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Chang CY, Wang SSS, Lai YR, Koh WG, Wu JW, Chiang YH. Ophthalmic drug effects on the amyloidogenesis of a transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) peptide fragment. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109932. [PMID: 38762008 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that can treat one disease may either be detrimental or beneficial toward another due to possible cross-interactions. Therefore, care in choosing a suitable drug for patients with multiple diseases is crucial in successful patient management. This study explores several currently available ophthalmic drugs used to treat common ocular diseases to understand how they can affect the amyloidogenesis of a transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) peptide fragment found in abundance in the corneal protein aggregation deposits of lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) patients. Results from this study provided supporting evidence that some drugs intended to treat other diseases can enhance or inhibit fibrillar aggregation of TGFBIp peptide, which may have potential implication of affecting the disease progression of LCD by either worsening or ameliorating it. Comparisons of the different properties of ophthalmic compounds explored in this study may also provide some guidance for future design of drugs geared toward the treatment of LCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Steven S-S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - You-Ren Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea
| | - Josephine W Wu
- Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City, 30015, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hui Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan.
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2
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Yu X, Li H, Xu C, Xu Z, Chen S, Liu W, Zhang T, Sun H, Ge Y, Qi Z, Liu J. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation-Mediated Photocatalytic Subcellular Hybrid System for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400097. [PMID: 38572522 PMCID: PMC11165473 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts have a highly compartmentalized interior, essential for executing photocatalytic functions. However, the construction of a photocatalytic reaction compartment similar to chloroplasts in inorganic-biological hybrid systems (IBS) has not been reported. Drawing inspiration from the compartmentalized chloroplast and the phenomenon of liquid-liquid phase separation, herein, a new strategy is first developed for constructing a photocatalytic subcellular hybrid system through liquid-liquid phase separation technology in living cells. Photosensitizers and in vivo expressed hydrogenases are designed to coassemble within the cell to create subcellular compartments for synergetic photocatalysis. This compartmentalization facilitates efficient electron transfer and light energy utilization, resulting in highly effective H2 production. The subcellular compartments hybrid system (HM/IBSCS) exhibits a nearly 87-fold increase in H2 production compared to the bare bacteria/hybrid system. Furthermore, the intracellular compartments of the photocatalytic reactor enhance the system's stability obviously, with the bacteria maintaining approximately 81% of their H2 production activity even after undergoing five cycles of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The research brings forward visionary prospects for the field of semi-artificial photosynthesis, offering new possibilities for advancements in areas such as renewable energy, biomanufacturing, and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Chengchen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Zhengwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Shuheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Wang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Hongcheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Yan Ge
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Zhenhui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
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Eisenberg D, Hou K, Ge P, Sawaya M, Dolinsky J, Yang Y, Jiang YX, Lutter L, Boyer D, Cheng X, Pi J, Zhang J, Lu J, Yang S, Yu Z, Feigon J. How short peptides can disassemble ultra-stable tau fibrils extracted from Alzheimer's disease brain by a strain-relief mechanism. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4152095. [PMID: 38766197 PMCID: PMC11100904 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4152095/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Reducing fibrous aggregates of protein tau is a possible strategy for halting progression of Alzheimer's dis-ease (AD). Previously we found that in vitro the D-peptide D-TLKIVWC disassembles tau fibrils from AD brains (AD-tau) into benign segments with no energy source present beyond ambient thermal agitation. This disassembly by a short peptide was unexpected, given that AD-tau is sufficiently stable to withstand disas-sembly in boiling SDS detergent. To consider D peptide-mediated disassembly as a potential therapeutic for AD, it is essential to understand the mechanism and energy source of the disassembly action. We find as-sembly of D-peptides into amyloid-like fibrils is essential for tau fibril disassembly. Cryo-EM and atomic force microscopy reveal that these D-peptide fibrils have a right-handed twist and embrace tau fibrils which have a left-handed twist. In binding to the AD-tau fibril, the oppositely twisted D-peptide fibril produces a strain, which is relieved by the disassembly of both fibrils. This strain-relief mechanism appears to operate in other examples of amyloid fibril disassembly and provides a new direction for the development of first-in-class therapeutics for amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Hou
- University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Peng Ge
