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Fathima S, Al Hakeem WG, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Beyond protein synthesis: the emerging role of arginine in poultry nutrition and host-microbe interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1326809. [PMID: 38235383 PMCID: PMC10791986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1326809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a functional amino acid essential for various physiological processes in poultry. The dietary essentiality of arginine in poultry stems from the absence of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I. The specific requirement for arginine in poultry varies based on several factors, such as age, dietary factors, and physiological status. Additionally, arginine absorption and utilization are also influenced by the presence of antagonists. However, dietary interventions can mitigate the effect of these factors affecting arginine utilization. In poultry, arginine is utilized by four enzymes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase arginase, arginine decarboxylase and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). The intermediates and products of arginine metabolism by these enzymes mediate the different physiological functions of arginine in poultry. The most studied function of arginine in humans, as well as poultry, is its role in immune response. Arginine exerts immunomodulatory functions primarily through the metabolites nitric oxide (NO), ornithine, citrulline, and polyamines, which take part in inflammation or the resolution of inflammation. These properties of arginine and arginine metabolites potentiate its use as a nutraceutical to prevent the incidence of enteric diseases in poultry. Furthermore, arginine is utilized by the poultry gut microbiota, the metabolites of which might have important implications for gut microbial composition, immune regulation, metabolism, and overall host health. This comprehensive review provides insights into the multifaceted roles of arginine and arginine metabolites in poultry nutrition and wellbeing, with particular emphasis on the potential of arginine in immune regulation and microbial homeostasis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Ramirez-Camba CD, Levesque CL. The Linear-Logistic Model: A Novel Paradigm for Estimating Dietary Amino Acid Requirements. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101708. [PMID: 37238138 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether current methods for estimating AA requirements for animal health and welfare are sufficient. An exploratory data analysis (EDA) was conducted, which involved a review of assumptions underlying AA requirements research, a data mining approach to identify animal responses to dietary AA levels exceeding those for maximum protein retention, and a literature review to assess the physiological relevance of the linear-logistic model developed through the data mining approach. The results showed that AA dietary levels above those for maximum growth resulted in improvements in key physiological responses, and the linear-logistic model depicted the AA level at which growth and protein retention rates were maximized, along with key metabolic functions related to milk yield, litter size, immune response, intestinal permeability, and plasma AA concentrations. The results suggest that current methods based solely on growth and protein retention measurements are insufficient for optimizing key physiological responses associated with health, survival, and reproduction. The linear-logistic model could be used to estimate AA doses that optimize these responses and, potentially, survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Ramirez-Camba
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Uyanga VA, Sun L, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Effects of arginine replacement with L-citrulline on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism in chickens: An animal model without urea cycle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:9. [PMID: 36721201 PMCID: PMC9890773 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the efficacy of L-citrulline supplementation on the arginine/nitric oxide metabolism, and intestinal functions of broilers during arginine deficiency. A total of 288 day-old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly assigned to either an arginine deficient basal diet (NC diet), NC diet + 0.50% L-arginine (PC diet), or NC diet + 0.50% L-citrulline (NCL diet). Production performance was recorded, and at 21 days old, chickens were euthanized for tissue collection. RESULTS The dietary treatments did not affect the growth performance of broilers (P > 0.05), although NC diet increased the plasma alanine aminotransferase, urate, and several amino acids, except arginine (P < 0.05). In contrast, NCL diet elevated the arginine and ornithine concentration higher than NC diet, and it increased the plasma citrulline greater than the PC diet (P < 0.05). The nitric oxide concentration in the kidney and liver tissues, along with the plasma and liver eNOS activities were promoted by NCL diet higher than PC diet (P < 0.05). In the liver, the activities of arginase 1, ASS, and ASL, as well as, the gene expression of iNOS and OTC were induced by PC diet greater than NC diet (P < 0.05). In the kidney, the arginase 1, ASS and ASL enzymes were also increased by PC diet significantly higher than the NC and NCL diets. Comparatively, the kidney had higher abundance of nNOS, ASS, ARG2, and OTC genes than the liver tissue (P < 0.05). In addition, NCL diet upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of intestinal nutrient transporters (EAAT3 and PEPT1), tight junction proteins (Claudin 1 and Occludin), and intestinal mucosal defense (MUC2 and pIgR). The intestinal morphology revealed that both PC and NCL diets improved (P < 0.05) the ileal VH/CD ratio and the jejunal VH and VH/CD ratio compared to the NC fed broilers. CONCLUSION This study revealed that NCL diet supported arginine metabolism, nitric oxide synthesis, and promoted the intestinal function of broilers. Thus, L-citrulline may serve as a partial arginine replacement in broiler's diet without detrimental impacts on the performance, arginine metabolism and gut health of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Lijing Sun
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Yu Liu
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Meiming Zhang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
