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Zvolensky MJ, Shepherd JM, Clausen BK, Robison J, Cano MÁ, de Dios M, Correa-Fernández V. Posttraumatic stress and probable post traumatic stress disorder as it relates to smoking behavior and beliefs among trauma exposed hispanic persons who smoke. J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s10865-024-00480-8. [PMID: 38409553 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-024-00480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
There has been little scientific effort to evaluate the associations between cigarette smoking and cessation-related constructs and exposure to traumatic events, posttraumatic stress, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms among Hispanic persons who smoke in the United States (US). Such trauma-related factors may pose unique difficulties for Hispanic persons who smoke and possess a desire to quit. As such, the present investigation sought to fill this gap in the literature and examine posttraumatic stress and probable PTSD in terms of their relations with several clinically significant smoking constructs among trauma-exposed Hispanic persons who smoke from the United States. Participants included 228 Spanish-speaking Hispanic persons who endorsed prior traumatic event exposure and smoked combustible cigarettes daily (58.3% female, Mage= 32.1 years, SD = 9.65). Results indicated that posttraumatic stress symptoms were related to increased cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for smoking cessation, and more severe problems when trying to quit with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate in adjusted models. Additionally, Hispanic persons who smoke with probable PTSD compared to those without probable PTSD showcased a statistically effect for perceived barriers for cessation (p < .008) and a severity of problems when trying to quit (p < .001). No effect was evident for cigarette dependence after alpha correction. Overall, the present study offers novel empirical evidence related to the role of posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTSD among Hispanic persons who smoke in the US. Such findings highlight the need to expand this line of research to better understand the role of posttraumatic stress and PTSD among Hispanic persons who smoke which can inform smoking cessation treatments for Hispanic persons who smoke experiencing trauma-related symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Justin M Shepherd
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bryce K Clausen
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jillian Robison
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Marcel de Dios
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Wang W, Blackburn KG, Thompson RM, Bajaj K, Pedler R, Fucci K. Trauma Isn't One Size Fits All: How Online Support Communities Point to Different Diagnostic Criteria for C-PTSD and PTSD. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38342780 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2314343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Reddit has provided rich data on mental health discourse. The present study uses 40,335 online posts from Reddit communities to investigate how language can contribute to the understanding of PTSD and C-PTSD. The results showed distinct language patterns in the use of first-person pronouns, cognitive processing, and emotion words, suggesting that they are separate disorders with different effects on survivors. Further, while some social media studies have differentiated submissions and comments, few have investigated the language changes between these contexts. Post-hoc results showed a clear distinction between two contexts across several linguistic markers. Discussion and future directions are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | | | | - Karishma Bajaj
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Rhea Pedler
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis
| | - Kelsie Fucci
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
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Loveridge S, Skidmore M, Shupp R, Miller PK, Cuthbertson C, Goetz S. Rural US residents recognize anxiety better than urbanites and suburbanites but hold similar stigma. J Rural Health 2023; 39:860-869. [PMID: 36988517 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recognizing signs of psychological distress is a critical first step in assisting people who are struggling with poor mental health to access help. However, community-level factors that impact recognition and stigma are underexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between rurality, other community-level variables, and individual variables with regard to the recognition and stigma of anxiety. METHODS We use a survey of US adults (N = 627), including a rural oversample, and a cloaked vignette approach. We assess the ability to identify anxiety and measure associated stigma. The analysis applies an ecological model in multinomial logistic regressions. FINDINGS About half of the respondents recognize anxiety from a list of possibilities when provided with a vignette detailing common anxiety symptoms. Respondents living in rural areas are nearly twice as likely to correctly identify anxiety than nonrural respondents. About one-fifth of respondents agree with a statement designed to measure stigma: that exhibiting the symptoms is a sign of personal weakness. Respondents able to identify anxiety show less stigma. Respondents from counties with high mental health provider access were less likely to endorse the stigma statement. CONCLUSIONS Rural areas seem poised to reduce the stigma associated with anxiety, because residents are more adept at identifying anxiety than people living elsewhere. Future work could focus on effective mechanisms for reducing stigma associated with anxiety in rural areas, and whether anxiety recognition and stigma are changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Loveridge