- University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Yuan Yang
- University of California Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin Pi
- University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Jiahui Lu
- University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Shixin Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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4
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Tavili E, Aziziyan F, Khajeh K. Inhibitors of amyloid fibril formation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:291-340. [PMID: 38811084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Many diseases are caused by misfolded and denatured proteins, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In recent decades researchers have developed a variety of compounds, including polymeric inhibitors and natural compounds, antibodies, and chaperones, to inhibit protein aggregation, decrease the toxic effects of amyloid fibrils, and facilitate refolding proteins. The causes and mechanisms of amyloid formation are still unclear, and there are no effective treatments for Amyloid diseases. This section describes research and achievements in the field of inhibiting amyloid accumulation and also discusses the importance of various strategies in facilitating the removal of aggregates species (refolding) in the treatment of neurological diseases such as chemical methods like as, small molecules, metal chelators, polymeric inhibitors, and nanomaterials, as well as the use of biomolecules (peptide and, protein, nucleic acid, and saccharide) as amyloid inhibitors, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Tavili
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Sulatsky MI, Stepanenko OV, Stepanenko OV, Povarova OI, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Sulatskaya AI. Broken but not beaten: Challenge of reducing the amyloids pathogenicity by degradation. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00161-9. [PMID: 38642804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of ordered protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils, accompanies various neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and causes a wide range of systemic and local amyloidoses (such as insulin, hemodialysis amyloidosis, etc.). Such pathologies are usually diagnosed when the disease is already irreversible and a large amount of amyloid plaques have accumulated. In recent years, new drugs aimed at reducing amyloid levels have been actively developed. However, although clinical trials have demonstrated a reduction in amyloid plaque size with these drugs, their effect on disease progression has been controversial and associated with significant side effects, the reasons of which are not fully understood. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize extensive array of data on the effect of exogenous and endogenous factors (physico-mechanical effects, chemical effects of low molecular weight compounds, macromolecules and their complexes) on the structure and pathogenicity of mature amyloids for proposing future directions of the development of effective and safe anti-amyloid therapeutics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Our analysis show that destruction of amyloids is in most cases incomplete and degradation products often retain the properties of amyloids (including high and sometimes higher than fibrils, cytotoxicity), accelerate amyloidogenesis and promote the propagation of amyloids between cells. Probably, the appearance of protein aggregates, polymorphic in structure and properties (such as amorphous aggregates, fibril fragments, amyloid oligomers, etc.), formed because of uncontrolled degradation of amyloids, may be one of the reasons for the ambiguous effectiveness and serious side effects of the anti-amyloid drugs. This means that all medications that are supposed to be used both for degradation and slow down the fibrillogenesis must first be tested on mature fibrils: the mechanism of drug action and cytotoxic, seeding, and infectious activity of the degradation products must be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim I Sulatsky
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Sulatskaya
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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6
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Hou K, Ge P, Sawaya MR, Dolinsky JL, Yang Y, Jiang YX, Lutter L, Boyer DR, Cheng X, Pi J, Zhang J, Lu J, Yang S, Yu Z, Feigon J, Eisenberg DS. How short peptides can disassemble ultra-stable tau fibrils extracted from Alzheimer's disease brain by a strain-relief mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586668. [PMID: 38585812 PMCID: PMC10996594 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing fibrous aggregates of protein tau is a possible strategy for halting progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously we found that in vitro the D-peptide D-TLKIVWC disassembles tau fibrils from AD brains (AD-tau) into benign segments with no energy source present beyond ambient thermal agitation. This disassembly by a short peptide was unexpected, given that AD-tau is sufficiently stable to withstand disassembly in boiling SDS detergent. To consider D peptide-mediated disassembly as a potential therapeutic for AD, it is essential to understand the mechanism and energy source of the disassembly action. We find assembly of D-peptides into amyloid-like fibrils is essential for tau fibril disassembly. Cryo-EM and atomic force microscopy reveal that these D-peptide fibrils have a right-handed twist and embrace tau fibrils which have a left-handed twist. In binding to the AD-tau fibril, the oppositely twisted D-peptide fibril produces a strain, which is relieved by disassembly of both fibrils. This strain-relief mechanism appears to operate in other examples of amyloid fibril disassembly and provides a new direction for the development of first-in-class therapeutics for amyloid diseases.
