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Carollo A, De Marzo S, Esposito G. Parental care and overprotection predict worry and anxiety symptoms in emerging adult students. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104398. [PMID: 39025031 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders represent a prevalent mental health concern, with escalating rates, especially among emerging adults. University students, in particular, face a myriad of academic and life stressors that can amplify feelings of worry and anxiety. While early parental bonding seem to predict anxiety disorders later in life, the applicability to emerging adult students and its applicability to predict sub-clinical and transdiagnostic anxiety features remain unclear. This study aims to examine i) the relationship between demographic variables and key features of anxiety disorders (i.e., worry and anxiety symptoms); and ii) the predictive association between early parental bonding and anxiety-related features. A sample of 370 university students in Italy (n = 279 females; M age = 20.84 years, SD age = 1.81 years) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Females reported higher levels of worry and anxiety compared to males. Significantly higher worry and anxiety symptoms were reported by individuals who experienced affectionless control (low care and high overprotection) as compared to those exposed to optimal parenting (high care and low overprotection). Predictive models indicated that scores of parental care (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal care scores) and parental overprotection (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal overprotection scores) are robust predictors of worry and anxiety symptoms. However, this relationship showed a gender-specific pattern: lower parental care was more significant in predicting anxiety features in males, while high overprotection was more significant in females. The findings contribute to the comprehension of the risk factors influencing the susceptibility of emerging adult students to anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Sonia De Marzo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
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Kidd KN, Prasad D, Cunningham JEA, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Frey BN. The relationship between parental bonding and mood, anxiety and related disorders in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 307:221-236. [PMID: 35378151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strong bond between parents and their children is essential in promoting healthy psychological development. Poor quality parent-child relationships can render children vulnerable to various adverse outcomes. Although extensive research has highlighted the association between abnormal parent-child bonding and mood and anxiety-related psychopathology in offspring, no systematic review or meta-analysis has assessed this relationship in adults. METHODS A literature search was conducted in five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science) on January 4th, 2021. Studies that assessed the relationship between parental bonding and the presence of a mood or anxiety disorder in adults were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies were included in the systematic review (n = 44 in the meta-analysis). Quantitative results indicated that individuals with major depression, panic disorder, or persistent depressive disorder reported lower parental care and higher overprotection compared to individuals without psychiatric diagnoses. Qualitative results indicated that individuals with diagnoses of mood or anxiety disorders tended to report higher parental abuse than controls. LIMITATIONS The measures of parental bonding used by the included studies are retrospective and subject to biases. All studies had a case-control design and thus, causal-relationships cannot be drawn from the results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that poor-quality parental bonding early in life may place offspring at greater risk for mood and anxiety disorders during adulthood. Future research should extend these results by confirming the relationship between parental bonding and other psychiatric disorders, as well as identifying which factors mediate the relationship between abnormal parental bonding and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina N Kidd
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Divya Prasad
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada; Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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Koutra K, Paschalidou A, Roumeliotaki T, Triliva S. Main and interactive retrospective associations between parental rearing behavior and psychological adjustment in young adulthood. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li Y, Cui N, Kok HT, Deatrick J, Liu J. The Relationship Between Parenting Styles Practiced By Grandparents And Children's Emotional And Behavioral Problems. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:1899-1913. [PMID: 37006465 PMCID: PMC10065465 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between grandparenting styles and grandchildren's emotions and behaviors, while controlling for parenting styles, and to compare the effects of grandparenting styles and parenting styles on children's behavioral problems in China. METHODS A sample of 765 children, with a mean age of 12.02 years (SD = 0.38), participated in this cross-sectional study in Jintan city, Jiangsu province, China. All participants completed the self-report measures of emotions and behaviors, grandparenting styles, and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Results showed that the well-recognized parenting styles (Care, Indifference, Overprotection, and Autonomy), when implemented by grandparents (grandparenting styles) and parents (parenting styles), had different patterns of effects on children's emotional and behavioral problems. Grandparenting styles, especially grandparental Care and Overprotection, were positively related to emotional and behavioral problems, while parental Care was negatively related to children's externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of grandparenting styles in grandchildren's development. Practitioners working with grandparents and grandchildren need to recognize the complexity of grandparent-grandchild relationships and implement suitable interventions to meet the family needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Li
- Shandong University School of Nursing, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Naixue Cui
- Shandong University School of Nursing, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Ting Kok
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janet Deatrick
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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de Matos MB, Scholl CC, Trettim JP, Molina ML, Soares MC, Coelho FT, Castelli RD, da Silva RA, Pinheiro KAT, da Cunha Coelho FM, Quevedo LDA, Pinheiro RT. The perception of parental bonding in pregnant adolescents and its association with generalized anxiety disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 54:51-56. [PMID: 30121505 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parental bonding is influenced by two dimensions: care and control or protection over the child of both parents. The lack of care during childhood may make the individual more susceptible to the onset of psychiatric disorders when adult. These psychiatric disorders when present during pregnancy may have a negative impact on the health of pregnant women and children. The aim of this study was to assess the association between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in pregnant adolescents and the perception of parental bonding. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with 871 pregnant women under the age of 19, receiving prenatal care in 47 Basic Health Units in the one city, Brazil. The generalized anxiety disorder was measured using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the perception of parental bonding in childhood using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). RESULTS The prevalence of GAD was 8.5%. Among all the parental bonding dimensions, only a perceived lack of maternal care under 16 years was associated with GAD. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that only the perception of maternal bonding was associated with later GAD. It suggests that an adequate maternal bond is an essential component of psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonati de Matos
