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Wajszczyk B, Charzewska J, Godlewski D, Zemła B, Nowakowska E, Kozaczka M, Chilimoniuk M, Pathak DR. Consumption of Dairy Products and the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer in Polish Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124420. [PMID: 34959971 PMCID: PMC8703752 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of consistency in the relationship between dairy products consumption and breast cancer (BC) risk motivated us to evaluate this association in a case-control study of BC among Polish women. The study includes 1699 women 26–79 years of age, 823 BC cases identified in Cancer Registries and 876 randomly selected controls from the national population registry. Using a validated, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the consumption of dairy products was collected for a time period of 10–15 years prior to BC diagnosis. We used logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, to assess the relationship between total dairy consumption as well as individual dairy groups of milk, cottage cheese and hard cheese and BC risk for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For total consumption, a significant decrease in BC risk was observed with increased consumption of one serving/week, OR trend = 0.98, 2% decrease in risk, for premenopausal women only. For milk, a significant decrease in BC risk was observed for an increase in consumption of one glass/week, OR trend = 0.95, 5% decrease, in both strata of menopause. In contrast, for hard cheese, a significant increase in the risk of 10% was observed only in premenopausal women, OR trend = 1.10. Cottage cheese consumption significantly reduced BC risk by 20%, OR trend = 0.80, for an increase in one serving/week for postmenopausal women only. Our results show that individual dairy products have a statistically significant but bi-directional relationship with BC risk, which differs for premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Wajszczyk
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Value of Food, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, 00-791 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.C.); (D.R.P.)
| | - Jadwiga Charzewska
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Value of Food, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, 00-791 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.C.); (D.R.P.)
| | - Dariusz Godlewski
- Center of Cancer Prevention and Epidemiology OPEN, 61-863 Poznań, Poland;
| | | | | | - Maciej Kozaczka
- II Clinic of Radiology and Chemiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
| | | | - Dorothy R. Pathak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.C.); (D.R.P.)
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Fraser GE, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Orlich M, Mashchak A, Sirirat R, Knutsen S. Dairy, soy, and risk of breast cancer: those confounded milks. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:1526-1537. [PMID: 32095830 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between soy, dairy intakes and breast cancer risk are inconsistent. No studies exist with large numbers of dairy consumers and soy consumers to assess mutual confounding. METHODS The study cohort contains 52 795 North American women, initially free of cancer, followed for 7.9 years (29.7% were Black). Dietary intakes were estimated from food frequency questionnaires and, for 1011 calibration study subjects, from six structured 24-h dietary recalls. Incident invasive breast cancers were detected mainly by matching with cancer registries. Analyses used multivariable proportional hazards regression. RESULTS The participants (mean age of 57.1 years) experienced 1057 new breast cancer cases during follow-up. No clear associations were found between soy products and breast cancer, independently of dairy. However, higher intakes of dairy calories and dairy milk were associated with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.40] and 1.50 (95% CI 1.22-1.84), respectively, comparing 90th to 10th percentiles of intakes. Full fat and reduced fat milks produced similar results. No important associations were noted with cheese and yogurt. Substituting median intakes of dairy milk users by those of soy milk consumers was associated with HR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55-0.85). Similar-sized associations were found among pre- and post-menopausal cases, with CIs also excluding the null in estrogen receptor (ER+, ER-), and progesterone receptor (PR+) cancers. Less biased calibrated measurement-error adjusted regressions demonstrated yet stronger, but less precise, HRs and CIs that still excluded the null. CONCLUSIONS Higher intakes of dairy milk were associated with greater risk of breast cancer, when adjusted for soy intake. Current guidelines for dairy milk consumption could be viewed with some caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Fraser
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Karen Jaceldo-Siegl
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael Orlich
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Mashchak
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Rawiwan Sirirat
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Synnove Knutsen
