyssens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine, Research group of Immunology and Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Niels Adriaenssens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Versporten
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Céline Pulcini
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Infectious Diseases Department, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Vera Vlahović-Palčevski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Stanić Benić
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marlies E Hulscher
- Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Huttner
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Brandt NJ, Heil E. Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Post-Acute Long-Term Care Setting: Case Discussion and Updates. J Gerontol Nurs 2018; 42:10-4. [PMID: 27337183 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20160613-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improving the use of antimicrobial medications in the post-acute long-term care setting is critical for combating resistance and reducing adverse events in older adults. Antimicrobial stewardship refers to a set of commitments and actions designed to optimize the treatment of infectious diseases while minimizing the adverse effects associated with antimicrobial medication use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend all nursing homes take steps to improve antimicrobial prescribing practices and reduce inappropriate use. The current article highlights initiatives and clinical considerations through a case discussion. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42 (7), 10-14.].
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Armbruster CE, Prenovost K, Mobley HLT, Mody L. How Often Do Clinically Diagnosed Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Nursing Homes Meet Standardized Criteria? J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 65:395-401. [PMID: 27858954 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between clinically diagnosed catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and standardized criteria and to assess microorganism-level differences in symptom burden in a cohort of catheterized nursing home (NH) residents. DESIGN Post hoc analysis of a prospective longitudinal study. SETTING Twelve NHs in southeast Michigan. PARTICIPANTS NH residents with indwelling urinary catheters (n = 233; 90% white, 52% male, mean age 73.7). MEASUREMENTS Clinical and demographic data, including CAUTI epidemiology and symptoms, were obtained at study enrollment, 14 days, and monthly thereafter for up to 1 year. RESULTS One hundred twenty participants with an indwelling catheter (51%) were prescribed systemic antibiotics for 182 clinically diagnosed CAUTIs. Common signs and symptoms were acute change in mental status (28%), fever (21%), and leukocytosis (13%). Forty percent of clinically diagnosed CAUTIs met Loeb's minimum criteria, 32% met National Health Safety Network (NHSN) criteria, and 50% met Loeb's minimum or NHSN criteria. CAUTIs involving Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. were least likely to meet criteria. CAUTIs involving Klebsiella pneumoniae were most likely to meet Loeb's minimum criteria (odds ratio (OR) = 9.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3-40.3), possibly because of an association with acute change in mental status (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.8-19.4). CONCLUSION Fifty percent of clinically diagnosed CAUTIs met standardized criteria, which represents an improvement in antibiotic prescribing practices. At the microorganism level, exploratory data indicate that symptom burden may differ between microorganisms. Exploration of CAUTI signs and symptoms associated with specific microorganisms may yield beneficial information to refine existing tools to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Katherine Prenovost
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Harry L T Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lona Mody
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Division of Geriatric and Palliative Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Hamano J, Tokuda Y. Changes in vital signs as predictors of bacterial infection in home care: a multi-center prospective cohort study. Postgrad Med 2016; 129:283-287. [PMID: 27766928 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1251819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether the combination of changes in heart rate and body temperature can predict bacterial infection in home care patients. METHODS This multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted in Japan from March 2012 through December 2013 and involved three clinics. The study population comprised all patients who received regular home visit services for at least 3 months and met one of the following inclusion criteria: 1) fever over 37.5°C at home visit, 2) physician's clinical suspicion of fever, or 3) physician's suspicion of bacterial infection. We collected temperature and heart rate data on the day of enrollment, and determined the probable causes of fever after treatment of febrile episodes. We defined the combination of changes in heart rate and body temperature as delta HR/BT. We calculated two types of delta HR/BT, averaged and assumed, using different baseline values for heart rate and body temperature. RESULTS A total of 124 patients were enrolled and 194 episodes of fever were analyzed during the study period. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the average delta HR/BT with a cut-off ≥ 20 were 20.4% (95% CI, 16.7-23.3), 84.2% (95% CI, 75.2-91.0), 75.7% (95% CI, 61.8-86.2), and 30.6% (95% CI, 27.3-33.0), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the assumed delta HR/BT with a cut-off ≥ 5 was 91.2% (95% CI, 89.2-94.0), 8.9% (95% CI, 4.1-15.7), 70.9% (95% CI, 69.3-73.0), and 29.4% (95% CI, 13.6-51.8), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combination of changes in heart rate and body temperature could help physicians determine whether home care patients have bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hamano