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
| | - Carolina Coelho Scholl
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Jéssica Puchalski Trettim
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Mariane Lopez Molina
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Mariana Carret Soares
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Fernanda Teixeira Coelho
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Rochele Dias Castelli
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Ricardo Azevedo da Silva
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Karen Amaral Tavares Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Fábio Monteiro da Cunha Coelho
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Luciana de Avila Quevedo
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tavares Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel) - Gonçalves Chaves, 377 - 411 C - CEP: 96015-560 Pelotas, RS Brazil
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Murphy YE, Flessner CA. Family functioning in paediatric obsessive compulsive and related disorders. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 54:414-34. [PMID: 26017183 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research among youths with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has shown a significant relationship between illness severity, treatment outcome, and the family environment yet little work has been undertaken among the broader class of obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) - Trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), skin picking disorder (SPD), and hoarding. The aim of this study was to (1) review the family functioning literature among paediatric OCRDs, (2) address limitations to previous studies, and (3) highlight areas in need of further research. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted using several databases (i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect) and employing key search terms (e.g., 'family functioning', 'paediatric OCD'). The resultant articles examined several domains subsumed under the broader heading of family environment including parental mental health, parenting practices, family dynamics, family involvement with symptoms, and family emotional climate. RESULTS The literature reviewed demonstrated a strong relationship between paediatric OCD and adverse family functioning (e.g., parental symptoms of anxiety and depression, family accommodation, family strain and stress, parental guilt and fear) in all identified domains. While family functioning research in paediatric HPD was relatively scant, research suggested similar familial dysfunction (e.g., limited independence, low family cohesion, family violence). Collectively, only 1 article, examining BDD, assessed family functioning within other OCRDs. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the need for further research in the OCRDs. Limitations to the available literature and targeted suggestions for future research are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS The domains of family environment in this study indicate specific family functioning deficits that may serve as aetiological and/or maintenance factors in paediatric OCRDs, possibly contributing to the understanding of these complex disorders. The recognition of family deficits in paediatric OCRDs may prove beneficial in developing or bolstering preventative and/or therapeutic interventions. Insufficient number of articles pertaining to family functioning in some paediatric OCRDs (i.e., hoarding, skin picking) inhibits formal conclusions. Magnitudes of family functioning effects were not calculated; therefore, future research should consider meta-analytic analyses.
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Xu J, Wei Y. Social support as a moderator of the relationship between anxiety and depression: an empirical study with adult survivors of Wenchuan earthquake. PLoS One 2013. [PMID: 24250754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079045.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On May 12th 2008, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale struck China, causing a large number of casualties and significant economic losses. By interviewing 2080 survivors of Wenchuan earthquake, the objective of this study is to estimate the role of different types of social support as possible moderating factors between anxiety and depression. METHODS A stratified random sampling strategy about the cross-sectional study was adopted. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used. A total of 2080 adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake from 19 damaged countries participated in the survey. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed to evaluate the moderating role of social support on the relationship between anxiety and depression. RESULTS One year after the Wenchuan earthquake, anxiety and depression were found to be 37.6% and 40.7%, respectively. Demographic characteristics were seen as significant in the cases of depression, except for age (p=0.599), while age and education level were not found to be significant for anxiety. The results showed that social support, especially subjective support could moderate the association between anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS Social support should be particularly focused on female survivors, those of the Han ethnic group, and those with a lower level of education and a lower income. Psychological intervention and care for survivors should focus on those most disoriented by the disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Xu
- Uncertainty Decision-making Laboratory, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Xu J, Wei Y. Social support as a moderator of the relationship between anxiety and depression: an empirical study with adult survivors of Wenchuan earthquake. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79045. [PMID: 24250754 PMCID: PMC3820964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background On May 12th 2008, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale struck China, causing a large number of casualties and significant economic losses. By interviewing 2080 survivors of Wenchuan earthquake, the objective of this study is to estimate the role of different types of social support as possible moderating factors between anxiety and depression. Methods A stratified random sampling strategy about the cross-sectional study was adopted. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used. A total of 2080 adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake from 19 damaged countries participated in the survey. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed to evaluate the moderating role of social support on the relationship between anxiety and depression. Results One year after the Wenchuan earthquake, anxiety and depression were found to be 37.6% and 40.7%, respectively. Demographic characteristics were seen as significant in the cases of depression, except for age (p=0.599), while age and education level were not found to be significant for anxiety. The results showed that social support, especially subjective support could moderate the association between anxiety and depression. Conclusions Social support should be particularly focused on female survivors, those of the Han ethnic group, and those with a lower level of education and a lower income. Psychological intervention and care for survivors should focus on those most disoriented by the disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Xu
- Uncertainty Decision-making Laboratory, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Wei
- Uncertainty Decision-making Laboratory, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Muster dysfunktionaler Erziehungsstile und psychische Störungen im Erwachsenenalter. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2013. [DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2013.59.4.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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