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Lloren KKS, Sivasankar C, Lee JH. Comparative immunogenic and immunoprotective activities of PCV2d Cap and Rep antigens delivered by an efficient eukaryotic expression system engineered into a Salmonella vaccine vector. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110151. [PMID: 38870752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stands as a predominant etiological agent in porcine circovirus-associated diseases. To manage the spread of the disease, it is necessary to develop a next-generation vaccine expressing PCV2 antigens that target the prevailing genotype such as PCV2d. A bacterial-mediated vaccine delivery by live-attenuated Salmonella has attracted interest for its low-cost production and highly effective vaccine delivery. Thus, in this study, we utilized the advantages of the Salmonella-mediated vaccine delivery by cloning PCV2d cap and rep into a eukaryotic expression plasmid pJHL204 and electroporation into an engineered live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium JOL2500 (Δlon, ΔcpxR, ΔsifA, Δasd). The eukaryotic antigen expression by JOL2995 (p204:cap) and JOL2996 (p204:rep) was confirmed in vitro and in vivo which showed efficient antigen delivery. Furthermore, vaccination of mice model with the vaccine candidates elicited humoral and cell-mediated immune responses as depicted by high levels of PCV2-specific antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and neutralizing antibodies, especially by JOL2995 (p204:cap) which correlated with the significant decrease in the viral load in PCV2d-challenged mice. Interestingly, JOL2996 (p204:rep) may not have elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies and protective efficacy, but it elicited considerably higher cell-mediated immune responses. This study demonstrated Salmonella-mediated vaccine delivery system coupled with the eukaryotic expression vector can efficiently deliver and express the target PCV2d antigens for strong induction of immune response and protective efficacy in mice model, further supporting the potential application of the Salmonella-mediated vaccine delivery system as an effective novel approach in vaccine strategies for PCV2d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandran Sivasankar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Abusalah MAH, Choudhary P, Bargui H, Ahmed N, Abusalah MAH, Choudhary OP. A prognostic insight of the mRNA vaccine against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:3801-3805. [PMID: 38989193 PMCID: PMC11230832 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Priyanka Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Hichem Bargui
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, university of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Manal Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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3
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Lloren KKS, Lee JH. Live-Attenuated Salmonella-Based Oral Vaccine Candidates Expressing PCV2d Cap and Rep by Novel Expression Plasmids as a Vaccination Strategy for Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses against PCV2d. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 38140182 PMCID: PMC10748173 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines are highly envisaged for veterinary applications due to their convenience and ability to induce protective mucosal immunity as the first line of defense. The present investigation harnessed live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium to orally deliver novel expression vector systems containing the Cap and Rep genes from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a significant swine pathogen. The antigen expression by the vaccine candidates JOL2885 and JOL2886, comprising eukaryotic pJHL204 and pro-eukaryotic expression pJHL270 plasmids, respectively, was confirmed by Western blot and IFA. We evaluated their immunogenicity and protective efficacy through oral vaccination in a mouse model. This approach elicited both mucosal and systemic immunity against PCV2d. Oral administration of the candidates induced PCV2-specific sIgA, serum IgG antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies, resulting in reduced viral loads in the livers and lungs of PCV2d-challenged mice. T-lymphocyte proliferation and flow-cytometry assays confirmed enhanced cellular immune responses after oral inoculation. The synchronized elicitation of both Th1 and Th2 responses was also confirmed by enhanced expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, MHC-I, and MHC-II. Our findings highlight the effectiveness and safety of the constructs with an engineered-attenuated S. Typhimurium, suggesting its potential application as an oral PCV2 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
