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Jeong JH, Park K, Kim H, Park I, Choi J, Lee SS. Multiplexed electrospraying of water in cone-jet mode using a UV-embossed pyramidal micronozzle film. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:110. [PMID: 36187890 PMCID: PMC9522652 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrospraying of water in the cone-jet mode is difficult in practical applications owing to its low throughput and the electrical discharge caused by the high surface tension of water. A film with multiple dielectric micronozzles is essential for multiplexed electrospraying of water in cone-jet mode without electrical discharge. Thus, a pyramidal micronozzle film with five nozzles was fabricated using the UV-embossing process. The pyramidal micronozzle film consisted of pyramidal micronozzles, a micropillar array, and an in-plane extractor, which were proposed to minimize wetting and concentrate the electric field to the water meniscus at the tip of the pyramidal micronozzle. The electrospraying of water using a single pyramidal micronozzle was visualized by a high-speed camera at a flow rate of 0.15-0.50 ml/h with voltages of 0.0-2.3 kV, -1.6 kV, and -4.0 kV at the water, guide ring, and collector, respectively. Three distinct modes, the dripping, spindle, and cone-jet modes, were observed and distinguished according to the motion of the water meniscus at the nozzle tip. The steady Taylor cone and jet were observed in a voltage range of 1.3-2.0 kV in water, particularly in cone-jet mode. Multiplexed electrospraying of water in cone-jet mode at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/h was performed using a pyramidal micronozzle film, demonstrating the potential for a high-throughput electrospraying system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-hun Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseok Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Inyong Park
- Department of Environmental Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju, 58245 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung S. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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2
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Feng L, Yin X, Tan S, Li C, Gong X, Fang X, Pan Y. Ammonium Bicarbonate Significantly Accelerates the Microdroplet Reactions of Amines with Carbon Dioxide. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15775-15784. [PMID: 34784192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions between amines and carbon dioxide (CO2) are among the most commonly used and important carbon fixation reactions at present. Microdroplets generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) have been proved to increase the conversion ratio (RC) of amines. In this work, we confirmed that the presence of ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) in ESI microdroplets significantly increased the RC of amines. The RC went up remarkably with the increase in the concentration of NH4HCO3 from 0.5 to 20 mM. The RC of N,N-dibutyl-1,3-propanediamine (DBPA) reached 93.7% under 20 mM NH4HCO3, which was significantly higher than previous reports. The rise in RC became insignificant when the concentration of NH4HCO3 was increased beyond 20 mM. Further investigations were made on the mechanism of the phenomenon. According to the results, it was suggested that NH4HCO3 decomposed into CO2 and formed microbubbles within the microdroplets of ESI. The microbubbles acted as direct internal CO2 sources. The conversion reactions occurred at the liquid-gas interface. The formation of CO2 microbubbles remarkably increased the total area of the interface, thus promoting the conversion reactions. 13C-labeled experiments confirmed that NH4HCO3 acted as an internal CO2 source. Factors that influenced the RC of the reaction were optimized. Pure water was proved to be the optimal solvent. Lower temperature of the mass spectrometer's entrance capillary was beneficial to the stabilization of the product carbamic acids. The sample flow rate of ESI was crucial to the RC. It determined the initial sizes of the microdroplet. Lower flow rates ensured higher RC of amines. The present work implied that NH4HCO3 could be a superior medium for CO2 capture and utilization. It might offer an alternative choice for future CO2 conversion research studies. In addition, our study also provided evidence that NH4HCO3 decomposed and generated microbubbles in the droplets during ESI. Attention should be paid to this when using NH4HCO3 as an additive in mass spectrometry-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinchi Yin
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Siyuan Tan
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Circadian Metabolomics from Breath. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2130:149-156. [PMID: 33284442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0381-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites like melatonin are essential in determining circadian phase. In the recent years, comprehensive metabolome analyses have unveiled entire panels of small biomolecules fluctuating in a circadian fashion, thus enabling a more precise determination of inner time and understanding of how circadian clock operates at the molecular level. Emerging analytical techniques allowing for the determination of exhaled metabolites in breath show promise to gain further insights noninvasively and in vivo into circadian metabolism.
