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Martínez R, Kapravelou G, López-Chaves C, Cáceres E, Coll-Risco I, Sánchez-González C, Llopis J, Arrebola F, Galisteo M, Aranda P, López-Jurado M, Porres JM. Aerobic interval exercise improves renal functionality and affects mineral metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F90-F100. [PMID: 30303711 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00356.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and renal injury are considered risk factors for type 2 diabetes, as well as kidney disease. Functional and structural changes in the kidney as consequence of obesity and metabolic syndrome may lead to impaired mineral metabolism in what is known as chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Lifestyle interventions such as physical activity are good strategies to manage these pathologies and therefore, prevent the loss of kidney functionality and related complications in mineral metabolism. In this study, we have used 40 male Zucker rats that were randomly allocated into four different experimental groups, two of them (an obese and a lean one) performed an aerobic interval training protocol, and the other two groups were sedentary. At the end of the experimental period (8 wk), urine, plasma, and femur were collected for biochemical and mineral composition analysis, whereas the kidney was processed for histological studies. The obese rats exhibited albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and hypertrophy in glomeruli and renal tubule in some areas, together with alterations in mineral content of plasma but not of femur. The training protocol prevented the generation of albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, showing a significant action on plasma and bone mineral levels. Therefore, the specific training protocol used in this study was able to prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy and affected the metabolism of certain minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Garyfallia Kapravelou
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Carlos López-Chaves
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Elena Cáceres
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Irene Coll-Risco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-González
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- Department of Histology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Milagros Galisteo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Granada , Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - María López-Jurado
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Jesus M Porres
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health, Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
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Kapravelou G, Martínez R, Andrade AM, Nebot E, Camiletti-Moirón D, Aparicio VA, Lopez-Jurado M, Aranda P, Arrebola F, Fernandez-Segura E, Bermano G, Goua M, Galisteo M, Porres JM. Aerobic interval exercise improves parameters of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other alterations of metabolic syndrome in obese Zucker rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1242-52. [PMID: 26509584 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of metabolic alterations that increase the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been described as the liver manifestation of MS. We aimed to test the beneficial effects of an aerobic interval training (AIT) protocol on different biochemical, microscopic, and functional liver alterations related to the MS in the experimental model of obese Zucker rat. Two groups of lean and obese animals (6 weeks old) followed a protocol of AIT (4 min at 65%-80% of maximal oxygen uptake, followed by 3 min at 50%-65% of maximal oxygen uptake for 45-60 min, 5 days/week, 8 weeks of experimental period), whereas 2 control groups remained sedentary. Obese rats had higher food intake and body weight (P < 0.0001) and suffered significant alterations in plasma lipid profile, area under the curve after oral glucose overload (P < 0.0001), liver histology and functionality, and antioxidant status. The AIT protocol reduced the severity of alterations related to glucose and lipid metabolism and increased the liver protein expression of PPARγ, as well as the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (P < 0.001). The training protocol also showed significant effects on the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, although this action was greatly influenced by rat phenotype. The present data suggest that AIT protocol is a feasible strategy to improve some of the plasma and liver alterations featured by the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfallia Kapravelou
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Rosario Martínez
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Ana M Andrade
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Elena Nebot
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Daniel Camiletti-Moirón
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Virginia A Aparicio
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Jurado
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- b Department of Histology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Segura
- b Department of Histology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Giovanna Bermano
- c Institute for Health and Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Marie Goua
- c Institute for Health and Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Milagros Galisteo
- d Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Jesus M Porres
- a Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
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Hayward R, Lien CY. Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac structure and function during exercise training in the developing Sprague-Dawley rat. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2011; 50:454-461. [PMID: 21838971 PMCID: PMC3148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Echocardiography is a widely used evaluation tool in cardiovascular research. Although rats are a common model in such research, normal echocardiographic values for young, developing rats have not been established. Furthermore, whether exercise during the developmental phase of the lifespan affects the structure or function of the heart is unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rat pups (21 d) were assigned randomly to a nonexercise or voluntary exercise group for 12 wk. Echocardiograms were obtained before and at weekly intervals during the 12-wk observation period. Maturation resulted in changes in many echocardiographically derived variables, whereas voluntary exercise failed to alter the development of cardiac structure or function. This study provides normal echocardiographic variables for developing male rats and provides evidence that exercise during the developmental phase of the lifespan has little effect on cardiac morphology and function as assessed by echocardiography.