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Xu S, Sun J, Zhang Y, Ji J, Sun X. Opposite estrogen effects of estrone and 2-hydroxyestrone on MCF-7 sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of cell growth, oxidative stress and inflammation activity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111754. [PMID: 33321418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are many kinds of estrogens, and endogenous estrogens produce a variety of estrogen metabolites with similar structure but with different physiological effects after metabolism in vivo. Studies have shown that estrone (E1) widely occurs in the environment and animal-derived food. Because of its estrogen effect, E1 can have adverse effects on the human body as an endocrine disruptor. In this study, we found that E1 and 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH-E1), the hydroxylation metabolite of estrogen, have opposite proliferative effects on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) through cell proliferation experiments and comparison of their effects by molecular docking and detection of ROS, Ca2+, and cell pathway proteins. The effects of 2-methoxyestrone (2-MeO-E1) and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1) on the biochemical and protein levels of MCF-7 were further studied to compare the effects of metabolic sites and modes on estrogen effects. Hydroxylation of E1 at the C2 site weakened the estrogen effect, down-regulated the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt) pathway proteins, inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells, and enhanced anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation. Methoxylation at the C2 position also inhibited the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathway proteins but did not greatly affect the estrogen effects. However, hydroxylation on C16 had no significant effect on the biological effects of estrogen. Therefore, the structural changes of estrogen on C2 are important reasons for the different physiological effects of estrogen and its metabolites. Thus, by regulating the gene Cytochrome P450 1B1(CYP1B1), which affects the hydroxylation metabolism of estrogen, and promoting the hydroxylation of estrone at the C2 position, the estrogen effect of estrone can be effectively reduced, thus reducing the harm its poses in food and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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4
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Oestrogens in milk and breast cancer: a cause for concern…or not? J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:266-269. [PMID: 33213567 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029920000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this short Research Reflection I address and refute the suggestion that oestrogens consumed in milk might contribute in a significant way to endogenous levels and thereby have a physiological action, possibly resulting in adverse consequences including increased breast cancer risk. Quantitative analysis based on published data shows that, even in worst case scenarios, oestrogen consumption in milk is considerably less than regulatory bodies regard as entirely safe.
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5
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Palacios OM, Cortes HN, Jenks BH, Maki KC. Naturally occurring hormones in foods and potential health effects. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320936281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and hormone-like substances, for example, phytoestrogens, are food components that can be endogenously produced by a food source or occur secondary to farming practices. The hormone content of foods has been studied for decades, and safety evaluations in the United States and Europe indicate that naturally occurring hormones found in foods are safe for human consumption. More recent studies have focused on the role of certain hormones found in specific foods (e.g. dairy or soy) and their potential health effects. However, limited summaries exist on food content of hormones and hormone-like phytoestrogens in the context of a comprehensive US diet and implications, if any, of their daily consumption for overall health. This review provides an outline of hormone biosynthesis and functions in the body; discusses the more commonly studied, naturally occurring hormones in food and their biological role within food; estimates relative dietary contribution and when available, bioavailability, of naturally occurring food hormones; and summarizes the potential health associations of their intake in food. Based on the review of the scientific literature, the hormone content of typical serving sizes of commonly consumed foods is undetectable or in quantities that fall well within safety guidelines without any evidence for adverse effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M Palacios
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
| | | | - Belinda H Jenks
- Belinda H. Jenks Consulting, Sunshine Terrace, Studio City, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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6
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Determination of 17β-estradiol in commercial pasteurized and sterilized milk samples in Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:4795-4798. [PMID: 31741503 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to nutritional facts of milk in human life, the quality assessment of dairy products is of the utmost importance. The aim of the current study was to determine the 17β-estradiol level in commercial pasteurized and sterilized milk brands in Mashhad, Iran. In this regard, 160 samples including 80 pasteurized (40 high-fat and 40 low-fat) and 80 sterilized milk (40 high-fat and 40 low-fat) of widely used brands from different supermarkets were collected. The mean level of 17β-estradiol was 8.2 ± 0.59 pg/ml. The mean amount of estradiol was found to be 7.6 ± 0.47, 7.9 ± 0.45, 8.6 ± 0.63, and 8.9 ± 0.54 pg/ml for the low-fat pasteurized, low-fat sterilized, high-fat pasteurized and high-fat sterilized milk, respectively. There was no significant difference between the amount of estradiol in pasteurized and sterilized milk. As expected, the level of estradiol was statistically higher in high fat milks than that of low-fat milks. Considering the levels of 17β-estradiol measured here and the maximum permissible daily level of external estradiol entered to body through edible products recommended by EU and CAC (3.5 µg), at least in the short term, there will be no remarkable impact on the endocrine system. However, judging the long-term effects of using these products is not easy and simple at all, as cancers develop during a long period of time and has a multifactorial etiology.