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Guo P, Wang S, Yue H, Zhang X, Ma G, Li X, Wei W. Advancement of Engineered Bacteria for Orally Delivered Therapeutics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302702. [PMID: 37537714 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of bacteria and their biotic components as therapeutics has shown great potential in the treatment of diseases. Orally delivered bacteria improve patient compliance compared with injection-administered bacteria and are considered the preferred mode. However, due to the harsh gastrointestinal environment, the viability and therapeutic efficacy of orally delivered bacteria are significantly reduced in vivo. In recent years, with the rapid development of synthetic biology and nanotechnology, bacteria and biotic components have been engineered to achieve directed genetic reprogramming for construction and precise spatiotemporal control in the gastrointestinal tract, which can improve viability and therapeutic efficiency. Herein, a state-of-the-art review on the current progress of engineered bacterial systems for oral delivery is provided. The different types of bacterial and biotic components for oral administration are first summarized. The engineering strategies of these bacteria and biotic components and their treatment of diseases are next systematically summarized. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of these bacterial therapeutics are highlighted that will contribute to the development of next-generation orally delivered bacteriotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Ghaemi A, Vakili-Azghandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. Oral non-viral gene delivery platforms for therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123198. [PMID: 37406949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Since gene therapy can regulate gene and protein expression directly, it has a great potential to prevent or treat a variety of genetic or acquired diseases through vaccines such as viral infections, cystic fibrosis, and cancer. Owing to their high efficacy, in vivo gene therapy trials are usually conducted intravenously, which is usually costly and invasive. There are several advantages to oral drug administration over intravenous injections, such as better patient compliance, ease of use, and lower cost. However, gene therapy is successful if the oligonucleotides can cross the cell membrane easily and reach the nucleus after the endosomal escape. In order to accomplish this task and deliver the cargo to the intended location, appropriate delivery systems should be introduced. This review summarizes oral delivery systems developed for effective gene delivery, vaccination, and treatment of various diseases. Studies have also shown that oral delivery approaches are potentially applicable to treat various diseases, especially inflammatory bowel disease, stomach, and colorectal cancers. Also, the current review provides an update overview on the development of non-viral and oral gene delivery techniques for gene therapy and vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ghaemi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoume Vakili-Azghandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Salmonella-mediated oral delivery of multiple-target vaccine constructs with conserved and variable regions of SARS-CoV-2 protect against the Delta and Omicron variants in hamster. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105101. [PMID: 36657635 PMCID: PMC9841750 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the pandemic COVID19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the development of vaccines has been the prime strategy to control the disease transmission. Most of the developed vaccines target the spike protein, however, the emerging variants have alterations, particularly at the same region which may pose resistance to neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we explored the variable and conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 as a potential inclusion in a multiple-target vaccine with the exploitation of Salmonella-based vector for oral mRNA vaccine against Delta and Omicron variants. Increased IgG and IgA levels imply the induction of humoral response and the CD4+, CD8+ and IFN-γ+ sub-population level exhibits cell-mediated immune responses. The degree of CD44+ cells indicates the induction of memory cells corresponding to long-term immune responses. Furthermore, we assessed the protective efficacy of the vaccines against the Delta and Omicron variants in the hamster model. The vaccine constructs induced neutralizing antibodies and protected the viral-challenged hamsters with significant decrease in lung viral load and reduced histopathological lesions. These results reinforce the use of the conserved and variable regions as potential antigen targets of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the exploitation of bacteria-mediated delivery for oral mRNA vaccine development.
