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Yanagisawa T, Hayashi K, Tsuchiya A, Kishida R, Ishikawa K. In vivo trial of bioresorbable mesh cages contained bone graft granules in rabbit femoral bone defects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12449. [PMID: 38816454 PMCID: PMC11139951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone graft granules implanted in bone defects come into physical contact with the host bone and form interconnected porous structure. However, there exists an accidental displacement of granules to unintended locations and leakage of granules from bone defects. Although covering the defect with a barrier membrane prevents granule emanation, this procedure is troublesome. To resolve these problems, we fabricated bioresorbable mesh cages (BRMc) in this study. Bone graft granules composed of carbonate apatite alone (Gr) and bioresorbable mesh cages (BRMc/Gr) introduced the bone graft granules and were implanted into the bone defect in the rabbit femur. Micro-computed tomography and histological analysis were conducted at 4 and 12 weeks after implantation. Osteoprogenitors in the bloodstream from the host bone passed through the pores of BRMc, penetrated the porous structure of graft granules, and might interact with individual granules. Then bone remodeling could progress actively and new bone was formed. The new bone formation was similar to the host bone at 12 weeks and there were minimal signs of local tissue inflammation. BRMc/Gr could reduce the risk of unwanted new bone formation occurring due to loss of granules from the bone defects compared with Gr because BRMc enclosed granules and prevent granules leakage from bone defects and BRMc could not induce unfavorable effects to forme new bone. Additionally, BRMc/Gr could keep granules assembled in one place, avoid displacement of granules to unintended locations, and carry easily. These results demonstrated that BRMc/Gr was effective in bone regeneration and improved clinical handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Yanagisawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Tsuchiya
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Kishida
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Maevskaia E, Ghayor C, Bhattacharya I, Guerrero J, Weber FE. TPMS Microarchitectures for Vertical Bone Augmentation and Osteoconduction: An In Vivo Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2533. [PMID: 38893806 PMCID: PMC11173251 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Triply periodic minimal surface microarchitectures (TPMS) were developed by mathematicians and evolved in all kingdoms of living organisms. Renowned for their lightweight yet robust attributes, TPMS structures find application in diverse fields, such as the construction of satellites, aircrafts, and electric vehicles. Moreover, these microarchitectures, despite their intricate geometric patterns, demonstrate potential for application as bone substitutes, despite the inherent gothic style of natural bone microarchitecture. Here, we produced three TPMS microarchitectures, D-diamond, G-gyroid, and P-primitive, by 3D printing from hydroxyapatite. We explored their mechanical characterization and, further, implanted them to study their bone augmentation and osteoconduction potential. In terms of strength, the D-diamond and G-gyroid performed significantly better than the P-primitive. In a calvarial defect model and a calvarial bone augmentation model, where osteoconduction is determined as the extent of bony bridging of the defect and bone augmentation as the maximal vertical bone ingrowth, the G-gyroid performed significantly better than the P-primitive. No significant difference in performance was observed between the G-gyroid and D-diamond. Since, in real life, the treatment of bone deficiencies in patients comprises elements of defect bridging and bone augmentation, ceramic scaffolds with D-diamond and G-gyroid microarchitectures appear as the best choice for a TPMS-based scaffold in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maevskaia
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Indranil Bhattacharya
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guerrero
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E. Weber
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Wong I, Zhang Z, Dang X, Yu X, Lin X, Li Y, Deng F, Xu R. Single missing molar with wide mesiodistal length restored using a single or double implant-supported crown: A self-controlled case report and 3D finite element analysis. J Prosthodont Res 2024:JPR_D_23_00278. [PMID: 38644231 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on a self-controlled case, this study evaluated the finite element analysis (FEA) results of a single missing molar with wide mesiodistal length (MDL) restored by a single or double implant-supported crown. METHODS A case of a missing bilateral mandibular first molar with wide MDL was restored using a single or double implant-supported crown. The implant survival and peri-implant bone were compared. FEA was conducted in coordination with the case using eight models with different MDLs (12, 13, 14, and 15 mm). Von Mises stress was calculated in the FEA to evaluate the biomechanical responses of the implants under increasing vertical and lateral loading, including the stress values of the implant, abutment, screw, crown, and cortical bone. RESULTS The restorations on the left and right sides supported by double implants have been used for 6 and 12 years, respectively, and