Geriatric Syndromes and Incident Chronic Health Conditions Among 9094 Older Community-Dwellers: Findings from the Lifelines Cohort Study

Metabolic syndrome in adults with autistic traits: associated psychological, behavioral, and biological factors in females and males - a PharmLines initiative

Background

While cardiovascular diseases is highly prevalent and an important cause of mortality in autistic adults, knowledge on their increased cardiovascular risk is limited. Hence, this study aimed to investigate psychological, behavioral, and physical factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults with autistic traits.

Methods

In total, 17,705 adults from the Lifelines Cohort were included and categorized using Autism Spectrum Quotient-10 sum-scores. The quartiles with highest (HQ-traits-group females: n = 2,635; males: n = 1803) and lowest levels of autistic traits (LQ-traits-group, n = idem) were analyzed. Using multivariable logistic regression, the associations between MetS and (self-reported and interviewed) psychological, behavioral, and physically measured factors in these stratified groups were investigated.

Results

Among females, MetS was more common in the HQ-traits-group than in the LQ-traits-group (10.0% versus 7.5%, p < 0.01), while this was not the case among males (HQ-traits-group 13.8% versus LQ-traits-group 13.1%, p = 0.52). In both the female and male HQ-traits-group, the presence of MetS was associated with poorer self-reported health, less daily physical activity, and altered leukocyte counts.

Conclusion

These findings underline the relevance of adequate cardiovascular prevention in adults with higher levels of autistic traits. Future research could gain more insight into the relationship between cardiovascular risk and autistic traits in females, and into tailored cardiovascular prevention.

Psychological, behavioural and biological factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic adults and adults with autistic traits

LAY ABSTRACT

Little is known about factors related to the increased risk for gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while the negative impact of gastrointestinal symptoms is evident. Especially, the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and psychological, behavioural, and biological risk factors in adults with ASD (traits) is unclear. Autistic peer support workers and autism-advocates also emphasised the importance of identifying risk factors, because of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal problems in people with ASD. Therefore, our study investigated which psychological, behavioural, and biological factors are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with ASD or with autistic traits. We analysed data from 31,185 adults in the Dutch Lifelines Study. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the presence of an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, autistic traits, gastrointestinal symptoms, psychological and behavioural factors. Biological factors were examined with body measurements. We found that not only adults with ASD but also adults with higher levels of autistic traits were at increased risk for gastrointestinal symptoms. Adults with ASD who experienced psychological problems (psychiatric problems, worse perceived health, chronic stress) had a higher risk for gastrointestinal symptoms than adults with ASD without these psychological problems. Moreover, adults with higher levels of autistic traits were less physically active, which was also associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. In conclusion, our study highlights the relevance of identifying psychological problems and evaluating physical activity when trying to help adults with ASD or autistic traits and gastrointestinal symptoms. This suggests that healthcare professionals should be more aware of behavioural and psychological risk factors when evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with ASD (traits).

Secondary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders in the Elderly: A Narrative Review

Secondary demyelinating diseases comprise a wide spectrum group of pathological conditions and may either be attributed to a disorder primarily affecting the neurons or axons, followed by demyelination, or to an underlying condition leading to secondary damage of the myelin sheath. In the elderly, primary demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis, are relatively uncommon. However, secondary causes of CNS demyelination may often occur and in this case, extensive diagnostic workup is usually needed. Infectious, postinfectious, or postvaccinal demyelination may be observed, attributed to age-related alterations of the immune system in this population. Osmotic disturbances and nutritional deficiencies, more commonly observed in the elderly, may lead to conditions such as pontine/extrapontine myelinolysis, Wernicke encephalopathy, and demyelination of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. The prevalence of malignancies is higher in the elderly, sometimes leading to radiation-induced, immunotherapy-related, or paraneoplastic CNS demyelination. This review intends to aid clinical neurologists in broadening their diagnostic approach to secondary CNS demyelinating diseases in the elderly. Common clinical conditions leading to secondary demyelination and their clinical manifestations are summarized here, while the current knowledge of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is additionally presented.

High Prevalence of Geriatric Conditions Among Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease

As the population ages, the global cardiovascular disease burden will continue to increase, particularly among older adults. Increases in life expectancy and better cardiovascular care have significantly reshaped the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and have created new patient profiles. The combination of older age, multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy, frailty, and adverse noncardiovascular outcomes is challenging our routine clinical practice in this field. In this review, we examine noncardiovascular factors that statistically interact in a relevant way with health status and quality of life in older people with cardiovascular disease. We focused on specific geriatric conditions (multimorbidity, polypharmacy, geriatric syndromes, and frailty) that are responsible for a major risk of functional decline and have an important impact on the overall prognosis in this patient population.

A simple algorithm to predict disability in community-dwelling older Japanese adults

BACKGROUND

With a worldwide aging population, the prevention of disability in older adults has become an important issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a model for predicting disability risk in older adults based on multiple factors, using a decision tree analysis. This model may be used with a mobile application when it is difficult to interview older adults, and to obtain individualized information for prioritizing interventions.

METHODS

We examined the data from a cohort study conducted by the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Study of Geriatric Syndromes. We included 12,000 older adults without a disability and performed a decision tree analysis using the Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) algorithm.

RESULTS

Among the 12,000 participants without a disability, 11,503 and 497 participants remained disability-free and developed disability, respectively. The CHAID analysis identified 24 end nodes with five levels of partition and 16 partitioning variables for 34 questionnaire variables, with incident disability probabilities ranging from 0.0% to 96.7%. The classification accuracy and area under the curve of the CHAID model were 73.4% and 0.76, respectively. We found that maintaining mental health was important for older adults in their 80s and older, and that lifestyles and geriatric syndromes were important factors for those in their 70s.