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Abstract
Abstract
In the last 60 years, milk, meat, and egg worldwide consumption per capita increased 2-, 3-, and 5-fold, respectively. In the same period, several studies have reported a drop of semen quality and an increased incidence of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and some hormone-related cancers (testicular, prostate, breast, endometrial cancer) in humans. A possible reason for these disruptions is increased exposure to exogenous hormones in food of animal origin. Hormones in food are considered to affect the endocrine system and cell signaling and thus disrupt homeostasis in the consumers. Since food safety assurance is a part of the veterinary service, the risk assessment of hormones in food as potential disruptive compounds is a significant challenge. Numerous cohort and epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses have been performed with respect to find an association between the consumption of food of animal origin and particular health disorders. Additionally, several studies in animal models have been performed to explain the mechanisms of disruptive effects of exogenous hormones. Since contradictory results have been reported, there is no general conclusion about the disruptive effects of exogenous hormones. Further experiments on animals in which long-term treatment with exogenous hormones is performed and further comprehensive endocrinological, toxicological, and human epidemiological studies are needed to confirm or deny the role of exogenous hormones in human health disorders. Moreover, long-term exposure to a combination of several exogenous compounds, such as environmental pollutants and dietary hormones and their additive effects, are also not well known and should be a topic for further studies.
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Shrem G, Gilman A, Buckett W, Balayla J, Son WY, Lefebvre J, Jin SG, Dahan MH. Amount of Progesterone Consumed Based on Varying Fat Concentrations, Dietary Recommendations, and Estimated Safe Levels in Commercial Cow Origin Liquid Dairy Products. J Med Food 2019; 22:971-974. [PMID: 31199703 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Federal guidelines recommend that food with hormone content fall below 1% of endogenous production in the subset of the population with the lowest daily production. The majority of dairy products are obtained from pregnant cows, which increase the level of hormones present. The purpose of this article was to perform theoretical evaluation of the quantity of progesterone in cow's milk based on fat percentages and to assess whether this was within the recommended range. Daily recommended dairy product intake from various countries worldwide was researched. This was compared to the concentration of progesterone previously identified in varying fat contents of cow origin milk to assess the amount of progesterone (mg/day) that would be consumed if the guidelines were followed. The maximum daily progesterone consumption suggested will be met by ingestion of 2.7 L, 1.42 L, 1.13 L, 940 mL, 810 mL, 650 mL of 0% (skim), 1%, 2%, 3.25%, 10% (cream), and 35% (whipping cream) fat liquid cow origin dairy product, respectively. Therefore, ingestion of the highest amount of recommended daily dairy intake fell below 1% of the daily endogenous quantity produced, except in the unlikely case of consumption of 650 mL of 35% fat. Studies demonstrating an effect of cow's liquid dairy product intake may need to be revisited, since levels of progesterone consumption remain within the recommended levels. However, it should be considered that ingestion of cow's milk might have a potential effect on the hormonal profile in patients; however, this seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Shrem
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,MUHC Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashley Gilman
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William Buckett
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,MUHC Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Balayla
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Weon-Young Son
- MUHC Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josee Lefebvre
- MUHC Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shao Guang Jin
- MUHC Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael H Dahan
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,MUHC Reproductive Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Farvid MS, Eliassen AH, Cho E, Chen WY, Willett WC. Dairy Consumption in Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Risk of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 27:575-584. [PMID: 29716928 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Carcinogenic exposure in early life may be critical for subsequent breast cancer risk. Dairy consumption was examined during adolescence and early adulthood in relation to incident breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study II cohort.Methods: For the analyses of early adulthood dairy consumption, we included 90,503 premenopausal women ages 27 to 44 years in 1991 who reported dairy consumption using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. From 1991 to 2013, 3,191 invasive breast cancer cases were identified. In 1998, 44,264 women recalled adolescent dairy consumption. This subgroup of women was followed up from 1998 to 2013; 1,318 invasive breast cancer cases were identified. Multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard regression.Results: Adolescent and early adulthood total dairy consumption was not associated with overall breast cancer risk (each serving/day during adolescence, total dairy HR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.97-1.07; for early adulthood total dairy HR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.97-1.04), as were intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and lactose. Adolescent consumption of total and high-fat dairy was associated with higher risk of estrogen and progesterone receptor negative (each serving/day: total dairy HR = 1.11, 95% CI, 1.00-1.24; high-fat dairy HR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.04-1.31). However, higher adolescent high-fat dairy consumption was associated with lower risk of estrogen and progesterone receptor positive tumors (each serving/day HR = 0.91, 95% CI, 0.86-0.97).Conclusions: Our results suggest no overall association between dairy consumption during adolescence or early adulthood and breast cancer risk, but the findings may differ by hormone receptor status of tumors.Impact: Dairy consumption in adolescence or early adulthood may not be a significant predictor of breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(5); 575-84. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam S Farvid
