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Palena N, Caso L, Vrij A, Nahari G. The Verifiability Approach: A Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Verschuere B, Bogaard G, Meijer E. Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta‐analysis. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewout Meijer
- Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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Lie-detection by strategy manipulation: Developing an asymmetric information management (AIM) technique. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Verifiability and Symptom Endorsement in Genuine, Exaggerated, and Malingered Pain. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-020-09375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe current study has investigated whether pure malingering, in which reported symptoms are nonexistent, partial malingering, in which existent symptoms are exaggerated, and genuine symptoms could be differentiated by applying the verifiability approach (VA) and the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI). The logic behind the VA is that deceivers’ statements contain more non-verifiable information, whereas truth tellers’ accounts include more verifiable details. The SRSI taps into over-reporting by including a mix of genuine symptoms and implausible complaints (pseudosymptoms). We checked if participants (N = 167) allocated to one of three conditions (pure malingerers vs. exaggerators vs. truth tellers) can be differentiated in their pain symptom reports’ (non)verifiability and symptom endorsement. Findings revealed that deceptive reports were lengthier than truthful statements. However, this difference was not produced by a discrepancy in non-verifiable details, but rather by a higher production of verifiable information among malingerers and exaggerators. Thus, contrary to previous findings, our results indicate that pain reports rich in verifiable information should raise doubt about their veracity. Further, truth tellers endorsed less symptoms of the SRSI than exaggerators, but not than pure malingerers. Pure malingerers and exaggerators did not differ in symptom endorsement. Thus, our findings revealed that when compared with truth tellers, exaggerators exhibited stronger over-reporting tendencies than (pure) malingerers. However, due to inconsistent findings, further investigation of the efficacy of these methods in differentiation between exaggerated and malingered reports is required.
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Applying the verifiability approach to deception detection in alibi witness situations. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 204:103020. [PMID: 32014621 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of alibi witness scenarios to deception detection has been overlooked. Experiment 1 was a study of the verifiability approach in which truth-telling pairs completed a mission together, whereas in lying pairs one individual completed this mission alone and the other individual committed a mock theft. All pairs were instructed to convince the interviewer that they completed the mission together by writing individual statements on their own followed by a collective statement together as a pair. In the individual statements, truth-telling pairs provided more checkable details that demonstrated they completed the mission together than lying pairs, whereas lying pairs provided more uncheckable details than truth-telling pairs. The collective statements made truth-telling pairs provide significantly more checkable details that demonstrated they were together in comparison to the individual statements, whereas no effect was obtained for lying pairs. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves revealed high accuracy rates for discriminating between truths and lies using the verifiability approach across all statement types. Experiment 2 was a lie detection study whereby observers' abilities to discriminate between truths and lies using the verifiability approach were examined. This revealed that applying the verifiability approach to collective statements improved observers' ability to accurately detect deceit. We suggest that the verifiability approach could be used as a lie detection technique and that law enforcement policies should consider implementing collective interviewing.
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Bogaard G, van der Mark J, Meijer EH. Detecting false intentions using unanticipated questions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226257. [PMID: 31825997 PMCID: PMC6905579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether measurable verbal differences occur when people vocalize their true and false intentions. To test potential differences, we used an experimental set-up where liars planned a criminal act (i.e., installing a virus on a network computer) and truth-tellers a non-criminal act (i.e., installing a new presentation program "SlideDog" on a network computer). Before they could carry out these acts, a confederate intercepted the participant and interviewed them about their intentions and the planning phase by using both anticipated and unanticipated questions. Liars used a cover story to mask their criminal intentions while truth-tellers told the entire truth. In contrast to our hypotheses, both human and automated coding did not show any evidence that liars and truth-tellers differed in plausibility or detailedness. Furthermore, results showed that asking unanticipated questions resulted in lengthier answers than anticipated questions. These results are in line with the mixed findings in the intention literature and suggest that plausibility and detailedness are less diagnostic cues for deception about intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Joyce van der Mark
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bogaard G, Meijer EH, Van der Plas I. A model statement does not enhance the verifiability approach. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological ScienceMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Irina Van der Plas
- University College MaastrichtMaastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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Harvey AC, Vrij A, Sarikas G, Leal S, Jupe L, Nahari G. Extending the verifiability approach framework: The effect of initial questioning. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - George Sarikas
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Louise Jupe
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat Gan Israel
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Boskovic I, Gallardo CT, Vrij A, Hope L, Merckelbach H. Verifiability on the run: an experimental study on the verifiability approach to malingered symptoms. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 26:65-76. [PMID: 31984064 PMCID: PMC6762097 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1483272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on the verifiability approach found that truth-tellers report more verifiable details than liars. Therefore, we wanted to test whether such a difference would emerge in the context of malingered symptoms. We obtained statements from undergraduates (N = 53) who had been allocated to three different conditions: truth-tellers, coached malingerers and naïve malingerers. Truth-tellers carried out an intensive physical exercise and after a short interval wrote a report about their experience and elicited symptoms. The two malingering groups had to fabricate a story about the physical activity and its symptoms. Truth-tellers did not generate more verifiable details than malingerers. However, malingerers reported more non-verifiable details than truth-tellers. Coached and naïve malingerers did not differ in this respect. Relative to truth-tellers, naïve malingerers reported more symptoms-related non-verifiable details, while coached malingerers reported more exercise-related non-verifiable details. Focusing on non-verifiable details may inform the detection of malingered symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Boskovic
