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Wallace TC, Montenegro‐Bethancourt G, Rohloff P, Jimenez EY, Proaño GV, McCabe GP, Steiber A, Ruosch A, Laessig I, Ladwig E, You H. Comparison of the nutrient composition of eggs produced in the Guatemalan highlands during the wet and dry seasons. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:8163-8173. [PMID: 38107147 PMCID: PMC10724625 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of chicken eggs as a nutritionally complete protein and source of key micronutrients during the first 1000 days post-conception has been progressively recognized across the globe, particularly in resource-poor settings. Fluctuation of egg nutrient content by season is relatively unknown, which may influence international food composition databases and outcomes in intervention studies using egg supplementation. To better interpret the findings of The Saqmolo' Project, we conducted comprehensive nutrient analyses on eggs produced during the wet and dry seasons in the highlands of central Guatemala. We randomly collected 36 shell eggs from a local farm during both seasons, hard-boiled, and prepared them for transport to the United States, where they were pooled and assessed for their nutrient composition. Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, the American Oil Chemists Society, and the American Association of Cereal Chemists were utilized to determine total energy, moisture, ash, total protein, total fat, fatty acids, total carbohydrates, 12 vitamins, 11 minerals, and carotenoids, by season, in some instances with modifications. Differences in nutrient composition between de-shelled hard-boiled eggs collected between seasons were assessed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's family error rate comparison test. Most nutrients in eggs produced in the highlands of central Guatemala differed negligibly (but statistically significantly) based on seasonality. Only vitamins A and E, folate, choline, and calcium fluctuated at clinically significant levels relative to the AI/RDA for infants 7-12 months. Total energy, protein, trans fatty acids, moisture, and vitamin D3 levels did not differ between seasons (p > .05). Further multi-year sampling is needed to examine how seasonal variation affects the nutrient composition of eggs. These data may be used to supplement existing national and regional food composition databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Wallace
- Think Healthy Group, LLCWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- School of Medicine and Health SciencesGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyTufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Peter Rohloff
- Wuqu' Kawoq/Maya Health AllianceTecpanGuatemala
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez
- Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsChicagoIllinoisUSA
- College of Population Health and Department of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - George P. McCabe
- Department of StatisticsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Alison Steiber
- Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of NutritionCase Western UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Andrew Ruosch
- Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing Madison, Inc.MadisonWisconsinUSA
- Eurofins U.S. FoodDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Ian Laessig
- Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing Madison, Inc.MadisonWisconsinUSA
- Eurofins U.S. FoodDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Edward Ladwig
- Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing Madison, Inc.MadisonWisconsinUSA
- Eurofins U.S. FoodDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Hong You
- Eurofins U.S. FoodDes MoinesIowaUSA
- Eurofins Botanical Testing US, Inc.BreaCaliforniaUSA
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Cheng Q, Glesener H, Montenegro G, Torres O, Miller AC, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rohloff P, Voth-Gaeddert LE. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure, growth faltering and the gut microbiome among children in rural Guatemala: protocol for an observational prospective cohort and bioreactor simulations. BMJ Paediatr Open 2023; 7:e001960. [PMID: 37080609 PMCID: PMC10124301 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2023-001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus which grow on maize. Given the high prevalence of child stunting (ie, impaired growth) and other nutritional disorders in low-income and middle-income countries, where maize is consumed, the role of aflatoxin exposure may be significant. Observational reports have demonstrated associations between aflatoxin exposure and impaired child growth; however, most have been cross-sectional and have not assessed seasonal variations in aflatoxin, food preparation and dynamic changes in growth. Biological mechanistic data on how aflatoxin may exert an impact on child growth is missing. This study incorporates a prospective cohort of children from rural Guatemala to assess (1) temporal associations between aflatoxin exposure and child growth and (2) possible mediation of the gut microbiome among aflatoxin exposure, inflammation and child growth. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will prospectively evaluate aflatoxin exposure and height-for-age difference trajectories for 18 months in a cohort of 185 children aged 6-9 months at enrolment. We will assess aflatoxin exposure levels and biomarkers of gut and systemic inflammation. We will examine the faecal microbiome of each child and identify key species and metabolic pathways for differing AFB1 exposure levels and child growth trajectories. In parallel, we will use bioreactors, inoculated with faeces, to investigate the response of the gut microbiome to varying levels of AFB1 exposure. We will monitor key microbial metabolites and AFB1 biotransformation products to study nutrient metabolism and the impact of the gut microbiome on aflatoxin detoxification/metabolism. Finally, we will use path analysis to summarise the effect of aflatoxin exposure and the gut microbiome on child growth. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from Arizona State University Institutional Review Board (IRB; STUDY00016799) and Wuqu' Kawoq/Maya Health Alliance IRB (WK-2022-003). Findings will be disseminated in scientific presentations and peer-reviewed publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Cheng
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Hannah Glesener
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gabriela Montenegro
- Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq | Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
| | - Olga Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutricion y Salud (CIENSA), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ann C Miller
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Peter Rohloff
- Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq | Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee E Voth-Gaeddert
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq | Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala
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Braun A, Hill E, Gallo S, Landry MJ, Vitolins M, Papoutsakis C, Jimenez EY, Rozga M. Research at the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: What, How, and Why? J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 122:2150-2162. [PMID: 35998865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Research is essential to further advance our understanding of the role of nutrition and dietetics in maintenance and improvement of health. Research is also essential for nutrition and dietetics professionals to create and provide evidence-based interventions, including medical nutrition therapy (MNT) provided by registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). Given this critical role of research, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) has a variety of resources to assist its members in accessing, understanding, participating in, conducting, and disseminating nutrition research. These resources are comprehensive and include opportunities to participate in research (e.g., Nutrition Research Network (NRN) and Data Science Center (DSC)), tools to aggregate practice data (Nutrition Care Process and Terminology (NCPT) and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Informatics Infrastructure (ANDHII)), funding opportunities to support primary research (e.g., Academy Foundation), resources to understand the latest research informing evidence-based practice (EBP) (e.g., Evidence Analysis Center (EAC)), and avenues for sharing research findings (e.g., Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo (FNCE)). The aim of this paper is to encourage members to get involved in research by describing Academy-based research resources and opportunities to contribute to nutrition and dietetics research, as well as describe specific examples of research conducted at Academy. The information presented can serve as a framework to guide members in engaging in research through the Academy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlea Braun
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 312 Nancy Randolph Davis, Stillwater, OK 74078-6141.
| | - Emily Hill
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 E. 17th Ave, Mailstop F-561 Aurora, CO 80045.
| | - Sina Gallo
- Associate Professor, Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, suite 209, Athens, GA 30602.
| | - Matthew J Landry
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3180 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
| | - Mara Vitolins
- Professor, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
| | - Constantina Papoutsakis
- Senior Director, Nutrition and Dietetics Data Science Center, Research, International and Scientific Affairs (RISA), Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120 S. Riverside Plaza, Suite 2190, Chicago, IL 60606-6995.
| | - Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez
- Director, Nutrition Research Network, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , 120 S. Riverside Plaza, Suite 2190, Chicago, IL 60606-6995, Research Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine and College of Population Health , University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , 2211 Lomas Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106.
| | - Mary Rozga
- Nutrition Researcher II, Research, International and Scientific Affairs, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120 S. Riverside Plaza, Suite 2190, Chicago, IL 60606-6995.
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