| | - Okanlawon M. Onagbesan
- grid.448723.eDepartment of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Ogun State, Abeokuta P.M.B, 2240 Nigeria
| | - Hai Lin
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 271018 China
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Lee DT, Lee JT, Ruan C, Rochell SJ. Influence of increasing glycine concentrations in reduced crude protein diets fed to broilers from 0 to 48 days. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102038. [PMID: 35921733 PMCID: PMC9356093 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Maynard CW, Kidd MT, Chrystal PV, McQuade LR, McInerney BV, Selle PH, Liu SY. Assessment of limiting dietary amino acids in broiler chickens offered reduced crude protein diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:1-11. [PMID: 35601257 PMCID: PMC9111891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As lowering crude protein (CP) in poultry diets continues to minimize amino acid excess, it is important to understand the limiting order of amino acids and the impact of their deficiencies. Therefore, a pair of experiments were conducted to observe the effects of individual amino acid deletions on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient utilization. Both experiments involved 3 control diets based on wheat and soybean meal, including a 210.0 g/kg CP industry control (IC), 186.7 g/kg CP positive control (PC) supplemented with feed-grade amino acids to match the IC amino acid profile, 186.7 g/kg CP negative control (NC) with reducing N corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) by 0.5 MJ/kg and removing feed-grade amino acids beyond L-Lys-HCl, DL-Met, and L-Thr from PC. Ten deletion diets where the following supplemented amino acids were individually removed from the PC: Val, Ile, Leu, Trp, Arg, His, Phe + Tyr, glycine equivalence (Glyequi), Pro, and Energy (0.5 MJ/kg reduction in AMEN of the PC). All diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of digestible Lys, total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) and Thr. Experimental diets were offered to broiler chickens from 15 to 22 d post–hatch in a cage study (Exp. 1) to gain digestibility and nutrient utilization data; whereas they were offered from 15 to 35 d post–hatch in a floor-pen study (Exp. 2) to gain performance and carcass yield data. The removal of supplemented Val, Arg, and Ile resulted in reduction on broiler performance (P < 0.05), and the removal of Val, Arg, Ile, and Glyequi negatively influenced carcass traits (P < 0.05). Results from both experiments indicate that Val and Arg are co-limiting in wheat-soybean meal diets, but that Ile and Glyequi may potentially limit breast and thigh development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Maynard
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States.,Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Michael T Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leon R McQuade
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bernie V McInerney
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sonia Y Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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The Optimum Ratio of Digestible Leucine: Lysine in Wheat-based Diets for Female Broiler Chickens From 8 – 21 Days of Age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sharma NK, Cadogan DJ, Chrystal PV, McGilchrist P, Wilkinson SJ, Inhuber V, Moss AF. Guanidinoacetic acid as a partial replacement to arginine with or without betaine in broilers offered moderately low crude protein diets. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101692. [PMID: 35124444 PMCID: PMC8819113 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor of creatine and can spare arginine (Arg) for creatine synthesis in low crude protein (CP) broiler diets. This study aimed to determine the extent GAA could spare Arg in broilers offered low CP diets and if supplemental betaine provides additional benefits. Seven hundred twenty-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were assigned into 9 dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 10 birds each. The treatments were; normal CP diet, a low CP (−15 g/kg) diet deficient in Arg, a low CP diet sufficient in Arg, and low CP diets with GAA, where 0.1% added L-Arg was spared by GAA at 50, 100, and 150% with and without 0.1% betaine. The treatments were offered during grower (d 10–24) and finisher (d 25–42) phases. The birds offered a low CP Arg deficient diet had 7.8% lower weight gain, 10 points higher FCR, 8.5% lower breast meat yield, 27.2% lower breast meat creatine concentration and 30.4% more abdominal fat pad compared to those offered a normal CP diet. When Arg was added back to the Arg deficient diet, growth performance, breast meat yield and creatine concentration loss were restored. When GAA spared Arg at 150%, feed intake, weight gain, FCR, breast and abdominal fat yields, breast meat moisture, drip loss, and breast meat creatine concentration became comparable to Arg sufficient low CP and normal CP treatments. When GAA spared Arg at 100 and 50%, FCR was 3 and 5 points lower than the normal CP treatment. Breast meat creatine concentration was positively correlated to feed efficiency (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) and breast meat moisture (r = 0.33, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated to relative weight of abdominal fat (r = −0.37, P < 0.01) and breast meat pH (r = −0.49, P < 0.001). There were no benefits of adding betaine with GAA on the parameters measured but the results with GAA were consistent in the presence or absence of betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
| | | | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Peter McGilchrist
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | | | | | - Amy F Moss
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
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Dao HT, Swick RA. New insights into arginine and arginine-sparing effects of guanidinoacetic acid and citrulline in broiler diets. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1967708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiep Thi Dao
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Robert A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Poultry Hub Australia, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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