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Jeong JH, Choi H, Park K, Kim H, Choi J, Park I, Lee SS. Polymer micro-atomizer for water electrospray in the cone jet mode. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Feider CL, DeHoog RJ, Sans M, Zhang J, Krieger A, Eberlin LS. DESI Spray Stability in the Negative Ion Mode Is Dependent on Relative Humidity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:376-380. [PMID: 30569427 PMCID: PMC6362844 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), have been increasingly used due to their simplicity, minimal sample preparation requirements, and potential applications in the field and the clinic. However, due to their intrinsic nature, the performance of these methods is susceptible to variations in ambient conditions. Here, we present data that suggests DESI-MS analysis becomes inconsistent below a relative humidity (RH) level of ~ 35%. At low RH, we hypothesize that the DESI spray is subjected to frequent electrical discharges, resulting in unstable ionization and atypical mass spectra. Consequentially, poor image quality is observed when used for tissue imaging. Our results suggest that RH control should be considered in DESI-MS experiments to assure data quality. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St. NHB 6.334, Stop A1590, Austin, TX, 78712-1597, USA
| | - Rachel J DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St. NHB 6.334, Stop A1590, Austin, TX, 78712-1597, USA
| | - Marta Sans
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St. NHB 6.334, Stop A1590, Austin, TX, 78712-1597, USA
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St. NHB 6.334, Stop A1590, Austin, TX, 78712-1597, USA
| | - Anna Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St. NHB 6.334, Stop A1590, Austin, TX, 78712-1597, USA
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St. NHB 6.334, Stop A1590, Austin, TX, 78712-1597, USA.
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6
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Imaninezhad M, Jain E, Zustiak SP. Cell Microencapsulation in Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogel Microspheres Using Electrohydrodynamic Spraying. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:313-325. [PMID: 28770494 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation of cells is beneficial for various biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration and cell delivery. While a variety of techniques can be used to produce microspheres, electrohydrodynamic spraying (EHS) has shown promising results for the fabrication of cell-laden hydrogel microspheres in a wide range of sizes and in a relatively high-throughput manner. Here we describe an EHS technique for the fabrication of cell-laden polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres. We utilize mild hydrogel gelation chemistry and a combination of EHS parameters to allow for cell microencapsulation with high efficiency and viability. We also give examples on the effect of different EHS parameters such as inner diameter of the needle, voltage and flow rate on microsphere size and encapsulated cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Imaninezhad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Era Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Silviya Petrova Zustiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
- Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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7
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Gaugg MT, Engler A, Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Bregy L, Stöberl AS, Gaisl T, Bruderer T, Zenobi R, Kohler M, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P. Metabolic effects of inhaled salbutamol determined by exhaled breath analysis. J Breath Res 2017; 11:046004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa7caa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Park I, Hong WS, Kim SB, Kim SS. Experimental investigations on characteristics of stable water electrospray in air without discharge. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063110. [PMID: 28709264 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to resolve previous conflicting results on water electrospray in air at atmospheric pressure. Using a small flow rate relative to that used in previous studies and a small nonmetallic nozzle, we observed stable electrospray of water in air without discharge and distinguished three distinct operating regimes for applied voltage and flow rate. The well-known cone-jet mode was observed and the general scaling law of the generated droplet size in the cone-jet mode was confirmed by direct visualization of the meniscus, jet, and generated droplets. We also observed and analyzed whipping motion in the electrified water jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Hong
- Department of Eco-machinery System, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bok Kim
- Department of Eco-machinery System, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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9
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Pyrgiotakis G, Vedantam P, Cirenza C, McDevitt J, Eleftheriadou M, Leonard SS, Demokritou P. Optimization of a nanotechnology based antimicrobial platform for food safety applications using Engineered Water Nanostructures (EWNS). Sci Rep 2016; 6:21073. [PMID: 26875817 PMCID: PMC4753486 DOI: 10.1038/srep21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical free, nanotechnology-based, antimicrobial platform using Engineered Water Nanostructures (EWNS) was recently developed. EWNS have high surface charge, are loaded with reactive oxygen species (ROS), and can interact-with, and inactivate an array of microorganisms, including foodborne pathogens. Here, it was demonstrated that their properties during synthesis can be fine tuned and optimized to further enhance their antimicrobial potential. A lab based EWNS platform was developed to enable fine-tuning of EWNS properties by modifying synthesis parameters. Characterization of EWNS properties (charge, size and ROS content) was performed using state-of-the art analytical methods. Further their microbial inactivation potential was evaluated with food related microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium parafortuitum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculated onto the surface of organic grape tomatoes. The results presented here indicate that EWNS properties can be fine-tuned during synthesis resulting in a multifold increase of the inactivation efficacy. More specifically, the surface charge quadrupled and the ROS content increased. Microbial removal rates were microorganism dependent and ranged between 1.0 to 3.8 logs after 45 mins of exposure to an EWNS aerosol dose of 40,000 #/cm(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pallavi Vedantam