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Wendy Y Chen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Snoj T, Majdič G. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Estrogens in consumer milk: is there a risk to human reproductive health? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:R275-R286. [PMID: 30400018 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Possible effects of xenoestrogens on human health, in particular on male reproductive health, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Cow's milk was suggested in numerous publications as one of possible sources of xenoestrogens that could affect human health. Although milk has undoubtedly many beneficial health effects and could even have a role in reducing incidence of some cancers, concerns were raised about presumably high levels of estrogens in cow's milk. In intensive farming, concentrations of estrogens in milk are higher due to long milking periods that today extend long into the pregnancy, when concentrations of estrogens in the cow's body rise. Numerous studies examined potential effects of milk on reproductive health and endocrine-related cancers in both experimental studies with laboratory animals, and in human epidemiological studies. In the present review article, we compiled a review of recently published literature about the content of estrogens in cow's milk and potential health effects, in particular on reproductive system, in humans. Although results of published studies are not unequivocal, it seems that there is stronger evidence suggesting that amounts of estrogens in cow's milk are too low to cause health effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Snoj
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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11
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Kolok AS, Ali JM, Rogan EG, Bartelt-Hunt SL. The Fate of Synthetic and Endogenous Hormones Used in the US Beef and Dairy Industries and the Potential for Human Exposure. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 5:225-232. [PMID: 29754262 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Growth-enhancing chemicals used by the beef and dairy industries may be bioavailable to humans via milk, meat, and other environmental matrices. This review evaluates the potential for environmental transport and bioavailability of the active chemical to humans. RECENT FINDINGS Bovine somatostatin is detectable in milk; however, there is no evidence that the protein persists in the environment nor that it is active in humans. In contrast, steroids are transported through milk and meat to humans where they may exert biological activity. Furthermore, environmental matrices such as raw water and dust may also allow for the environmental transport and bioavailability of steroids to humans. Endogenous and exogenous steroids can be found in the meat, milk, and waste materials produced by cattle. While the concentrations may be low, exposure to these matrices, most notably dairy products made with whole milk, can be a source of exogenous steroids to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3002, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE, 681822-0178, USA
| | - Eleanor G Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE, 681822-0178, USA
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12
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Snoj T, Zuzek M, Cebulj-Kadunc N, Majdic G. Short communication: Heat treatment and souring do not affect milk estrone and 17β-estradiol concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:61-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Gilman AR, Buckett W, Son WY, Lefebvre J, Mahfoudh AM, Dahan MH. The relationship between fat and progesterone, estradiol, and chorionic gonadotropin levels in Quebec cow's milk. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:1567-1569. [PMID: 28840413 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-1025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of milk in industrialized countries is obtained from pregnant cows, which contains increased levels of estrogen and progesterone compared to non-pregnant cows. The aim of this study was to quantify the amount of hormones present in milk with different fat content because previous studies on humans have shown potential effects of increased milk consumption on serum and urine hormone levels as well as on sperm parameters. However, it is unclear whether consumption of milk at the currently recommended levels would lead to systemic effects. METHODS Samples of cow's milk of varying fat concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3.25, 10, and 35%) were analyzed via competitive ELISA assays. RESULTS Progesterone concentrations were significantly correlated to increasing fat content of milk (r = 0.8251, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Research on conditions in which additional progesterone may have an effect on human health should consider inclusion of limitation of milk intake and its effects. Further studies are needed to determine the concentration of progesterone in milk of different fat content in other regions and countries and to quantify the potential pathophysiologic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gilman
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 888 Boul de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4S8, Canada.