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark Skidmore
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics and Department of Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Shupp
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula K Miller
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Courtney Cuthbertson
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephan Goetz
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Campbell SB, Caska Wallace CM. Development of a brief support and education intervention for loved ones of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2023. [PMID: 36756986 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinical practice guidelines for managing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) encourage incorporating loved ones into treatment, and supportive relationships can increase engagement in mental health care for veterans with PTSD. This study describes the iterative refinement, feasibility/acceptability testing, and national dissemination of a brief support and psychoeducation intervention for loved ones of veterans with PTSD. Loved ones (n = 181; range:1-11 per group) attended and qualitatively rated "PTSD 101 for Family and Friends: A Support and Education Workshop." Open-ended questions were used to gather data on suggestions for improvement and descriptions of helpful content, and the workshop was refined following participant and operational partner feedback using a quality improvement framework. Rating quantitative items on a 1-5 scale, participants found the overall quality (M = 4.76) and relevance (M = 4.82) to be excellent, noting they learned substantial new information (M = 4.45). Sense of support (M = 4.95), intentions to use the material (M = 4.87), PTSD self-efficacy (M = 4.41), and understanding of PTSD (M = 4.76) were rated favorably. Common themes among helpful elements were a sense of shared experience and optimism and increased knowledge of treatments/resources. Suggestions for improvement referenced logistics. Following continual stakeholder feedback and refinement, the workshop represents a novel method for providing loved ones with empirically supported psychoeducation, coping skills, and community. It is being disseminated by the Family Services Section of the Veterans Health Administration Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Campbell
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine M Caska Wallace
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Coatesville VA Health Care System, Coatesville, Pennsylvania, USA
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Skidmore M. The role of social circle COVID-19 illness and vaccination experiences in COVID-19 vaccination decisions: an online survey of the United States population. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:51. [PMID: 36694131 PMCID: PMC9872073 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-07998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around the world, policymakers have clearly communicated that COVID-19 vaccination programs need to be accepted by a large proportion of the population to allow life return to normal. However, according to the Center for Disease Control, about 31% of the United States population had not completed the primary vaccination series as of November 2022. AIMS The primary aim of this work is to identify the factors associated by American citizens with the decision to be vaccinated against COVID-19. In addition, the proportion of fatal events from COVID-19 vaccinations was estimated and compared with the data in the VAERS database. METHODS An online survey of COVID-19 health experiences was conducted. Information was collected regarding reasons for and against COVID-19 inoculations, experiences with COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 inoculations by survey respondents and their social circles. Logit regression analyses were carried out to identify factors influencing the likelihood of being vaccinated. RESULTS A total of 2840 participants completed the survey between December 18 and 23, 2021. 51% (1383 of 2840) of the participants were female and the mean age was 47 (95% CI 46.36-47.64) years. Those who knew someone who experienced a health problem from COVID-19 were more likely to be vaccinated (OR: 1.309, 95% CI 1.094-1.566), while those who knew someone who experienced a health problem following vaccination were less likely to be vaccinated (OR: 0.567, 95% CI 0.461-0.698). 34% (959 of 2840) reported that they knew at least one person who had experienced a significant health problem due to the COVID-19 illness. Similarly, 22% (612 of 2840) of respondents indicated that they knew at least one person who had experienced a severe health problem following COVID-19 vaccination. With these survey data, the total number of fatalities due to COVID-19 inoculation may be as high as 278,000 (95% CI 217,330-332,608) when fatalities that may have occurred regardless of inoculation are removed. CONCLUSION Knowing someone who reported serious health issues either from COVID-19 or from COVID-19 vaccination are important factors for the decision to get vaccinated. The large difference in the possible number of fatalities due to COVID-19 vaccination that emerges from this survey and the available governmental data should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skidmore
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 91 Morrill Hall of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI 48824-1039 USA