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Cirenza
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James McDevitt
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Jirsák J, Moučka F, Nezbeda I. Insight into Electrospinning via Molecular Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jirsák
- Faculty
of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Ústí nad Labem, C̆eské mládez̆e 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 1, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Moučka
- Faculty
of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Ústí nad Labem, C̆eské mládez̆e 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Nezbeda
- Faculty
of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Ústí nad Labem, C̆eské mládez̆e 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 1, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Pyrgiotakis G, McDevitt J, Bordini A, Diaz E, Molina R, Watson C, Deloid G, Lenard S, Fix N, Mizuyama Y, Yamauchi T, Brain J, Demokritou P. A chemical free, nanotechnology-based method for airborne bacterial inactivation using engineered water nanostructures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2014; 2014:15-26. [PMID: 26180637 PMCID: PMC4500755 DOI: 10.1039/c3en00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens are associated with the spread of infectious diseases and increased morbidity and mortality. Herein we present an emerging chemical free, nanotechnology-based method for airborne pathogen inactivation. This technique is based on transforming atmospheric water vapor into Engineered Water Nano-Structures (EWNS) via electrospray. The generated EWNS possess a unique set of physical, chemical, morphological and biological properties. Their average size is 25 nm and they contain reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. In addition, EWNS are highly electrically charged (10 electrons per particle on average). A link between their electric charge and the reduction of their evaporation rate was illustrated resulting in an extended lifetime (over an hour) at room conditions. Furthermore, it was clearly demonstrated that the EWNS have the ability to interact with and inactivate airborne bacteria. Finally, inhaled EWNS were found to have minimal toxicological effects, as illustrated in an acute in-vivo inhalation study using a mouse model. In conclusion, this novel, chemical free, nanotechnology-based method has the potential to be used in the battle against airborne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James McDevitt
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andre Bordini
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Edgar Diaz
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ramon Molina
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christa Watson
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Glen Deloid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steve Lenard
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Natalie Fix
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yosuke Mizuyama
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Joseph Brain
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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12
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Bonvin G, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Evaluation of a sheathless nanospray interface based on a porous tip sprayer for CE-ESI-MS coupling. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:552-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Young CJ, Poole-Warren LA, Martens PJ. Combining submerged electrospray and UV photopolymerization for production of synthetic hydrogel microspheres for cell encapsulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1561-70. [PMID: 22234803 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation within hydrogel microspheres holds much promise for drug and cell delivery applications. Synthetic hydrogels have many advantages over more commonly used natural materials such as alginate, however their use has been limited due to a lack of appropriate methods for manufacturing these microspheres under conditions compatible with sensitive proteins or cells. This study investigated the effect of flow rate and voltage on size and uniformity of the hydrogel microspheres produced via submerged electrospray combined with UV photopolymerization. In addition, the mechanical properties and cell survival within microspheres was studied. A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) macromer solution was sprayed in sunflower oil under flow rates between 1-100 µL/min and voltages 0-10 kV. The modes of spraying observed were similar to those previously reported for electrospraying in air. Spheres produced were smaller for lower flow rates and higher voltages and mean size could be tailored from 50 to 1,500 µm. The microspheres exhibited a smooth, spherical morphology, did not aggregate and the compressive modulus of the spheres (350 kPa) was equivalent to bulk PVA (312 kPa). Finally, L929 fibroblasts were encapsulated within PVA microspheres and showed viability >90% after 24 h. This process shows great promise for the production of synthetic hydrogel microspheres, and specifically supports encapsulation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara J Young
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Level 5 Samuels Building, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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15
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Chen LC, Mandal MK, Hiraoka K. Super-atmospheric pressure electrospray ion source: applied to aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:2108-2114. [PMID: 21989705 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This is a follow-up paper of our previous report on an ion source, which was operated at an operating pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure. Besides having more working gas for desolvation, the reduction of mean free path of electrons in a higher pressure environment increases the threshold voltage for gaseous breakdown, thus enabling a stable electrospray for the sample solution with high surface tension without the occurrence of electric discharge. In our previous work, the ion source was not coupled directly to the mass spectrometer and significant amount of ions were lost before entering the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. In this paper, we report the new design of our second prototype in which, by using a modified ion transport capillary, the pressurized ESI ion source was coupled directly to the first pumping stage of the mass spectrometer without additional modification on the vacuum pumping system. Demonstrations of the new ion source on the sensitive detection of native proteins from aqueous solution in both positive and negative ion modes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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16