so far have shown excellent osseointegration radiographically.The von Mises stress calculated in the FEA showed that when the MDL was >14 mm, both the bone and prosthetic components bore more stress in the single implant-supported strategy. The strength was 188.62-201.37 MPa and 201.85-215.9 MPa when the MDL was 14 mm and 15 mm, respectively, which significantly exceeded the allowable yield stress (180 MPa). CONCLUSIONS Compared with the single implant-supported crown, the double implant-supported crown reduced peri-implant bone stress and produced a more appropriate stress transfer model at the implant-bone interface when the MDL of the single missing molar was ≥14 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohong Wong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengchuan Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Dang
- Guangdong Janus Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong CAS Angels Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoran Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Stomatology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruogu Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang T, Li J, Wang Y, Han W, Wei Y, Hu Y, Liang Z, Lian X, Huang D. Hydroxyapatite/Polyurethane Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:60-73. [PMID: 37440330 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) and PU ceramic scaffolds are the principal materials investigated for developing synthetic bone materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. PU has been combined with calcium phosphate (such as hydroxyapatite [HA] and tricalcium phosphate) to prepare scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This article reviews the latest progress in the design, synthesis, modification, and biological attributes of HA/PU scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Diverse HA/PU scaffolds have been proposed and discussed in terms of their osteogenic, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and bioactivities. The application progress of HA/PU scaffolds in bone tissue engineering is predominantly introduced, including bone repair, bone defect filling, drug delivery, and long-term implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Jingxuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Weimo Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yinchun Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Ziwei Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nanobiomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, PR China
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, PR China
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Tan JLT, Shimabukuro M, Kobayashi M, Kishida R, Kawashita M, Ishikawa K. Ant-nest type porous scaffold with micro-struts consisting of carbonate apatite for promoting bone formation and scaffold resorption. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:31-43. [PMID: 37680002 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds having appropriate mechanical strength and providing a proper microenvironment for osteogenesis are expected to be effective alternatives to autografts for bone regeneration. In this study, ant-nest type porous (ANP) scaffolds consisting of CO3 Ap were fabricated using calcium carbonate powder or slurry and two types of polyurethane foam through a dissolution-precipitation reaction. ANP-type, three-dimensional, interconnected porous CO3 Ap scaffolds were fabricated by burning out the struts of polyurethane foams embedded in CaCO3 , followed by compositional transformation from CaCO3 to CO3 Ap. The types of polyurethane foam and impregnation methods of CaCO3 into polyurethane form affected the geometry of the resulting ANP structures. Mechanical and in vivo biological performances of these scaffolds relied on the geometry of the ANP structures. The ANP structures displayed had a clear structural advantage in bone regeneration, owing to the promotion of cell and tissue migration throughout the scaffolds. In particular, ANP-structured scaffolds, which had highest porosity, interconnectivity, and smallest strut thickness, had a mechanical strength comparable to cancellous bone, formed more new bone, were highly resorbed, resulting in cancellous bone-like bone tissue regeneration at 12 weeks of healing. The results suggest that bone regeneration after the migration of cell and tissue into the entire scaffolds is affected by strut thickness preferentially over porosity and interconnectivity. ANP-structured CO3 Ap scaffolds are attractive for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaya Shimabukuro
- Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kishida
- Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kawashita