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Key Words
- d, diastole
- et, ejection time
- fs, fractional shortening
- ivct, isovolumic contraction time
- ivrt, isovolumic relaxation time
- lvd, left ventricular dimension
- mpi, myocardial performance index
- nex, nonexercised
- pw, posterior wall thickness
- rwt, relative wall thickness
- s, systole
- sw, septal wall thickness
- tvi, time velocity integral
- vcf, velocity of circumferential shortening
- vex, voluntary exercise
- vmax, maximal flow velocity
- vmean, mean flow velocity
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Hayward
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA.
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Serra AJ, Santos MHH, Bocalini DS, Antônio EL, Levy RF, Santos AA, Higuchi ML, Silva JA, Magalhães FC, Baraúna VG, Krieger JE, Tucci PJF. Exercise training inhibits inflammatory cytokines and more than prevents myocardial dysfunction in rats with sustained beta-adrenergic hyperactivity. J Physiol 2010; 588:2431-42. [PMID: 20442263 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.187310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction occur in response to excessive catecholaminergic drive. Adverse cardiac remodelling is associated with activation of proinflammatory cytokines in the myocardium. To test the hypothesis that exercise training can prevent myocardial dysfunction and production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by beta-adrenergic hyperactivity, male Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following four groups: sedentary non-treated (Con); sedentary isoprenaline treated (Iso); exercised non-treated (Ex); and exercised plus isoprenaline (Iso+Ex). Echocardiography, haemodynamic measurements and isolated papillary muscle were used for functional evaluations. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot were used to quantify tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in the tissue. NF-B expression in the nucleus was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The Iso rats showed a concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV). These animals exhibited marked increases in LV end-diastolic pressure and impaired myocardial performance in vitro, with a reduction in the developed tension and maximal rate of tension increase and decrease, as well as worsened recruitment of the Frank-Starling mechanism. Both gene and protein levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6, as well as TGF-beta(1) mRNA, were increased. In addition, the NF-B expression in the Iso group was significantly raised. In the Iso+Ex group, the exercise training had the following effects: (1) it prevented LV hypertrophy; (ii) it improved myocardial contractility; (3) it avoided the increase of proinflammatory cytokines and improved interleukin-10 levels; and (4) it attenuated the increase of TGF-beta(1) mRNA. Thus, exercise training in a model of beta-adrenergic hyperactivity can avoid the adverse remodelling of the LV and inhibit inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the cardioprotection is related to beneficial effects on myocardial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey J Serra
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Mello PB, Benetti F, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. Physical exercise can reverse the deficit in fear memory induced by maternal deprivation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 92:364-9. [PMID: 19398029 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation during the first 10 days of life induces significant behavioral alterations in rodents which persist through adulthood. Physical exercise reduces the cognitive deficits associated with pharmacologic and pathological conditions. Here we investigated whether forced physical exercise alters memory deficits caused by postnatal maternal deprivation. Male rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) deprived, (3) exercised, and (4) deprived+exercised. In groups 2 and 4, pups were deprived from their mothers for 3h/day during the first 10 days post-birth. In groups 3 and 4, from postnatal day 45 (PND-45) on, animals were submitted to forced treadmill exercise. At adulthood, animals were submitted to four different behavioral tasks: open field, Morris water maze (MWM), object recognition (OR) and inhibitory avoidance (IA). Maternal deprivation had no effect on open field behavior, but disrupted memory in the three other tasks. Physical exercise alone had no effect, except for a slight enhancement of MWM learning. Importantly, physical exercise reversed the deficit of IA and reduced the deficit of spatial memory but not that of OR seen in deprived animals. It is possible that physical exercise may counteract the influence of maternal deprivation on neurohumoral or hormonal memory modulatory systems related to stress. Indeed, the decreasing order of the effect of exercise on the memory disturbances induced by deprivation roughly follows the descending degree of stress associated with each task (IA>MWM>OR). Maternal deprivation is known to hinder hormonal mechanisms involved in coping with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Billig Mello
- Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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