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Microchip electrospray: Cone-jet stability analysis for water–acetonitrile and water–methanol mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Reinsberg KG, Effelsberg U, Tallarek U. Microchip electrospray performance during gradient elution with bulk conductivity changes. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2914-2923. [PMID: 19789744 DOI: 10.1039/b905052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work identifies dynamic changes in bulk conductivity during reversed-phase HPLC gradient elution as a major source for spray mode changes and instabilities observed in ESI-MS. A commercial microchip-HPLC/ESI-MS configuration was modified to enable electrospray diagnostics based on frequency analysis of the microchip emitter current combined with spray imaging. This approach facilitated detection of different spray modes together with their onset potentials. Water/acetonitrile mixtures containing formic acid were selected as the electrosprayed solutions to represent typical conditions in reversed-phase HPLC. Experimental data are complemented by computational fluid dynamics simulations, treating the electrosprayed solution as leaky dielectric fluid, to address the influence of bulk conductivity and applied potential difference on the developing cone-jet morphology and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Georg Reinsberg
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Gapeev A, Berton A, Fabris D. Current-controlled nanospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1334-1341. [PMID: 19359196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that direct determination of electrospray current would provide a viable method for maintaining spray stability to enable optimal nanospray analysis was tested by building a feedback apparatus capable of reading the current and readjusting the emitter voltage in real time. The apparatus consists of a current-sensing circuit that reads the voltage drop across a resistor located between the high-voltage power supply and the nanospray emitter. A low voltage proportional to the observed current is generated and sent to a data acquisition card. The information is used by a proportional-derivative-integral (PID) algorithm to calculate the magnitude of a low-voltage signal that is used to control the power supply output. Any variation of current across the sensing resistor is thus counteracted by an opposite-direction variation of the high voltage applied to the nanospray emitter. In this way, the apparatus adjusts the emitter voltage to achieve a preset value of current, which it strives to maintain over time in spite of any possible variation of the parameters influencing the spray regime. Preliminary results have shown that the feedback apparatus is capable of establishing and maintaining stable spray for samples that are usually considered challenging in traditional voltage-controlled analysis, such as those consisting of nucleic acid solutions with high salt loads. For these types of samples, the total ion count recorded in current-controlled mode was significantly more stable than that observed in voltage-controlled mode. At the same time, overall signal intensities and signal-to-noise ratios were also significantly improved. Setting the target nanospray current to a predefined value and letting the apparatus reach the target without operator intervention enabled the acquisition of viable data from solutions containing up to 2.5 M ammonium acetate, which are ordinarily difficult by traditional manual tuning. A deeper understanding of the current-voltage relationships for samples of very different compositions is expected to enable one not only to predict the target current that should be used for a certain analysis, but also to devise algorithms to change such target as a function of predictable variations of sample properties and analytical conditions. This will allow for optimal performance to be maintained during on-line gradient chromatography in which the nature of the sprayed solution may vary very widely during the course of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gapeev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Gañán-Calvo AM, Montanero JM. Revision of capillary cone-jet physics: electrospray and flow focusing. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:066305. [PMID: 19658592 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.066305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary cone jets are natural microfluidic structures arising in steady capillary tip streaming, whose paradigms are electrospray and flow focusing phenomena. In this work, we make a profound revision of the basic underlying physics of generic cone jets from thousands of experimental measurements, most of them reported in the literature. First, the boundaries of the stability region of steady jetting are calculated. We describe these limitations by instability mechanisms associated with the local flow structure in the tip and the issuing jet and with the global behavior of the meniscus. Second, to undertake a general physical treatment of cone jets in steady regime, we analyze the energy balance taking place in the tips of both flow focusing and electrospray. This analysis yields a fundamental result: if the electrospray data are expressed in terms of an effective pressure drop, both phenomena satisfy the same scaling law for the droplet size, which exhibits nearly complete similarity in the parameter window where quasimonodisperse sprays are produced. That effective pressure drop is a function of the liquid properties exclusively, i.e., it does not depend on the operational parameters (flow rate and applied voltage). Moreover, the stability limits of the operational regimes are analyzed in detail, finding fundamental coincidences between flow focusing and electrospray as well. These results provide most useful general description and predictive scaling laws for nearly monodisperse microspraying or nanospraying based on steady cone jets, of immediate applicability in analytical chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry, pharmaceutical and food technologies, painting, and many other technological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