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Meneses J, Fernandes SR, Silva JC, Ferreira FC, Alves N, Pascoal-Faria P. JANUS: an open-source 3D printable perfusion bioreactor and numerical model-based design strategy for tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1308096. [PMID: 38162184 PMCID: PMC10757336 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1308096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors have been employed in tissue engineering to sustain longer and larger cell cultures, managing nutrient transfer and waste removal. Multiple designs have been developed, integrating sensor and stimulation technologies to improve cellular responses, such as proliferation and differentiation. The variability in bioreactor design, stimulation protocols, and cell culture conditions hampered comparison and replicability, possibly hiding biological evidence. This work proposes an open-source 3D printable design for a perfusion bioreactor and a numerical model-driven protocol development strategy for improved cell culture control. This bioreactor can simultaneously deliver capacitive-coupled electric field and fluid-induced shear stress stimulation, both stimulation systems were validated experimentally and in agreement with numerical predictions. A preliminary in vitro validation confirmed the suitability of the developed bioreactor to sustain viable cell cultures. The outputs from this strategy, physical and virtual, are openly available and can be used to improve comparison, replicability, and control in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Meneses
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia R. Fernandes
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João C. Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Pascoal-Faria
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
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Hayashi K, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Effects of Space Dimensionality within Scaffold for Bone Regeneration with Large and Oriented Blood Vessels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7518. [PMID: 38138660 PMCID: PMC10744811 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The internal structure of the scaffolds is a key factor for bone regeneration. In this study, we focused on the space dimensionality within the scaffold that may control cell migration and evaluated the effects on the size and orientation of blood vessels and the amount of bone formation in the scaffold. The carbonate apatite scaffolds with intrascaffold space allowing one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), or three-dimensional (3D) cell migration were fabricated by 3D printing. These scaffolds had the same space size, i.e., distances between the struts (~300 µm). The scaffolds were implanted into the medial condyle of rabbit femurs for four weeks. Both the size and orientation degree of the blood vessels formed in the scaffolds allowing 1D cell migration were 2.5- to 4.0-fold greater than those of the blood vessels formed in the scaffolds allowing 2D and 3D cell migration. Furthermore, the amount of bone formed in the scaffolds allowing 1D cell migration was 1.4-fold larger than that formed in the scaffolds allowing 2D and 3D cell migration. These are probably because the 1D space limited the direction of cell migration and prevented the branching of blood vessels, whereas 2D and 3D spaces provided the opportunity for random cell migration and blood vessel branching. Thus, scaffolds with 1D space are advantageous for inducing large and oriented blood vessels, resulting in a larger amount of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (R.K.); (A.T.); (K.I.)
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Tan S, Qiu Y, Xiong H, Wang C, Chen Y, Wu W, Yang Z, Zhao F. Mussel-inspired cortical bone-adherent bioactive composite hydrogels promote bone augmentation through sequential regulation of endochondral ossification. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100843. [PMID: 37942424 PMCID: PMC10628777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification (ECO) plays an integral part in bone augmentation, which undergoes sequential processes including mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) condensation, chondrocyte differentiation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and mineralized bone formation. Thus, accelerating these steps will speed up the osteogenesis process through ECO. Herein, inspired by the marine mussels' adhesive mechanism, a bioactive glass-dopamine (BG-Dopa) hydrogel was prepared by distributing the micro-nano BG to aldehyde modified hyaluronic acid with dopamine-modified gelatin. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we confirm that after implanting in the bone augmentation position, the hydrogel can adhere to the cortical bone surface firmly without sliding. Moreover, the condensation and hypertrophy of stem cells were accelerated at the early stage of ECO. Whereafter, the osteogenic differentiation of the hypertrophic chondrocytes was promoted, which lead to accelerating the late stage of ECO process to achieve more bone augmentation. This experiment provides a new idea for the design of bone augmentation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Tan
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yonghao Qiu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Huacui Xiong
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Wangxi Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300131, China
| | - Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