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Salod Z, Mahomed O. Mapping Potential Vaccine Candidates Predicted by VaxiJen for Different Viral Pathogens between 2017-2021-A Scoping Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1785. [PMID: 36366294 PMCID: PMC9695814 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a promising alternative to traditional vaccinology. RV focuses on in silico methods to identify antigens or potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) from a pathogen's proteome. Researchers use VaxiJen, the most well-known RV tool, to predict PVCs for various pathogens. The purpose of this scoping review is to provide an overview of PVCs predicted by VaxiJen for different viruses between 2017 and 2021 using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. We used the term 'vaxijen' to search PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest One Academic. The protocol was registered at the Open Science Framework (OSF). We identified articles on this topic, charted them, and discussed the key findings. The database searches yielded 1033 articles, of which 275 were eligible. Most studies focused on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), published between 2020 and 2021. Only a few articles (8/275; 2.9%) conducted experimental validations to confirm the predictions as vaccine candidates, with 2.2% (6/275) articles mentioning recombinant protein expression. Researchers commonly targeted parts of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, with the frequently predicted epitopes as PVCs being major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I T cell epitopes WTAGAAAYY, RQIAPGQTG, IAIVMVTIM, and B cell epitope IAPGQTGKIADY, among others. The findings of this review are promising for the development of novel vaccines. We recommend that vaccinologists use these findings as a guide to performing experimental validation for various viruses, with SARS-CoV-2 as a priority, because better vaccines are needed, especially to stay ahead of the emergence of new variants. If successful, these vaccines could provide broader protection than traditional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Salod
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4051, South Africa
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Aganja RP, Sivasankar C, Hewawaduge C, Lee JH. Safety assessment of compliant, highly invasive, lipid A-altered, O-antigen-defected Salmonella strains as prospective vaccine delivery systems. Vet Res 2022; 53:76. [PMID: 36183131 PMCID: PMC9526937 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, two prospective Salmonella delivery strains, JOL2782 and JOL2837, were developed by gene deletions of lon and cpxR, which are related to cellular adhesion and intracellular survival. Additionally, sifA deletion was introduced for JOL2782, which confers immune susceptibility and improves antigen delivery. Similarly, the rfaL deletion and lpxE substitution for pagL were accomplished in JOL2837 to reduce virulence and endotoxicity. Thus, enhanced adhesion and invasion and reduced intracellular survival were attained. Furthermore, aspartic acid auxotrophic (asd) was deleted to impose Darwinian selection on retention of the foreign antigen-expressing plasmid. Both delivery strains induced sufficient cytokine expression, but the level was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strain; the lowest cytokine expression was induced by the JOL2837 strain, indicating reduced endotoxicity. In parallel, IgG production was significantly enhanced by both delivery strains. Thus, the innate and adaptive immunogenicity of the strains was ensured. The environmental safety of these strains was ascertained through faecal dissemination assays. The nonpathogenicity of these strains to the host was confirmed by body weight monitoring, survival assays, and morphological and histological assessments of the vital organs. The in vitro assay in murine and human cell lines and in vivo safety assessments in mice suggest that these novel strains possess safety, invasiveness, and immunogenicity, making them ideal delivery strains. Overall, the results clearly showed that strain JOL2782 with sifA deletion had higher invasiveness, demonstrating superior vaccine deliverability, while JOL2837 with lpxE substitution for pagL and rfaL deletion had outstanding safety potential with drastically abridged endotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad Aganja
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea
| | - Chandran Sivasankar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea.
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Hewawaduge C, Yang MS, Park JY, Oh B, Lee JH. Bacteria-enabled oral delivery of a replicon-based mRNA vaccine candidate protects against ancestral and delta variant SARS-CoV-2. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1926-1940. [PMID: 35123065 PMCID: PMC8810265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) evolution has resulted in many variants, contributing to the striking drop in vaccine efficacy and necessitating the development of next-generation vaccines to tackle antigenic diversity. Herein we developed a multivalent Semliki Forest virus replicon-based mRNA vaccine targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD), heptad repeat domain (HR), membrane protein (M), and epitopes of non-structural protein 13 (nsp13) of SARS-CoV-2. The bacteria-mediated gene delivery offers the rapid production of large quantities of vaccine at a highly economical scale and notably allows needle-free mass vaccination. Favorable T-helper (Th) 1-dominated potent antibody and cellular immune responses were detected in the immunized mice. Further, immunization induced strong cross-protective neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the B.1.617.2 delta variant (clade G). We recorded a difference in induction of immunoglobulin (Ig) A response by the immunization route, with the oral route eliciting a strong mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) response, which possibly has contributed to the enhanced protection conferred by oral immunization. Hamsters immunized orally were completely protected against viral replication in the lungs and the nasal cavity. Importantly, the vaccine protected the hamsters against SARS-CoV-2-induced pneumonia. The study provides proof-of-principle findings for the development of a feasible and efficacious oral mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, South Korea.
