1
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Hoxie N, Qiu Y, Kales SC, Schneider R, Hu X, Dalal A, Ford-Scheimer SL, Wiseman R, Tsukamoto T, Wei H, Slusher BS, Janiszewski JS, Hall MD. Development of a high-throughput dual-stream liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to screen for inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024:e9772. [PMID: 38867136 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) to yield glutamate (Glu) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Inhibition of GCPII has been shown to remediate the neurotoxicity of excess Glu in a variety of cell and animal disease models. A robust high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was needed to quantify GCPII enzymatic activity in a biochemical high-throughput screening assay. METHODS A dual-stream LC/MS/MS method was developed. Two parallel eluent streams ran identical HILIC gradient methods on BEH-Amide (2 × 30 mm) columns. Each LC channel was run independently, and the cycle time was 2 min per channel. Overall throughput was 1 min per sample for the dual-channel integrated system. Multiply injected acquisition files were split during data review, and batch metadata were automatically paired with raw data during the review process. RESULTS Two LC sorbents, BEH-Amide and Penta-HILIC, were tested to separate the NAAG cleavage product Glu from isobaric interference and ion suppressants in the bioassay matrix. Early elution of NAAG and NAA on BEH-Amide allowed interfering species to be diverted to waste. The limit of quantification was 0.1 pmol for Glu. The Z-factor of this assay averaged 0.85. Over 36 000 compounds were screened using this method. CONCLUSIONS A fast gradient dual-stream LC/MS/MS method for Glu quantification in GCPII biochemical screening assay samples was developed and validated. HILIC separation chemistry offers robust performance and unique selectivity for targeted positive mode quantification of Glu, NAA, and NAAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Hoxie
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yixuan Qiu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen C Kales
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Rick Schneider
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Anu Dalal
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie L Ford-Scheimer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Robyn Wiseman
- Johns Hopkins Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huijun Wei
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Janiszewski
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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2
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Shou WZ. Current status and future directions of high-throughput ADME screening in drug discovery. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:201-208. [PMID: 32612866 PMCID: PMC7322755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade high-throughput in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (HT-ADME) screening has become an essential part of any drug discovery effort of synthetic molecules. The conduct of HT-ADME screening has been "industrialized" due to the extensive development of software and automation tools in cell culture, assay incubation, sample analysis and data analysis. The HT-ADME assay portfolio continues to expand in emerging areas such as drug-transporter interactions, early soft spot identification, and ADME screening of peptide drug candidates. Additionally, thanks to the very large and high-quality HT-ADME data sets available in many biopharma companies, in silico prediction of ADME properties using machine learning has also gained much momentum in recent years. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art practices in HT-ADME screening including assay portfolio, assay automation, sample analysis, data processing, and prediction model building. In addition, we also offer perspectives in future development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Z. Shou
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
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3
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Ye H, Zhu L, Wang L, Liu H, Zhang J, Wu M, Wang G, Hao H. Stepped MS(All) Relied Transition (SMART): An approach to rapidly determine optimal multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry parameters for small molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 907:60-8. [PMID: 26803003 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is a universal approach for quantitative analysis because of its high specificity and sensitivity. Nevertheless, optimization of MRM parameters remains as a time and labor-intensive task particularly in multiplexed quantitative analysis of small molecules in complex mixtures. In this study, we have developed an approach named Stepped MS(All) Relied Transition (SMART) to predict the optimal MRM parameters of small molecules. SMART requires firstly a rapid and high-throughput analysis of samples using a Stepped MS(All) technique (sMS(All)) on a Q-TOF, which consists of serial MS(All) events acquired from low CE to gradually stepped-up CE values in a cycle. The optimal CE values can then be determined by comparing the extracted ion chromatograms for the ion pairs of interest among serial scans. The SMART-predicted parameters were found to agree well with the parameters optimized on a triple quadrupole from the same vendor using a mixture of standards. The parameters optimized on a triple quadrupole from a different vendor was also employed for comparison, and found to be linearly correlated with the SMART-predicted parameters, suggesting the potential applications of the SMART approach among different instrumental platforms. This approach was further validated by applying to simultaneous quantification of 31 herbal components in the plasma of rats treated with a herbal prescription. Because the sMS(All) acquisition can be accomplished in a single run for multiple components independent of standards, the SMART approach are expected to find its wide application in the multiplexed quantitative analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing 210009, China.