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Kreis MC, Moore DW. The Life Satisfaction Scale for Apostolic Women Religious can assist women religious congregations who seek a transformative and vivacious future. JOURNAL OF SPIRITUALITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19349637.2022.2158155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Kreis
- Lead Researcher and Project Director of the International Life Satisfaction Scale for Apostolic Women/Men Religious and Psychologist/Consultant at the Southdown Institute, Allision Park, Canada
| | - Debra W. Moore
- Program Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU), School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kim S, Kim GU, Park J. Evaluation of Internet-Based Training in Trauma Care for Nurses in Mental Health Welfare Centers: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Prim Care Community Health 2023; 14:21501319231181982. [PMID: 37335037 DOI: 10.1177/21501319231181982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the efficacy of Internet-Based Training in Trauma Care for Nurses (IBTTCN) to improve nurses' trauma intervention self-efficacy, professional quality of life, and attitudes and knowledge about post-traumatic stress disorder. METHODS Forty-one nurses participated from May to July 2021. The assessment points were at baseline (T1), immediately after program completion (4 weeks; T2), and 1 month after T2 (T3). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis and generalized estimating equations. RESULTS In the intervention group, trauma intervention self-efficacy increased significantly after the IBTTCN, and the effect of such self-efficacy over time was significant. CONCLUSIONS The IBTTCN improved nurses' trauma intervention self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunah Kim
- Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Un Kim
- Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Tsai J, Testa A, Pietrzak RH, Elbogen EB. Prevalence and characteristics associated with firearm ownership among low-income U.S. veterans. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 35:132-141. [PMID: 37133491 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2086415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of firearm ownership among low-income U.S. military veterans and associated sociodemographic, trauma, and clinical characteristics. Data were analyzed from a nationally representative study of low-income U.S. veterans conducted in 2021 (n = 1,004). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses identified characteristics associated with firearm ownership and mental health correlates of firearm ownership. The results revealed 41.7% of low-income U.S. veterans (95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.7-44.8%) reported owning firearms in their household. Controlling for other factors, firearms owners were significantly more likely to be male and living in their own house. There were no significant associations between trauma exposure (history of assault, unwanted social contact, death of close friend/family, homelessness) or mental health characteristics (history of bipolar disorder, suicide attempt, drug use problems) with firearm ownership. In conclusion, two of five low-income U.S. veterans own a firearm; the prevalence of firearm ownership is higher among men and homeowners. Targeted research on these key segments of the U.S. veteran population and ways to mitigate their firearm misuse may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tsai
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Tampa, Florida
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexander Testa
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric B. Elbogen
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Smith-East M, Conner NE, Neff DF. Access to Mental Healthcare in the 21st Century: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2022; 28:203-215. [PMID: 33978509 DOI: 10.1177/10783903211011672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most important aspects of receiving medical care is access to that care. For people with mental illness who have greater healthcare needs and are at risk for poor health outcomes, reduced access to care constitutes a crisis. While the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic continues to affect the United States, specifying what it means to have access to mental healthcare is more critical than ever. AIMS The aims of this concept analysis are to review definitions and descriptions of access to mental healthcare in the literature and to synthesize the relevance of these findings to inform future research, theory development, policy, and practice. METHODS The concept of access to mental healthcare was analyzed using Rodgers's evolutionary concept analysis method. CINAHL, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE were queried for peer-reviewed articles about access to mental healthcare published from January 2010 to April 2020 (n = 72). Data were reviewed for concept antecedents, attributes, consequences, surrogate, and related terms. RESULTS Five models of access to mental healthcare were identified, with several antecedents and consequences: utilization, economic loss/gain, incarceration, and patient/provider satisfaction. Cross-sectional and predictive studies highlighted three interrelated attributes: clinical management, healthcare delivery, and connectedness. CONCLUSIONS The concept of access to mental healthcare is often used stagnantly across disciplines to create health policies, yet the concept is transformative. Future research requires up-to-date operational definitions of access to mental healthcare to target interdisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Smith-East
- Marie Smith-East, PhD, DNP, PMHNP-BC, EMT-B, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Norma E Conner