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7
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Uttarkar A, Rao V, Bhat D, Niranjan V. Disaggregation of amyloid-beta fibrils via natural metabolites using long timescale replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Mol Model 2024; 30:61. [PMID: 38321243 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Amyloid fibrils are self-assembled fibrous protein aggregates that are associated with several presently incurable diseases such as Alzheimer's. disease that is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibrils in the brain, which leads to the formation of plaques and the death of brain cells. Disaggregation of amyloid fibrils is considered a promising approach to cure Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism of amyloid fibril formation is complex and not fully understood, making it difficult to develop drugs that can target the process. Diacetonamine and cystathionine are potential lead compounds to induce disaggregation of amyloid fibrils. METHODS In the current research, we have used long timescale molecular simulation studies and replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) for 1000 ns (1 μs) to examine the mechanisms by which natural metabolites can disaggregate amyloid-beta fibrils. Molecular docking was carried out using Glide and with prior protein minimization and ligand preparation. We focused on a screening a database of natural metabolites, as potential candidates for disaggregating amyloid fibrils. We used Desmond with OPLS 3e as a force field. MM-GBSA calculations were performed. Blood-brain barrier permeability, SASA, and radius of gyration parameters were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Uttarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Mysuru Road, Kengeri, Bangalore, 560059, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, 590018, India
| | - Vibha Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Mysuru Road, Kengeri, Bangalore, 560059, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, 590018, India
| | - Dhrithi Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Mysuru Road, Kengeri, Bangalore, 560059, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, 590018, India
| | - Vidya Niranjan
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Mysuru Road, Kengeri, Bangalore, 560059, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, 590018, India.
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Rani K, Pal A, Gurnani B, Agarwala P, Sasmal DK, Jain N. An Innate Host Defense Protein β 2-Microglobulin Keeps a Check on α-Synuclein amyloid Assembly: Implications in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168285. [PMID: 37741548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid formation due to protein misfolding has gained significant attention due to its association with neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is one such protein that undergoes a profound conformational switch to form higher order cross-β-sheet structures, resulting in amyloid formation, which is linked to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present status of research on α-syn aggregation and PD reveals that the disease progression may be linked with many other diseases, such as kidney-related disorders. Unraveling the link between PD and non-neurological diseases may help in early detection and a better understanding of PD progression. Herein, we investigated the modulation of α-syn in the presence of β2-microglobulin (β2m), a structural protein associated with dialysis-related amyloidosis. We took a multi-disciplinary approach to establish that β2m mitigates amyloid formation by α-syn. Our fluorescence, microscopy and toxicity data demonstrated that sub-stoichiometric ratio of β2m drives α-syn into off-pathway non-toxic aggregates incompetent of transforming into amyloids. Using AlphaFold2 and all-atom MD simulation, we showed that the β-strand segments (β1 and β2) of α-synuclein, which frequently engage in interactions within amyloid fibrils, interact with the last β-strand at the C-terminal of β2m. The outcome of this study will unravel the yet unknown potential linkage of PD with kidney-related disorders. Insights from the cross-talk between two amyloidogenic proteins will lead to early diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches for treating Parkinson's disease. Finally, disruption of the nucleation process of α-syn amyloids by targeting the β1-β2 region will constitute a potential therapeutic approach for inhibiting amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Rani
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India. https://twitter.com/khushboo251995
| | - Arumay Pal
- School of Bioengineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. https://twitter.com/Arumay_Pal
| | - Bharat Gurnani
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India. https://twitter.com/bgurnani05
| | - Pratibha Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dibyendu K Sasmal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India; Centre for Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Development (CETSD), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India.