| | - W Buckett
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 888 Boul de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4S8, Canada
| | - W Y Son
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 888 Boul de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4S8, Canada
| | - J Lefebvre
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 888 Boul de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4S8, Canada
| | - A M Mahfoudh
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 888 Boul de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4S8, Canada
| | - M H Dahan
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 888 Boul de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4S8, Canada
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14
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Haimov-Kochman R, Shore LS, Laufer N. The milk we drink, food for thought. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1310-1311. [PMID: 27692435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Haimov-Kochman
- Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Neri Laufer
- Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Grgurevic N, Koracin J, Majdic G, Snoj T. Effect of dietary estrogens from bovine milk on blood hormone levels and reproductive organs in mice. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6005-6013. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Hormone Use in Food Animal Production: Assessing Potential Dietary Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:1-14. [PMID: 26231238 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of hormones in breast cancer etiology, following reports that heightened levels of endogenous hormones and exposure to exogenous hormones and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals through food and the environment are associated with increased breast cancer risk. Seven hormone drugs (testosterone propionate, trenbolone acetate, estradiol, zeranol, progesterone, melengestrol acetate, and bovine somatotropin) are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in food animals. There is concern that these drugs or their biologically active metabolites may accumulate in edible tissues, potentially increasing the risk of exposure for consumers. To date, the potential for human exposure to residues of these compounds in animal products, as well as the risks that may result from this exposure, is poorly understood. In this paper, we discuss the existing scientific evidence examining the toxicological significance of exposure to hormones used in food animal production in relation to breast cancer risk. Through a discussion of U.S. federal regulatory programs and the primary literature, we interpret the state of surveillance for residues of hormone drugs in animal products and discuss trends in meat consumption in relation to the potential for hormone exposure. Given the lack of chronic bioassays of oral toxicity of the seven hormone compounds in the public literature and the limitations of existing residue surveillance programs, it is not currently possible to provide a quantitative characterization of risks that result from the use of hormonal drugs in food animal production, complicating our understanding of the role of dietary hormone exposure in the population burden of breast cancer.
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17
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Stypuła-Trębas S, Minta M, Radko L, Żmudzki J. Application of the yeast-based reporter gene bioassay for the assessment of estrogenic activity in cow's milk from Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:876-885. [PMID: 26492450 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Milk contain compounds acting through the estrogen receptor signaling. The still open question whether such estrogens pose a risk for human health, encouraged us to measure the overall estrogenic activity of cow's milk in the in vitro yeast reporter bioassay. First, we assessed the ability of the bioassay to detect estrogens frequently detected in milk. The relative potencies of 16 compounds descended in the order: 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol, 17α-E2, estrone, zearalenone, estriol, equol, genistein, 17β-E2 glucuronide, bisphenol A, apigenin, daidzein. Flavone, 4-n-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol shown no activity in the bioassay.The estrogenic activities of milk samples without hydrolysis were below the detection limit, whereas in 50% of the deconjugated samples they varied between 0.29 and 0.49 ng EEQ mL(-1). We also compared the estrogenic activity in raw cow's milk collected from rural and industrial locations in Poland. In our pilot study we did not observe statistically significant difference in estrogenic activities in milk collected from the two locations. We found that the daily intake of estrogens with milk may be higher than estrogen levels in human serum. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the significance of milk and dairy as a source of estrogens for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Maria Minta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Żmudzki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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18
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Barreiro R, Regal P, Díaz-Bao M, Fente CA, Cepeda A. Analysis of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones in Infant Formulas by HPLC-MS/MS and Contribution to Dietary Intake. Foods 2015; 4:605-621. [PMID: 28231225 PMCID: PMC5224556 DOI: 10.3390/foods4040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a natural fluid and as such contains small amounts of naturally occurring steroids. Human milk is recommended as the optimal source of nutrients for infants and young children, and it has been associated to several short- and long-term benefits. For this reason, its composition is used as a reference for designing infant formulas. However, the available information on the hormonal levels of these dairy products is scarce, and it is usually limited to estradiol and estrone. In the present study, six natural sex hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and androstenedione) have been extracted from sixteen milk-based infant formulas and analyzed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The purpose of this research was to quantify natural steroid hormones in various infant formulas, to provide food and nutrition practitioners with information to estimate intakes in children. In addition, data found in the literature was used for comparison. The findings suggest that there are certain similarities between bovine milk and dairy products for infants. Furthermore, the detected levels were in general lower than those observed in human milk and/or colostrum. The reported results represent a valuable addition to the current knowledge on natural hormone content of infant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Barreiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mónica Díaz-Bao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina A Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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19
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Wang J, Cheng C, Yang Y. Determination of Estrogens in Milk Samples by Magnetic-Solid-Phase Extraction Technique Coupled With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Food Sci 2015; 80:C2655-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- the Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming Univ. of Science and Technology; Yunnan Province 650500 China
| | - Chunsheng Cheng
- Yunnan Province Food Safety Research Inst; Yunnan Province 650500 China
| | - Yaling Yang
- the Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming Univ. of Science and Technology; Yunnan Province 650500 China
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20
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Vortex-assisted hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection for the determination of oestrogens in milk samples. Food Chem 2015; 172:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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