- Norma E. Conner, PhD, RN, FNAP, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Donna Felber Neff
- Donna Felber Neff, PhD, RN, FNAP, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Deng M, Guo Y, Wang C, Wu F. An oversampling method for multi-class imbalanced data based on composite weights. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259227. [PMID: 34767567 PMCID: PMC8589211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To solve the oversampling problem of multi-class small samples and to improve their classification accuracy, we develop an oversampling method based on classification ranking and weight setting. The designed oversampling algorithm sorts the data within each class of dataset according to the distance from original data to the hyperplane. Furthermore, iterative sampling is performed within the class and inter-class sampling is adopted at the boundaries of adjacent classes according to the sampling weight composed of data density and data sorting. Finally, information assignment is performed on all newly generated sampling data. The training and testing experiments of the algorithm are conducted by using the UCI imbalanced datasets, and the established composite metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and other algorithms in comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that the proposed algorithm makes the multi-class imbalanced data balanced in terms of quantity, and the newly generated data maintain the distribution characteristics and information properties of the original samples. Moreover, compared with other algorithms such as SMOTE and SVMOM, the proposed algorithm has reached a higher classification accuracy of about 90%. It is concluded that this algorithm has high practicability and general characteristics for imbalanced multi-class samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Deng
- School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
- College of Automobile Engineering, College of Humanities and Information Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yingshi Guo
- School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fuwei Wu
- School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
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Tsai J, Mehta K, Hunt-Johnson N, Pietrzak RH. Experiences and Knowledge of US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Services, Research, and Education: Results From a National Survey of Veterans. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021; 27:173-185. [PMID: 31592984 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined (1) sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial characteristics associated with using the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system as a primary health care provider; (2) veterans' experience and knowledge of VA clinical services, research, and education; and (3) veteran characteristics associated with VA experience and knowledge. DESIGN A nationally representative survey was conducted in 2018; eligibility criteria for participation were adults aged 18 years or older, currently living in the United States, and having served on active duty in the US military. SETTING The survey was conducted online using large national survey panels. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 1002 veterans across 49 states participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The survey assessed experience and knowledge of majority of VA clinical services, research, and education. RESULTS One-quarter of the total sample reported that the VA was their primary health care provider. Among veterans who had ever used VA health care, the majority (68%) reported overall high satisfaction with VA health care but also agreed with "privatizing parts of the VA" (70%). The majority (51%-73%) of veterans reported knowledge of major VA clinical services, with the exception of comprehensive management for chronic pain (24%) and treatment of opioid use disorders (31%). One-quarter to one-half also reported knowledge of several VA research and education centers. Less than 10% of veterans reported having ever used a VA mobile app. CONCLUSIONS The US veterans generally reported positive experiences and good knowledge of VA services and resources. Greater awareness of available VA services for chronic pain and opioid use disorders, as well as VA mobile apps, may help promote more comprehensive care in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tsai
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, West Haven, Connecticut (Dr Tsai); US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Bedford, Massachusetts (Mr Mehta); US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Hunt-Johnson); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Tsai and Pietrzak); and US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut (Dr Pietrzak)
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Tsai J, Shen J, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. Is there more public support for US Veterans who experience homelessness and posttraumatic stress disorder than other US adults? MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2020.1842036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tsai
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, Homeless Programs Office, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jianxun Shen
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Steven M. Southwick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Stanley IH, Hom MA, Marx BP, Reger MA. Post‐traumatic stress disorder and firearm ownership, access, and storage practices: A systematic review. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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