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4
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Kong H, Song JK, Yenugonda VM, Zhang L, Shuo T, Cheema AK, Kong Y, Du GH, Brown ML. Preclinical studies of the potent and selective nicotinic α4β2 receptor ligand VMY-2-95. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:393-402. [PMID: 25533629 PMCID: PMC4319692 DOI: 10.1021/mp5003569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
discovery and development of small molecules that antagonize
neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may provide new ligands
for evaluation in models of depression or addiction. We discovered
a small molecule, VMY-2-95, a nAChR ligand with picomolar affinity
and high selectivity for α4β2 receptors. In this study,
we investigated its preclinical profile in regards to solubility,
lipophilicity, metabolic stability, intestinal permeability, bioavailability,
and drug delivery to the rat brain. Metabolic stability of VMY-2-95·2HCl
was monitored on human liver microsomes, and specific activity of
VMY-2-95·2HCl on substrate metabolism by CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6,
and 3A4 was tested in a high-throughput manner. The intestinal transport
of VMY-2-95·2HCl was studied through Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability.
VMY-2-95·2HCl was soluble in water and chemically stable, and
the apparent partition coefficient was 0.682. VMY-2-95·2HCl showed
significant inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2C19, but weak or no effect on
1A2, 2D6, and 3A4. The Caco-2 cell model studies revealed that VMY-2-95·2HCl
was highly permeable with efflux ratio of 1.11. VMY-2-95·2HCl
achieved a maximum serum concentration of 0.56 mg/mL at 0.9 h and
was orally available with a half-life of ∼9 h. Furthermore,
VMY-2-95·2HCl was detected in the rat brain after 3 mg/kg oral
administration and achieved a maximal brain tissue concentration of
2.3 μg/g within 60 min. Overall, the results demonstrate that
VMY-2-95·2HCl has good drug like properties and can penetrate
the blood–brain barrier with oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesik Kong
- Department of Oncology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, and §Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center , 3970 Reservoir Road, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
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5
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Shen Q, Wang L, Zhou H, Jiang HD, Yu LS, Zeng S. Stereoselective binding of chiral drugs to plasma proteins. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:998-1006. [PMID: 23852086 PMCID: PMC3733166 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral drugs show distinct biochemical and pharmacological behaviors in the human body. The binding of chiral drugs to plasma proteins usually exhibits stereoselectivity, which has a far-reaching influence on their pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetic profiles. In this review, the stereoselective binding of chiral drugs to human serum albumin (HSA), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and lipoprotein, three most important proteins in human plasma, are detailed. Furthermore, the application of AGP variants and recombinant fragments of HSA for studying enantiomer binding properties is also discussed. Apart from the stereoselectivity of enantiomer-protein binding, enantiomer-enantiomer interactions that may induce allosteric effects are also described. Additionally, the techniques and methods used to determine drug-protein binding parameters are briefly reviewed.
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6
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Ketola RA, Mauriala T. Mass spectrometric tools for cell and tissue studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:293-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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SPE–MS analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion assays: a tool to increase throughput and steamline workflow. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1111-21. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to create faster and more efficient bioanalytical methods for drug development, many investigators have evaluated a variety of SPE–MS systems. Over the past 15 years online systems have evolved from run times of >1.5 min/sample to <10 s/sample. High-throughput SPE–MS methods for in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion screening assays have been described by several laboratories and shown to produce results comparable to conventional LC–MS/MS systems. While quantitative analysis of small molecules in biological matrixes holds many challenges, for several applications SPE–MS methods have achieved comparable results to LC–MS/MS with the benefit of 10–30-times the throughput. Based on its distinct advantages of throughput and streamlined workflow efficiencies, SPE–MS is a useful tool for the analysis of many in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion assays and in vivo bioanalytical studies. Further development of SPE–MS methods and analysis workflows has the potential to expand the capabilities of this technology for other challenging bioanalytical applications.