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Lee JH. Oral mRNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases- A Bacterial Perspective [Invited]. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884862. [PMID: 35592330 PMCID: PMC9110646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mRNA vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna were granted emergency approval in record time in the history of vaccinology and played an instrumental role in limiting the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The success of these vaccines resulted from over 3 decades of research from many scientists. However, the development of orally administrable mRNA vaccine development is surprisingly underexplored. Our group specializing in Salmonella-based vaccines explored the possibility of oral mRNA vaccine development. Oral delivery was made possible by the exploitation of the Semliki Forest viral replicon and Salmonella vehicle for transgene amplification and gene delivery, respectively. Herein we highlight the prospect of developing oral replicon-based mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases based on our recent primary studies on SARS-CoV-2. Further, we discuss the potential advantages and limitations of bacterial gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Hewawaduge C, Park JY, Yang MS, Oh B, So MY, Kim B, Lee JH. A Simplified SARS-CoV-2 Mouse Model Demonstrates Protection by an Oral Replicon-Based mRNA Vaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811802. [PMID: 35250985 PMCID: PMC8888445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 that can be developed in any molecular biology lab with standard facilities will be valuable in evaluating drugs and vaccines. Here we present a simplified SARS-CoV-2 mouse model exploiting the rapid adenoviral purification method. Mice that are sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection were generated by transducing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) by an adenovirus. The expression kinetics of the hACE2 in transduced mice were assessed by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and qPCR. Further, the ability of the hACE2 to support viral replication was determined in vitro and in vivo. The hACE2 expression in the lungs of mice was observed for at least nine days after transduction. The murine macrophages expressing hACE2 supported viral replication with detection of high viral titers. Next, in vivo studies were carried out to determine viral replication and lung disease following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The model supported viral replication, and the challenged mouse developed lung disease characteristic of moderate interstitial pneumonia. Further, we illustrated the utility of the system by demonstrating protection using an oral mRNA vaccine. The multicistronic vaccine design enabled by the viral self-cleaving peptides targets receptor binding domain (RBD), heptad repeat domain (HR), membrane glycoprotein (M) and epitopes of nsp13 of parental SARS-CoV-2. Further, Salmonella and Semliki Forest virus replicon were exploited, respectively, for gene delivery and mRNA expression. We recorded potent cross-protective neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. The vaccine protected the mice against viral replication and SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss and lung pathology. The findings support the suitability of the model for preclinical evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies and vaccines. In addition, the findings provide novel insights into mRNA vaccine design against infectious diseases not limiting to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Mi Young So
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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Park S, Kirthika P, Jawalagatti V, Senevirathne A, Lee JH. Salmonella delivered Lawsonia intracellularis novel epitope-fusion vaccines enhance immunogenicity and confers protection against Lawsonia intracellularis in mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109264. [PMID: 34710766 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella-mediated vaccine constructs were designed by employing selected discontinuous immunodominant epitopes of LatA, FliC, and PAL antigens of Lawsonia intracellularis to create vaccines against porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). Whole protein sequences were subjected to in silico prediction of dominant epitopes, the stability of fusions, and hydropathicity and to ensure that the fused epitopes were feasible for expression in a Salmonella system. Two fusion constructs, one comprising LatA epitopes and the other FliC-PAL-FliC epitopes, were built into a prokaryotic constitutive expression system and transformed into the auxotrophic Salmonella host strain JOL1800. Epitope selection eliminated the majority of less immunodominant regions of target proteins and resulted in an efficient secretion platform that induced significant protective responses. Overall, our results demonstrated that the Salmonella-mediated LI- multi-epitope vaccines elicited significant humoral and cellular immune responses. Additionally, the challenge study suggested that the vaccinated mice were protected against experimental Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Based on the outcomes of the study, Salmonella-mediated LI- multi-epitope vaccines have the potential to prevent PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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