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Yang Y, Qiu B, Zhou Z, Hu C, Li J, Zhou C. Three-Dimensional Printing of Polycaprolactone/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds with a Pore Size of 300/500 µm is Histocompatible and Promotes Osteogenesis Using Rabbit Cortical Bone Marrow Stem Cells. Ann Transplant 2023; 28:e940365. [PMID: 37904328 PMCID: PMC10625337 DOI: 10.12659/aot.940365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients have bone defects that exceed the healing size. This study aimed to construct polycaprolactone/nano-hydroxyapatite (PCL/nHA) composite scaffolds with different pore sizes and investigate the osteogenesis and histocompatibility of cortical bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs-C) seeded on it after inoculation. MATERIAL AND METHODS After mixing PCL and nHA proportionally, three-dimensional (3D) printing was used to print scaffolds. Porosity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of PCL/nHA scaffolds were tested. The proliferation of BMSCs-C cells was examined and osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis were evaluated. BMSCs-C cells were inoculated into 3D printing scaffolds, and histocompatibility between BMSCs-C cells and scaffolds was observed by the cell count kit (CCK-8) assay and LIVE/DEAD staining. After inoculating BMSCs-C cells into scaffolds, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium content were measured. RESULTS There was no obvious difference in characteristics between the 3 PCL/nHA composite scaffolds. The porosity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the 300/500-μm scaffold were between those of the 300-μm and 500-μm scaffolds. With increasing pore size, the mechanical properties of the scaffold decrease. BMSCs-C cells demonstrated faster growth and better osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation; therefore, BMSCs-C cells were selected as seed cells. PCL/nHA composite scaffolds with different pore sizes had no obvious toxicity and demonstrated good biocompatibility. All scaffolds showed higher ALP activity and calcium content. CONCLUSIONS The 300/500 μm mixed pore size scaffold took into account the mechanical properties of the 300 μm scaffold and the cell culture area of the 500 μm scaffold, therefore, 300/500 μm scaffold is a better model for the construction of tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Hayashi K, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Superiority of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Gyroid Structure to Strut-Based Grid Structure in Both Strength and Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37433180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The aging population has rapidly driven the demand for bone regeneration. The pore structure of a scaffold is a critical factor that affects its mechanical strength and bone regeneration. Triply periodic minimal surface gyroid structures similar to the trabecular bone structure are considered superior to strut-based lattice structures (e.g., grids) in terms of bone regeneration. However, at this stage, this is only a hypothesis and is not supported by evidence. In this study, we experimentally validated this hypothesis by comparing gyroid and grid scaffolds composed of carbonate apatite. The gyroid scaffolds possessed compressive strength approximately 1.6-fold higher than that of the grid scaffolds because the gyroid structure prevented stress concentration, whereas the grid structure could not. The porosity of gyroid scaffolds was higher than that of the grid scaffolds; however, porosity and compressive strength generally have a trade-off relationship. Moreover, the gyroid scaffolds formed more than twice the amount of bone as grid scaffolds in a critical-sized bone defect in rabbit femur condyles. This favorable bone regeneration using gyroid scaffolds was attributed to the high permeability (i.e., larger volume of macropores or porosity) and curvature profile of the gyroid structure. Thus, this study validated the conventional hypothesis using in vivo experiments and revealed factors that led to this hypothetical outcome. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of scaffolds that can achieve early bone regeneration without sacrificing the mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Kishida
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Tsuchiya
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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11
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Hayashi K, Yanagisawa T, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Gear-shaped carbonate apatite granules with a hexagonal macropore for rapid bone regeneration. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2514-2523. [PMID: 37077175 PMCID: PMC10106487 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bone grafts are in high demand owing to increased age-related bone disorders in the global aging population. Here, we report fabrication of gear-shaped granules (G-GRNs) for rapid bone healing. G-GRNs possessed six protrusions and a hexagonal macropore in the granular center. These were composed of carbonate apatite, i.e., bone mineral, microspheres with ∼1-μm micropores in the spaces between the microspheres. G-GRNs formed new bone and blood vessels (both on the granular surface and within the macropores) 4 weeks after implantation in the rabbit femur defects. The formed bone structure was similar to that of cancellous bone. The bone percentage in the defect recovered to that in a normal rabbit femur at week-4 post-implantation, and the bone percentage remained constant for the following 8 weeks. Throughout the entire period, the bone percentage in the G-GRN-implanted group was ∼10% higher than that of the group implanted with conventional carbonate apatite granules. Furthermore, a portion of the G-GRNs resorbed at week-4, and resorption continued for the following 8 weeks. Thus, G-GRNs are involved in bone remodeling and are gradually replaced with new bone while maintaining a suitable bone level. These findings provide a basis for the design and fabrication of synthetic bone grafts for achieving rapid bone regeneration.