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8
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Wagner AD, Kolb JM, Ozbal CC, Herbst JJ, Olah TV, Weller HN, Zvyaga TA, Shou WZ. Ultrafast mass spectrometry based bioanalytical method for digoxin supporting an in vitro P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition screen. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1231-1240. [PMID: 21488121 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of interactions between drug candidates and transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has gained considerable interest in drug discovery and development. Inhibition of P-gp can be assessed by performing bi-directional permeability studies with in vitro P-gp-expressing cellular model systems such as Caco-2 (human colon carcinoma) cells, using digoxin as a substrate probe. Existing methodologies include either assaying (3)H-digoxin with liquid scintillation counting (LSC) detection or assaying non-labeled digoxin with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis at a speed of several minutes per sample. However, it is not feasible to achieve a throughput high enough using these approaches to sustain an early liability screen that generates more than a thousand samples on a daily basis. To address this challenge, we developed an ultrafast (9 s per sample) bioanalytical method for digoxin analysis using RapidFire™, an on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) system, with MS/MS detection. A stable isotope labeled analog, d3-digoxin, was used as internal standard to minimize potential ionization matrix effect during the RF-MS/MS analysis. The RF-MS/MS method was more than 16 times faster than the LC-MS/MS method but demonstrated similar sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, linearity and robustness. P-gp inhibition results of multiple validation compounds obtained with this RF-MS/MS method were in agreement with those generated by both the LC-MS/MS method and the (3)H-radiolabel assay. This method has been successfully deployed to assess P-gp inhibition potential as an important early liability screen for drug-transporter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wagner
- Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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9
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A review of LC–MS techniques and high-throughput approaches used to investigate drug metabolism by cytochrome P450s. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1326-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Shou WZ, Zhang J. Recent development in high-throughput bioanalytical support forin vitroADMET profiling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:321-36. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903547829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Tolonen A, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in in vitro drug metabolite screening. Drug Discov Today 2008; 14:120-33. [PMID: 19059358 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has proven its status as the most powerful analytical tool for screening and identifying drug metabolites in modern drug discovery. These techniques have become irreplaceable for drug metabolism laboratories, providing high amounts of information from a wide variety of samples. This review focuses on the most common and useful applications of these techniques when working on in vitro metabolism, more specifically with screening and identification of chemically stable or reactive metabolites formed via biotransformation reactions. Matching specific tasks and suitable instruments is a recurring consideration; for many reasons, the time-of-flight or orbitrap mass spectrometry provides clearly increased efficiency in metabolite profiling compared to other types of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Tolonen
- Novamass Ltd., Medipolis Center, Kiviharjuntie 11, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
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12
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Inman BL, Chovan LE, Dandliker PJ, Lau YY. Solid Phase Extraction as a Faster Alternative to HPLC: Application to MS Analysis of Metabolic Stability Samples. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1619-24. [PMID: 17094126 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent advances in high throughput organic synthesis, discovery teams now need to profile increased numbers of analogs in vitro for their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies are developing lower cost and higher throughput methods for ADME testing. As demands for metabolic stability testing have increased in our laboratory, the time required to analyze samples using high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has grown rapidly and ultimately limited our data output. In this study we show that solid phase extraction-mass spectrometry (SPE-MS) is a viable alternative to HPLC-MS for monitoring small molecule stability in liver microsomes. Using the SPE-MS approach, samples can be analyzed in 24 s compared to 2.5 min on the HPLC-MS without compromising data quality, thereby alleviating the analytical bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Inman
- Abbott Laboratories, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Advanced Technology, Dept. R4CP, Bldg. AP52-N, 200 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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13
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Yu K, Di L, Kerns E, Li SQ, Alden P, Plumb RS. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric quantification of structurally diverse drug mixtures using an ESI-APCI multimode ionization source. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:893-902. [PMID: 17295426 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report in this paper an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC(R)/MS/MS) method utilizing an ESI-APCI multimode ionization source to quantify structurally diverse analytes. Eight commercial drugs were used as test compounds. Each LC injection was completed in 1 min using a UPLC system coupled with MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection. Results from three separate sets of experiments are reported. In the first set of experiments, the eight test compounds were analyzed as a single mixture. The mass spectrometer was switching rapidly among four ionization modes (ESI+, ESI-, APCI-, and APCI+) during an LC run. Approximately 8-10 data points were collected across each LC peak. This was insufficient for a quantitative analysis. In the second set of experiments, four compounds were analyzed as a single mixture. The mass spectrometer was switching rapidly among four ionization modes during an LC run. Approximately 15 data points were obtained for each LC peak. Quantification results were obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.01 ng/mL. For the third set of experiments, the eight test compounds were analyzed as a batch. During each LC injection, a single compound was analyzed. The mass spectrometer was detecting at a particular ionization mode during each LC injection. More than 20 data points were obtained for each LC peak. Quantification results were also obtained. This single-compound analytical method was applied to a microsomal stability test. Compared with a typical HPLC method currently used for the microsomal stability test, the injection-to-injection cycle time was reduced to 1.5 min (UPLC method) from 3.5 min (HPLC method). The microsome stability results were comparable with those obtained by traditional HPLC/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Yu
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA.