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Sharma S, Tomar VR, Deep S. Mechanism of the interaction of toxic SOD1 fibrils with two potent polyphenols: curcumin and quercetin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23081-23091. [PMID: 37602388 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02120c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease commonly caused due to the aggregation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein. Finding inhibitors of SOD1 aggregation is of prime concern, but understanding the mechanistic action of inhibitors is equally important. Recent experiments found that two polyphenols, curcumin, and quercetin, have the ability to inhibit SOD1 aggregation. Quercetin was experimentally proven to break pre-formed fibrils into shorter segments, while curcumin did not significantly affect the pre-formed species. Here, we delve deeper into understanding the mechanism of action of quercetin and curcumin on pre-formed octameric fibrils of SOD1 (28PVKVWGSIKGL38: chains A-H) with the help of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a fibril docked polyphenol complex. Our results suggest that quercetin shows π-π stacking interaction with one of the key residues for toxic amyloid formation, Trp 32 of chains D, E, and F, and breaks the peptide chains G, and H from the rest of the fibril. On the other hand, curcumin binds to the hydrophobic amino acids of almost all the chains B-H and stabilizes the fibril rather than destabilizing it. Binding free energy calculations using MM/PBSA showed that curcumin binds more strongly to the SOD1 fibril due to greater van der Waals interactions compared to quercetin. These findings provide insights for the development of potential ALS treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Vijay Raj Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Shashank Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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10
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Zangiabadi M, Ghosh A, Zhao Y. Nanoparticle Scanners for the Identification of Key Sequences Involved in the Assembly and Disassembly of β-Amyloid Peptides. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4764-4774. [PMID: 36857741 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), implied in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, is driven by a complex set of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions involving both hydrophobic and polar residues. The key residues responsible for the forward assembling process may be different from those that should be targeted to disassemble already formed aggregates. Molecularly imprinted nanoparticle (MINP) receptors are reported in this work to strongly and selectively bind specific segments of Aβ40. Combined fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy indicate that binding residues 21-30 near the loop region is most effective at inhibiting the aggregation of monomeric Aβ40, but residues 11-20 that include the internal β strand closer to the N-terminal represent the best target for disaggregating already formed aggregates in the polymerization phase. Once the aggregation proceeds to the saturation phase, binding residues 1-10 has the largest effect on the disaggregation, likely because of the accessibility of these amino acids relative to others to the MINP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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11
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Shao X, Yan C, Wang C, Wang C, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Guan P, Hu X, Zhu W, Ding S. Advanced nanomaterials for modulating Alzheimer's related amyloid aggregation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 5:46-80. [PMID: 36605800 PMCID: PMC9765474 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that brings about enormous economic pressure to families and society. Inhibiting abnormal aggregation of Aβ and accelerating the dissociation of aggregates is treated as an effective method to prevent and treat AD. Recently, nanomaterials have been applied in AD treatment due to their excellent physicochemical properties and drug activity. As a drug delivery platform or inhibitor, various excellent nanomaterials have exhibited potential in inhibiting Aβ fibrillation, disaggregating, and clearing mature amyloid plaques by enhancing the performance of drugs. This review comprehensively summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials in modulating amyloid aggregation and AD treatment. The design of various functional nanomaterials is discussed, and the strategies for improved properties toward AD treatment are analyzed. Finally, the challenges faced by nanomaterials with different dimensions in AD-related amyloid aggregate modulation are expounded, and the prospects of nanomaterials are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Chaoren Yan
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region Xianyang Shaanxi 712082 China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Chaoli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University 169 Changle West Road Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT) Nanjing 210046 China
| | - Ping Guan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shichao Ding