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Yang W, Wang C, Luo W, Apicella A, Ji P, Wang G, Liu B, Fan Y. Effectiveness of biomechanically stable pergola-like additively manufactured scaffold for extraskeletal vertical bone augmentation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1112335. [PMID: 37057137 PMCID: PMC10089125 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Extraskeletal vertical bone augmentation in oral implant surgery requires extraosseous regeneration beyond the anatomical contour of the alveolar bone. It is necessary to find a better technical/clinical solution to solve the dilemma of vertical bone augmentation. 3D-printed scaffolds are all oriented to general bone defect repair, but special bone augmentation design still needs improvement.Methods: This study aimed to develop a structural pergola-like scaffold to be loaded with stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs), bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to verify its bone augmentation ability even under insufficient blood flow supply. Scaffold biomechanical and fluid flow optimization design by finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was performed on pergola-like additive-manufactured scaffolds with various porosity and pore size distributions. The scaffold geometrical configuration showing better biomechanical and fluid dynamics properties was chosen to co-culture for 2 months in subcutaneously into nude mice, with different SCAPs, BMP9, and (or) VEGF combinations. Finally, the samples were removed for Micro-CT and histological analysis.Results: Micro-CT and histological analysis of the explanted scaffolds showed new bone formation in the “Scaffold + SCAPs + BMP9” and the “Scaffold + SCAPs + BMP9 + VEGF” groups where the VEGF addition did not significantly improve osteogenesis. No new bone formation was observed either for the “Blank Scaffold” and the “Scaffold + SCAPs + GFP” group. The results of this study indicate that BMP9 can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs.Conclusion: The pergola-like scaffold can be used as an effective carrier and support device for new bone regeneration and mineralization in bone tissue engineering, and can play a crucial role in obtaining considerable vertical bone augmentation even under poor blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Wang,
| | - Wenping Luo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Antonio Apicella
- Advanced Materials Lab, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania, Aversa, Italy
| | - Ping Ji
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gong Wang
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingshan Liu
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Hayashi K, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Channel Aperture Characteristics of Carbonate Apatite Honeycomb Scaffolds Affect Ingrowths of Bone and Fibrous Tissues in Vertical Bone Augmentation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:627. [PMID: 36354538 PMCID: PMC9687283 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic scaffolds with the ability to prevent fibrous tissue penetration and promote bone augmentation may realize guided bone regeneration without the use of a barrier membrane for dental implantation. Here, we fabricated two types of honeycomb scaffolds of carbonate apatite, a bone mineral analog, whose channel apertures were square (HC-S) and rectangular (HC-R). The side lengths of the HC-Ss and HC-Rs were 265.8 ± 8.9; 817.7 ± 2.4 and 267.1 ± 5.2 μm, respectively. We placed cylindrical HC-Ss and HC-Rs on the rabbit calvaria. At 4 weeks post-implantation, the HC-Ss prevented fibrous tissue penetration from the top face via the channels, which allowed the new bone to reach the top of the scaffold from the bottom face or the calvarium. In contrast, in the HC-Rs, fibrous tissues filled the channels in the top region. At 12 weeks post-implantation, the HC-Ss were partially replaced with new bone. In the top region of the HC-Rs, although new bone had formed, fibrous tissue remained. According to the findings here and in our previous study, the longer side length rather than the shorter side length of a rectangular scaffold channel aperture is the dominant factor that affects fibrous tissue penetration and new bone augmentation. Furthermore, even though channel aperture areas are similar, bone and fibrous tissue ingrowths are different when the aperture shapes are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Hayashi K, Yanagisawa T, Kishida R, Ishikawa K. Effects of Scaffold Shape on Bone Regeneration: Tiny Shape Differences Affect the Entire System. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11755-11768. [PMID: 35833725 PMCID: PMC9413413 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although studies on scaffolds for tissue generation have mainly focused on the chemical composition and pore structure, the effects of scaffold shape have been overlooked. Scaffold shape determines the scaffold surface area (SA) at the single-scaffold level (i.e., microscopic effects), although it also affects the amount of interscaffold space in the tissue defect at the whole-system level (i.e., macroscopic effects). To clarify these microscopic and macroscopic effects, this study reports the osteogenesis abilities of three types of carbonate apatite granular scaffolds with different shapes, namely, irregularly shaped dense granules (DGs) and two types of honeycomb granules (HCGs) with seven hexagonal channels (∼255 μm in length between opposite sides). The HCGs possessed either 12 protuberances (∼75 μm in length) or no protuberances. Protuberances increased the SA of each granule by 3.24 mm2 while also widening interscaffold spaces and increasing the space percentage in the defect by ∼7.6%. Interscaffold spaces were lower in DGs than HCGs. On DGs, new bone formed only on the surface, whereas on HCGs, bone simultaneously formed on the surface and in intrascaffold channels. Interestingly, HCGs without protuberances formed approximately 30% more new bone than those with protuberances. Thus, even tiny protuberances on the scaffold surface can affect the percentage of interscaffold space, thereby exerting dominant effects on osteogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that bone regeneration can be improved by considering macroscopic shape effects beyond the microscopic effects of the scaffold.