- Forensic Psychology Section, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Portsmouth University, Portsmouth,UK
| | | | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, Portsmouth University, Portsmouth,UK
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology, Portsmouth University, Portsmouth,UK
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Forensic Psychology Section, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nieuwkamp R, Horselenberg R, van Koppen P. True and false alibis among prisoners and their detection by police detectives. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2018; 25:902-921. [PMID: 31984057 PMCID: PMC6818330 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1482570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether differences exist between true and false alibis and how accurate police detectives and lay people are in determining the veracity of alibis. This article provides a replication of the research by Culhane et al. (2013) with more representative participants. In the first experiment, real suspects in a remand prison generated true or false alibis. In the second experiment, a subset of those alibis were written out and were provided to experienced police officers and students for alibi evaluation and discrimination. Our results show that differentiating between true and false alibis is difficult, and even when more representative materials and participants are included, the accuracy did not exceed 60%. Interestingly we found that students and police officers focus on other aspects during the alibi discrimination. Thus, research using student participant cannot be, directly, used in alibi discrimination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nieuwkamp
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Horselenberg
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Koppen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Deeb H, Granhag PA, Vrij A, Strömwall LA, Hope L, Mann S. Visuospatial counter-interrogation strategies by liars familiar with the alibi setting. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Deeb
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Leif A. Strömwall
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
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Harvey AC, Vrij A, Leal S, Lafferty M, Nahari G. Insurance based lie detection: Enhancing the verifiability approach with a model statement component. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 174:1-8. [PMID: 28088655 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Verifiability Approach (VA) is verbal lie detection tool that has shown promise when applied to insurance claims settings. This study examined the effectiveness of incorporating a Model Statement comprised of checkable information to the VA protocol for enhancing the verbal differences between liars and truth tellers. METHOD The study experimentally manipulated supplementing (or withholding) the VA with a Model Statement. It was hypothesised that such a manipulation would (i) encourage truth tellers to provide more verifiable details than liars and (ii) encourage liars to report more unverifiable details than truth tellers (compared to the no model statement control). As a result, it was hypothesized that (iii) the model statement would improve classificatory accuracy of the VA. Participants reported 40 genuine and 40 fabricated insurance claim statements, in which half the liars and truth tellers where provided with a model statement as part of the VA procedure, and half where provide no model statement. RESULTS All three hypotheses were supported. In terms of accuracy, the model statement increased classificatory rates by the VA considerably from 65.0% to 90.0%. CONCLUSION Providing interviewee's with a model statement prime consisting of checkable detail appears to be a useful refinement to the VA procedure.
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Sakrisvold ML, Granhag PA, Mac Giolla E. Partners under Pressure: Examining the Consistency of True and False Alibi Statements. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2017; 35:75-90. [PMID: 28247431 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How to discriminate between honest and deceptive alibi statements holds great legal importance. We examined this issue from the perspective of group deception. Our goals were to (a) compare the consistency between the statements of guilty and innocent suspects and those of their respective alibi witnesses, and (b) to examine the moderating role of object-salience on the level of consistency between their statements. Pairs of truth-tellers provided honest testimonies. Pairs of liars were divided into perpetrators and alibi witnesses. Statements of lying pairs were considerably more consistent than the statements of truth-telling pairs. In addition, both truth-tellers and liars showed lower levels of within-group consistency when recalling less salient details about an event. However, truth-tellers' consistency levels were considerably more affected by salience than were liars' consistency levels. These findings contribute to deception theory and have important implications for the real-life task of distinguishing between true and false alibi statements. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Lefsaker Sakrisvold
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pär Anders Granhag
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Mac Giolla
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Vernham Z, Granhag PA, Giolla EM. Detecting Deception within Small Groups: A Literature Review. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1012. [PMID: 27445957 PMCID: PMC4927566 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigators often have multiple suspects to interview in order to determine whether they are guilty or innocent of a crime. Nevertheless, co-offending has been significantly neglected within the deception detection literature. The current review is the first of its kind to discuss co-offending and the importance of examining the detection of deception within groups. Groups of suspects can be interviewed separately (individual interviewing) or simultaneously (collective interviewing) and these differing interviewing styles are assessed throughout the review. The review emphasizes the differences between lone individuals and groups. It focuses on the theoretical implications of group deceit and the reasons why groups need to be understood in terms of investigative interviewing and deception detection if all types of crime-related incidents are to be recognized and dealt with appropriately. Group strategies, consistency within- and between-statements, joint memory, and group dynamics are referred to throughout the review and the importance of developing interview protocols specifically for groups is discussed. The review concludes by identifying the gaps in the literature and suggesting ideas for future research, highlighting that more research is required if we are to obtain a true understanding of the deception occurring within groups and how best to detect it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pär-Anders Granhag
- Psychology, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden; Norwegian Police University CollegeOslo, Norway; Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Erik M Giolla
- Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
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