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
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12
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Almeida ZL, Brito RMM. Amyloid Disassembly: What Can We Learn from Chaperones? Biomedicines 2022; 10:3276. [PMID: 36552032 PMCID: PMC9776232 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation and subsequent accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils with cross-β structure is an intrinsic characteristic of amyloid diseases, i.e., amyloidoses. Amyloid formation involves a series of on-pathway and off-pathway protein aggregation events, leading to mature insoluble fibrils that eventually accumulate in multiple tissues. In this cascade of events, soluble oligomeric species are formed, which are among the most cytotoxic molecular entities along the amyloid cascade. The direct or indirect action of these amyloid soluble oligomers and amyloid protofibrils and fibrils in several tissues and organs lead to cell death in some cases and organ disfunction in general. There are dozens of different proteins and peptides causing multiple amyloid pathologies, chief among them Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and several other neurodegenerative diseases. Amyloid fibril disassembly is among the disease-modifying therapeutic strategies being pursued to overcome amyloid pathologies. The clearance of preformed amyloids and consequently the arresting of the progression of organ deterioration may increase patient survival and quality of life. In this review, we compiled from the literature many examples of chemical and biochemical agents able to disaggregate preformed amyloids, which have been classified as molecular chaperones, chemical chaperones, and pharmacological chaperones. We focused on their mode of action, chemical structure, interactions with the fibrillar structures, morphology and toxicity of the disaggregation products, and the potential use of disaggregation agents as a treatment option in amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Chemistry Department and Coimbra Chemistry Centre—Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Lee HY, Yoon S, Lee JH, Park K, Jung Y, Cho I, Lee D, Shin J, Kim K, Kim S, Kim J, Kim K, Han SH, Kim SM, Kim HJ, Kim HY, Kim I, Kim YS. Aryloxypropanolamine targets amyloid aggregates and reverses Alzheimer-like phenotypes in Alzheimer mouse models. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:177. [PMID: 36443837 PMCID: PMC9706920 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) is considered a pathogenic initiator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in strong association with tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. As the removal of amyloid burden from AD patient brains by antibodies has shown therapeutic potential, the development of small molecule drugs inducing chemical dissociation and clearance of Aβ is compelling as a therapeutic strategy. In this study, we synthesized and screened aryloxypropanolamine derivatives and identified 1-(3-(2,4-di-tert-pentylphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl)pyrrolidin-1-ium chloride, YIAD002, as a strong dissociator of Aβ aggregates. METHODS The dissociative activity of aryloxypropanolamine derivatives against Aβ aggregates were evaluated through in vitro assays. Immunohistochemical staining, immunoblot assays, and the Morris water maze were used to assess the anti-Alzheimer potential in YIAD002-treated 5XFAD and transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Target-ligand interaction mechanism was characterized via a combination of peptide mapping, fluorescence dissociation assays, and constrained docking simulations. RESULTS Among 11 aryloxypropanolamine derivatives, YIAD002 exerted strongest dissociative activity against β-sheet-rich Aβ aggregates. Upon oral administration, YIAD002 substantially reduced amyloid burden and accordingly, improved cognitive performance in the Morris water maze and attenuated major pathological hallmarks of AD including tauopathy, neuroinflammation, and synaptic protein loss. Mechanism studies suggest that YIAD002 interferes with intermolecular β-sheet fibrillation by directly interacting with KLVFFA and IGLMVG domains of Aβ. In addition, YIAD002 was found to possess dissociative activity against aggregates of pyroglutamate-modified Aβ and tau. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results evince the potential of chemical-driven dissociation of Aβ aggregates by aryloxypropanolamines as a therapeutic modality of the amyloid clearance approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Soljee Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea
| | - Youngeun Jung
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Illhwan Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Koeun Kim
- Amyloid Solution, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Han
- Amyloid Solution, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Seong Muk Kim
- Amyloid Solution, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Hye Ju Kim
- Amyloid Solution, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Ikyon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea. .,Department of Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea. .,Amyloid Solution, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea.