CONCLUSIONS

The magnitude of the influences on the risk of developing a disability differ by age group. The results of this study may provide useful information for the development of mobile applications that predict the risk of developing disability and create tailor-made interventions.

Analyzing Successful Aging and Longevity: Risk Factors and Health Promoters in 2020 Older Adults

Geriatric syndromes (GSs) and aging-associated diseases (AADs) are common side effects of aging. They are affecting the lives of millions of older adults and placing immense pressure on healthcare systems and economies worldwide. It is imperative to study the factors causing these conditions and develop a holistic framework for their management. The so-called long-lived individuals—people over the age of 90 who managed to retain much of their health and functionality—could be holding the key to understanding these factors and their health implications. We analyzed the health status and lifestyle of the long-lived individuals and identified risk factors for GSs. Family history greatly contributes to the health and prevention of cognitive decline in older adults. Lifestyle and certain socioeconomic factors such as education, the age of starting to work and retiring, job type and income level, physical activity, and hobby were also associated with certain GSs. Moreover, the levels of total protein, albumin, alpha-1 globulins, high-density lipoprotein, free triiodothyronine, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were direct indicators of the current health status. The proposed mathematical model allows the prediction of successful aging based on family history, social and economic factors, and life-long physical activity (f1 score = 0.72, AUC = 0.68, precision = 0.83 and recall = 0.64).

Association of eHealth Literacy with Health Promotion Behaviors of Community-Dwelling Older People: The Chain Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Self-Care Ability

In the digital age, electronic health literacy (eHealth literacy) of community-dwelling older people plays a potentially important role in their health behaviors which are critical for health outcomes. Researchers have documented that self-efficacy and self-care ability are related to this relationship. This study aimed to assess the relationship between eHealth literacy and health promotion behaviors among older people living in communities and explore the chain mediating role of self-efficacy and self-care ability. For this cross-sectional study, we used data from 425 older adults at 3 communities in Qingdao, Shandong Province in Northeastern China, from June to September 2021. Path analysis using the structural equation model was performed. We found that eHealth literacy was significantly associated with health promotion behaviors in older people. Additionally, eHealth literacy indirectly affected health promotion behaviors through self-efficacy and self-care ability, respectively. In addition, the chain mediation effect was identified in the relationship of eHealth literacy and health promotion behaviors: eHealth literacy→ self-efficacy→ self-care ability→ health promotion behaviors. These findings offer promising directions for developing interventions to modify older adults' health behaviors through enhancing their eHealth literacy. These interventions should integrate components that target improving the self-efficacy and self-care ability of older people.

The Effect of Dual Sensory Impairment and Multimorbidity Patterns on Functional Impairment: A Longitudinal Cohort of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China

Objective

There is an urgent need to evaluate the contribution of several co-existing diseases on health. This study aims to explore the combined effect of dual sensory impairment (DSI) and multimorbidity patterns on functional impairment among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Methods

Data were from 10,217 adults aged 45 or older from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Sensory impairments were self-reported measures. Multimorbidity patterns were identified by using k-means cluster analyses. Functional impairment was defined using activities of daily living (ADL) scale and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale. Generalized estimating equation models were estimated to assess the effect of co-occurring DSI and multimorbidity on functional impairment.

Results

DSI prevalence was 50.4%, and multimorbidity prevalence was 37.7% at the baseline. The simultaneous presence of DSI and multimorbidity was associated with increased odds of ADL limitations (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 2.11–2.43) and IADL limitations (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.77–2.02). Five multimorbidity patterns were identified: the cardio-cerebrovascular pattern, the stomach-arthritis pattern, the respiratory pattern, the hepatorenal pattern, and the unspecified pattern. Compared to DSI only, DSI plus the hepatorenal pattern was most strongly associated with functional impairment (for ADL: OR = 2.70, 95% CI: 2.34–3.12; for IADL: OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.77–2.36).

Conclusion

Middle-aged and older adults with co-occurrence of DSI and multimorbidity are at increased risk of functional impairment, especially those with multimorbidity characterized by the hepatorenal pattern. These findings imply that integrated care for DSI and multimorbidity may be a potent pathway in improving functional status.

Malnutrition in Older Adults-Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges

Malnutrition in older adults has been recognised as a challenging health concern associated with not only increased mortality and morbidity, but also with physical decline, which has wide ranging acute implications for activities of daily living and quality of life in general. Malnutrition is common and may also contribute to the development of the geriatric syndromes in older adults. Malnutrition in the old is reflected by either involuntary weight loss or low body mass index, but hidden deficiencies such as micronutrient deficiencies are more difficult to assess and therefore frequently overlooked in the community-dwelling old. In developed countries, the most cited cause of malnutrition is disease, as both acute and chronic disorders have the potential to result in or aggravate malnutrition. Therefore, as higher age is one risk factor for developing disease, older adults have the highest risk of being at nutritional risk or becoming malnourished. However, the aetiology of malnutrition is complex and multifactorial, and the development of malnutrition in the old is most likely also facilitated by ageing processes. This comprehensive narrative review summarizes current evidence on the prevalence and determinants of malnutrition in old adults spanning from age-related changes to disease-associated risk factors, and outlines remaining challenges in the understanding, identification as well as treatment of malnutrition, which in some cases may include targeted supplementation of macro- and/or micronutrients, when diet alone is not sufficient to meet age-specific requirements.