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14
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Di L, Kerns EH, Li SQ, Petusky SL. High throughput microsomal stability assay for insoluble compounds. Int J Pharm 2006; 317:54-60. [PMID: 16621364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High throughput metabolic stability assays are widely implemented in drug discovery to guide structural modification, predict in vivo performance, develop structure-metabolic stability relationships, and triage compounds for in vivo animal studies. However, these methods are often developed and validated using commercial drugs. Many drug discovery compounds differ from commercial drugs, with many having high lipophilicity, high molecular weight and low solubility. The impact of very low solubility on metabolic stability assay results was explored. Two metabolic stability assays, the 'aqueous dilution method' and the 'cosolvent method, were compared. For commercial drugs and most discovery compounds having reasonable drug-like properties, the two methods gave comparable results. For highly lipophilic, insoluble drug discovery compounds, the 'aqueous dilution method' gave artificially higher stability results. The cosolvent method performs compound dilutions in solutions with higher organic solvent content and adds solutions directly to microsomes to assist with solubilization, minimize precipitation and reduce non-specific binding to plastics. This method is more applicable in drug discovery where compounds of a wide range of solubility are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Wyeth Research, P.O. Box CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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15
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Di L, Kerns EH, Chen H, Petusky SL. Development and Application of an Automated Solution Stability Assay for Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:40-7. [PMID: 16234336 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105281363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Screening of solution stability provides an early alert on potential liabilities of drug candidates so that strategies can be developed to overcome the challenges. Afully automated solution stability assay has been developed to accelerate traditionalmanual operation. The assay uses the advanced capabilities of a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument that is present in many pharmaceutical research laboratories. The samples are prepared automatically by a temperature-controlled autosampler. The samples are delivered to the stability matrices, mixed, incubated, and injected at selected time points during the reaction time course. This automated process occurs without operator intervention, thus allowing 96 experiments to be run with0.5hof a scientist's time compared to 8 h for the same studywhenperformedmanually. Automationnotonly eliminates themanual operation but also improves accuracy and throughput. The assay protocol has been optimized to achieve homogenous mixing and eliminate carryover. The assay is robust, flexible, and high throughput. It can be used to study stability for a large number of samples undermultiple incubation conditions and has awide range of applications in drug discovery and development, such as screening compound stability in biological assaymedia, obtaining a stability-pH profile, surveying compound stability in physiological fluids, and performing development forced degradation and excipient compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Wyeth Research, P.O Box CN 8000 Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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16
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Di L, Kerns EH, Gao N, Li SQ, Huang Y, Bourassa JL, Huryn DM. Experimental Design on Single-Time-Point High-Throughput Microsomal Stability Assay. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:1537-44. [PMID: 15124211 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An experimental design for a single-time-point microsomal stability assay was evaluated as compared with multiple-time-point studies. Results obtained from single-time-point experiments are in excellent agreement with those from multiple time points. First-order reaction kinetics revealed rapid changes of predicted half-life from percent remaining of the parent compound at the inflection points, suggesting a maximum predictive limit for half-life. Selection of the incubation time in single-time-point assays is important to obtain balanced information for stable and unstable compounds. A short incubation time (e.g., 5 min) is most useful for differentiating between unstable compounds, which is beneficial to direct the synthetic efforts in projects with poor metabolic stability. A long incubation time (e.g., 30 min) is more applicable to a compound series with high metabolic stability. For screening purposes, a moderate incubation time (e.g., 15 min) is recommended to achieve good resolution and a sufficiently high maximum predictive limit for half-life. This study suggests that a single-time-point assay is sufficient for ranking compounds in early drug discovery. It increases throughput and reduces turnaround time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Wyeth Research, P.O. Box CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000, USA.
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