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14
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Picone P, Sanfilippo T, Vasto S, Baldassano S, Guggino R, Nuzzo D, Bulone D, San Biagio PL, Muscolino E, Monastero R, Dispenza C, Giacomazza D. From Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’sDisease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101344. [PMID: 36291553 PMCID: PMC9599460 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques, which are extracellular deposits mainly constituted by beta-amyloids, and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) located in the cytoplasm of neurons. Although the research has made relevant progress in the management of the disease, the treatment is still lacking. Only symptomatic medications exist for the disease, and, in the meantime, laboratories worldwide are investigating disease-modifying treatments for AD. In the present review, results centered on the use of peptides of different sizes involved in AD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sanfilippo
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituti Euro-Mediterranei di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Via M. Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossella Guggino
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Muscolino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
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15
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Kosyreva AM, Sentyabreva AV, Tsvetkov IS, Makarova OV. Alzheimer’s Disease and Inflammaging. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091237. [PMID: 36138973 PMCID: PMC9496782 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The main theory of Alzheimer’s disease progress is the amyloid-β cascade hypothesis. However, the initial mechanisms of insoluble forms of amyloid-β formation and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons remain unclear. One of the factors, which might play a key role in senile plaques and tau fibrils generation due to Alzheimer’s disease, is inflammaging, i.e., systemic chronic low-grade age-related inflammation. The activation of the proinflammatory cell phenotype is observed during aging, which might be one of the pivotal mechanisms for the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the role of the inflammatory processes in developing neurodegeneration, activated during physiological aging and due to various diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and depressive disorders.
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16
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Khan AN, Nabi F, Ajmal MR, Ali SM, Almutairi FM, Alalawy AI, Khan RH. Moxifloxacin Disrupts and Attenuates Aβ42 Fibril and Oligomer Formation: Plausibly Repositioning an Antibiotic as Therapeutic against Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2529-2539. [PMID: 35930676 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of Aβ42 is established as a key factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consequently, molecules that inhibit aggregation of peptide may lead to therapies to prevent or control AD. Several studies suggest that oligomeric intermediates present during aggregation may be more cytotoxic than fibrils themselves. In this work, we examine the inhibitory activity of an antibiotic MXF on aggregation (fibrils and oligomers) and disaggregation of Aβ42 using various biophysical and microscopic studies. Computational analysis was done to offer mechanistic insight. The amyloid formation of Aβ42 is suppressed by MXF, as demonstrated by the decrease in both the corresponding ThT fluorescence intensity and other biophysical techniques. The lag phase of amyloid formation doubled from 4.53 to 9.66 h in the presence of MXF. The addition of MXF at the completion of the fibrillation reaction, as monitored by ThT, led to a rapid, concentration dependent, exponential decrease in fluorescence signal that was consistent with loss of fibrils. We used TEM to directly demonstrate that MXF caused fibrils to disassemble. Our docking results show that MXF binds to both monomeric and fibrillar forms of Aβ42 with significant affinities. We also observed breaking of fibrils in the presence of MXF through molecular dynamics simulation. These findings suggest that antibiotic MXF could be a promising lead compound with dual role as fibril/oligomer inhibitor and disaggregase for further development as potential repurposed therapeutic against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asra Nasir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, AMU, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, AMU, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Rehan Ajmal
- Physical Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Moasfar Ali
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, AMU, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Physical Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Physical Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Utomo RY, Sugie A, Okada S, Miura K, Nakamura H. Detoxification of amyloid β fibrils by curcumin derivatives and their verification in a Drosophila Alzheimer's model. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2576-2579. [PMID: 35107458 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07000b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin derivatives B and N were developed as disaggregation agents of amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils. The detoxification provided by each compound at a concentration of 1 μM was observed in neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, both compounds significantly rescued locomotion dysfunction in an Aβ-expressing Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohmad Yudi Utomo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 757, Ichiban-cho, Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Okada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan. .,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuki Miura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan. .,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan. .,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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