- a Division of Clinical Medicine , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
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19
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Flanagan E, Cassone M, Montoya A, Mody L. Infection Control in Alternative Health Care Settings: An Update. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016; 30:785-804. [PMID: 27515148 PMCID: PMC5828503 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With changing health care delivery, patients receive care at various settings including acute care hospitals, nursing homes, outpatient primary care and specialty clinics, and at home, exposing them to pathogens in various settings. Various health care settings face unique challenges, requiring individualized infection control programs. Infection control programs in nursing homes should address surveillance for infections and antimicrobial resistance, outbreak investigation and control plan for epidemics, isolation precautions, hand hygiene, staff education, and employee and resident health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Flanagan
- Quality and Patient Safety, Detroit Medical Center Healthcare System, 399 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Marco Cassone
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ana Montoya
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lona Mody
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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20
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21
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Yogo N, Gahm G, Knepper BC, Burman WJ, Mehler PS, Jenkins TC. Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Skin Infections in Nursing Homes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:30. [PMID: 27493938 PMCID: PMC4954810 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology and management of skin infections in nursing homes has not been adequately described. We reviewed the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of skin infections among residents of nursing homes to identify opportunities to improve antibiotic use. METHODS This was a retrospective study involving 12 nursing homes in the Denver metropolitan area. For residents at participating nursing homes diagnosed with a skin infection between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014, clinical and demographic information was collected through manual chart review. RESULTS Of 100 cases included in the study, the most common infections were non-purulent cellulitis (n = 55), wound infection (n = 27), infected ulcer (n = 8), and cutaneous abscess (n = 7). In 26 cases, previously published minimum clinical criteria for initiating antibiotics (Loeb criteria) were not met. Most antibiotics (n = 52) were initiated as a telephone order following a call from a nurse, and 41 patients were not evaluated by a provider within 48 h after initiation of antibiotics. Nearly all patients (n = 95) were treated with oral antibiotics alone. The median treatment duration was 7 days (interquartile range 7-10); 43 patients received treatment courses of ≥10 days. CONCLUSION Most newly diagnosed skin infections in nursing homes were non-purulent infections treated with oral antibiotics. Antibiotics were initiated by telephone in over half of cases, and lack of a clinical evaluation within 48 h after starting antibiotics was common. Improved diagnosis through more timely clinical evaluations and decreasing length of therapy are important opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in nursing homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Yogo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory Gahm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Bryan C Knepper
- Department of Patient Safety and Quality, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA; Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - William J Burman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA; Denver Public Health, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Philip S Mehler
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Timothy C Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
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22
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Mylotte JM. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Long-Term Care: Metrics and Risk Adjustment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17:672.e13-8. [PMID: 27233489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) has been recommended for long-term care facilities because of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in this setting to improve prescribing and decrease adverse events. Recommendations have been made for the components of such a program, but there is little evidence to support any specific methodology at the present time. The recommendations make minimal reference to metrics, an essential component of any ASP, to monitor the results of interventions. This article focuses on the role of antibiotic use metrics as part of an ASP for long-term care. Studies specifically focused on development of antibiotic use metrics for long-term care are reviewed. It is stressed that these metrics should be considered as an integral part of an ASP in long-term care. In order to develop benchmarks for antibiotic use for long-term care, there must be appropriate risk adjustment for interfacility comparisons and quality improvement. Studies that have focused on resident functional status as a risk factor for infection and antibiotic use are reviewed. Recommendations for the potentially most useful and feasible metrics for long-term care are provided along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Mylotte
- Professor of Medicine Emeritus, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York.