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Surface functionalization with copper endows carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffold with antibacterial, proangiogenic, and pro-osteogenic activities. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 135:212751. [PMID: 35929223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a potentially devastating inflammatory bone disease that leads to bone destruction and loss. Treatment of osteomyelitis requires the removal of residual bacteria as well as osteogenesis with angiogenesis at the site of treatment. Use of an appropriate amount of copper (Cu) in treatment scaffolds may achieve these goals without the risk of toxicity. In this study, the surface of the carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffold was functionalized with Cu through a dissolution-precipitation reaction. The resulting scaffolds retained the honeycomb structure after immersion in CuCl2 solution, and Cu was precipitated on the surface as libethenite [Cu2(OH)PO4]. The surface Cu concentration was controlled by the concentration of the CuCl2 solution. Scaffolds with a surface Cu concentration of 23.8 wt% exhibited antibacterial and cytotoxic effects, whereas those with concentrations of ≤4.6 wt% exerted antibacterial effects without negatively affecting the cellular adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and calcification of osteoblast-like cells. Furthermore, scaffolds with a surface Cu concentration of 4.6 wt% Cu inhibited bacterial growth for at least 28 days and displayed proangiogenic and pro-osteogenic activities in vivo. These data confirm the success in functionalizing scaffolds with Cu that may be utilized as an innovative osteomyelitis therapy.
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Shibahara K, Hayashi K, Nakashima Y, Ishikawa K. Effects of Channels and Micropores in Honeycomb Scaffolds on the Reconstruction of Segmental Bone Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:825831. [PMID: 35372306 PMCID: PMC8971796 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.825831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of critical-sized segmental bone defects is a key challenge in orthopedics because of its intractability despite technological advancements. To overcome this challenge, scaffolds that promote rapid bone ingrowth and subsequent bone replacement are necessary. In this study, we fabricated three types of carbonate apatite honeycomb (HC) scaffolds with uniaxial channels bridging the stumps of a host bone. These HC scaffolds possessed different channel and micropore volumes. The HC scaffolds were implanted into the defects of rabbit ulnar shafts to evaluate the effects of channels and micropores on bone reconstruction. Four weeks postoperatively, the HC scaffolds with a larger channel volume promoted bone ingrowth compared to that with a larger micropore volume. In contrast, 12 weeks postoperatively, the HC scaffolds with a larger volume of the micropores rather than the channels promoted the scaffold resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation. Thus, the channels affected bone ingrowth in the early stage, and micropores affected scaffold resorption and bone formation in the middle stage. Furthermore, 12 weeks postoperatively, the HC scaffolds with large volumes of both channels and micropores formed a significantly larger amount of new bone than that attained using HC scaffolds with either large volume of channels or micropores, thereby bridging the host bone stumps. The findings of this study provide guidance for designing the pore structure of scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Shibahara
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koichiro Hayashi,
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hayashi K, Yanagisawa T, Shimabukuro M, Kishida R, Ishikawa K. Granular honeycomb scaffolds composed of carbonate apatite for simultaneous intra- and inter-granular osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100247. [PMID: 35378911 PMCID: PMC8976130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Granular porous calcium phosphate scaffolds are used for bone regeneration in dentistry. However, in conventional granules, the macropore interconnectivity is poor and has varying size. Herein, we developed a productive method for fabricating carbonate apatite honeycomb granules with uniformly sized macropores based on extrusion molding. Each honeycomb granule possesses three hexagonal macropores of ∼290 μm along its diagonal. Owing to these macropores, honeycomb granules simultaneously formed new and mature bone and blood vessels in both the interior and exterior of the granules at 4 weeks after implantation. The honeycomb granules are useful for achieving rapid osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
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