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23
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Crnich CJ, Jump R, Trautner B, Sloane PD, Mody L. Optimizing Antibiotic Stewardship in Nursing Homes: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Improvement. Drugs Aging 2015; 32:699-716. [PMID: 26316294 PMCID: PMC4579247 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The emerging crisis in antibiotic resistance and concern that we now sit on the precipice of a post-antibiotic era have given rise to advocacy at the highest levels for widespread adoption of programmes that promote judicious use of antibiotics. These antibiotic stewardship programmes, which seek to optimize antibiotic choice when clinically indicated and discourage antibiotic use when clinically unnecessary, are being implemented in an increasing number of acute care facilities, but their adoption has been slower in nursing homes. The antibiotic prescribing process in nursing homes is fundamentally different from that observed in hospital and clinic settings, with formidable challenges to implementation of effective antibiotic stewardship. Nevertheless, an emerging body of research points towards ways to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in nursing homes. This review summarizes the findings of this research and presents ways in which antibiotic stewardship can be implemented and optimized in the nursing home setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Crnich
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1685 Highland Avenue, MFCB 5217, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Robin Jump
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Division of Internal Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barbara Trautner
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip D Sloane
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lona Mody
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Abstract
Although antimicrobial stewardship has been shown to improve microbiologic susceptibility patterns, decrease drug toxicities, and lower overall drug costs in the inpatient setting, there are few studies assessing programs in the long-term care (LTC) setting. Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in LTC settings can be challenging as the LTC setting houses a unique population of frail and older adults with several preexisting conditions and multiple risk factors for colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms. Antimicrobial stewardship has an important role in decreasing inappropriate antibiotic use, encouraging targeted treatment of specific disease states, and limiting the untoward effects and costs of antimicrobials in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, MFL Center Tower, 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Nimalie D Stone
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Northeast, MS:A-31, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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25
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Mitchell SL, Shaffer ML, Loeb MB, Givens JL, Habtemariam D, Kiely DK, D'Agata E. Infection management and multidrug-resistant organisms in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:1660-7. [PMID: 25133863 PMCID: PMC4188742 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Infection management in advanced dementia has important implications for (1) providing high-quality care to patients near the end of life and (2) minimizing the public health threat posed by the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort study of 362 residents with advanced dementia and their health care proxies in 35 Boston area nursing homes for up to 12 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Data were collected to characterize suspected infections, use of antimicrobial agents (antimicrobials), clinician counseling of proxies about antimicrobials, proxy preference for the goals of care, and colonization with MDROs (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria). Main outcomes were (1) proportion of suspected infections treated with antimicrobials that met minimum clinical criteria to initiate antimicrobial treatment based on consensus guidelines and (2) cumulative incidence of MDRO acquisition among noncolonized residents at baseline. RESULTS The cohort experienced 496 suspected infections; 72.4% were treated with antimicrobials, most commonly quinolones (39.8%) and third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins (20.6%). At baseline, 94.8% of proxies stated that comfort was the primary goal of care, and 37.8% received counseling from clinicians about antimicrobial use. Minimum clinical criteria supporting antimicrobial treatment initiation were present for 44.0% of treated episodes and were more likely when proxies were counseled about antimicrobial use (adjusted odds ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.86) and when the infection source was not the urinary tract (referent). Among noncolonized residents at baseline, the cumulative incidence of MDRO acquisition at 1 year was 48%. Acquisition was associated with exposure (>1 day) to quinolones (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.89; 95% CI, 1.28-2.81) and third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins (AHR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.04-2.40). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Antimicrobials are prescribed for most suspected infections in advanced dementia but often in the absence of minimum clinical criteria to support their use. Colonization with MDROs is extensive in nursing homes and is associated with exposure to quinolones and third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. A more judicious approach to infection management may reduce unnecessary treatment in these frail patients, who most often have comfort as their primary goal of care, and the public health threat of MDRO emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Mitchell
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michele L Shaffer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Children's Core for Biomedical Statistics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle
| | - Mark B Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane L Givens
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dan K Kiely
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erika D'Agata
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Morley JE. Adverse events in post-acute care: the Office of the Inspector General's report. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:305-6. [PMID: 24726233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John E Morley
- Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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27
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Clinical Uncertainties in the Approach to Long Term Care Residents With Possible Urinary Tract Infection. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Lim CJ, Kong DCM, Stuart RL. Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the residential care setting: current perspectives. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:165-77. [PMID: 24477218 PMCID: PMC3894957 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s46058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Residential aged care facilities are increasingly identified as having a high burden of infection, resulting in subsequent antibiotic use, compounded by the complexity of patient demographics and medical care. Of particular concern is the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms among this vulnerable population. Accordingly, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs have started to be introduced into the residential aged care facilities setting to promote judicious antimicrobial use. However, to successfully implement AMS programs, there are unique challenges pertaining to this resource-limited setting that need to be addressed. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of infections in this population and review studies that explore antibiotic use and prescribing patterns. Specific attention is paid to issues relating to inappropriate or suboptimal antibiotic prescribing to guide future AMS interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Jou Lim
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C M Kong
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhonda L Stuart
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia ; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in older adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 28:75-89. [PMID: 24484576 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a commonly diagnosed infection in older adults. Despite consensus guidelines developed to assist providers in diagnosing UTI, distinguishing symptomatic UTI from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in older adults is problematic, as many older adults do not present with localized genitourinary symptoms. This article summarizes the recent literature and guidelines on the diagnosis and management of UTI and ASB in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Anne Rowe
- Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA.
| | - Manisha Juthani-Mehta
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8022, USA
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