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20
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Wu Y, MacKay JA, McDaniel JR, Chilkoti A, Clark RL. Fabrication of elastin-like polypeptide nanoparticles for drug delivery by electrospraying. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:19-24. [PMID: 19072041 DOI: 10.1021/bm801033f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of environmentally responsive drug carriers requires new methods for assembling stimuli-responsive nanoparticulates. This communication describes a novel application of electrospray to construct bioresponsive peptide-based particulates, which can encapsulate drugs. These particles are composed from genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), a biodegradable, biocompatible, and bioresponsive polymer. To generate nanoparticles (300-400 nm in diameter), ELPs and drugs are codissolved in organic solvent, accelerated across a voltage gradient, dried by evaporation during transit, and collected from a target surface. These findings indicate that particle diameter, polydispersity, and morphology are strong functions of the solvent concentration, spraying voltage, and polymer molecular weight. Surprisingly, the loading of drug at 20 w/w% did not influence particle morphology; furthermore, drug release from these particles correlated with the pH-dependent solubility of the parent ELPs. These studies suggest that electrospray is an efficient and flexible method for generating stimuli-responsive drug particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Wu
- Center for Biologicallyh Inspired Materials and Material Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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21
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Kelly RT, Tang K, Irimia D, Toner M, Smith RD. Elastomeric microchip electrospray emitter for stable cone-jet mode operation in the nanoflow regime. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3824-31. [PMID: 18419138 PMCID: PMC2692495 DOI: 10.1021/ac8000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread interest in combining laboratory-on-a-chip technologies with mass spectrometry (MS)-based analyses, the coupling of microfluidics to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS remains challenging. We report a robust, integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip interface for ESI-MS using simple and widely accessible microfabrication procedures. The interface uses an auxiliary channel to provide electrical contact for the stable cone-jet electrospray without sample loss or dilution. The electric field at the channel terminus is enhanced by two vertical cuts that cause the interface to taper to a line rather than to a point, and the formation of a small Taylor cone at the channel exit ensures subnanoliter postcolumn dead volumes. Cone-jet mode electrospray was demonstrated for up to 90% aqueous solutions and for extended durations. Comparable ESI-MS sensitivities were achieved using both microchip and conventional fused silica capillary emitters, but stable cone-jet mode electrosprays could be established over a far broader range of flow rates (from 50-1000 nL/min) and applied potentials using the microchip emitters. This attribute of the microchip emitter should simplify electrospray optimization and make the stable electrospray more resistant to external perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kelly
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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22
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Marginean I, Kelly RT, Page JS, Tang K, Smith RD. Electrospray characteristic curves: in pursuit of improved performance in the nanoflow regime. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8030-6. [PMID: 17896826 PMCID: PMC2625288 DOI: 10.1021/ac0707986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depending on its coordinates in the parameter space, an electrospray can manifest in one of several known regimes--stable, quasi-stable, transitional chaotic, and nonaxial--that ultimately impact measurement sensitivity and precision. An electrospray operating in the cone-jet regime provides relatively large and stable spray current, as well as smaller initial droplets, that are prerequisites for higher sensitivity and quality mass spectrometric analyses. However, the dynamic conditions encountered, for example, in gradient elution-based liquid separations create difficulties for continuous operation in this regime. We present a preliminary study aimed at providing the basis for stabilizing the electrospray in the cone-jet regime. On the basis of spray current measurements obtained using solvent conditions typically found in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, an improved description of the cone-jet stability island is provided by including transitions to and from the recently described astable regime. Additionally, the experimental conditions in which the astable regime marks the transition between pulsating and cone-jet regimes are further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Marginean
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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23
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Tatemoto Y, Ishikawa R, Takeuchi M, Takeshita T, Noda K, Okazaki T. An Electrospray Method Using a Multi-Capillary Nozzle Emitter. Chem Eng Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200700060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Wortmann A, Kistler-Momotova A, Zenobi R, Heine MC, Wilhelm O, Pratsinis SE. Shrinking droplets in electrospray ionization and their influence on chemical equilibria. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:385-93. [PMID: 17112736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how chemical equilibria are affected by the electrospray process, using simultaneous in situ measurements by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA). The motivation for this study was the increasing number of publications in which electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used for binding constant determination. The PDA was used to monitor droplet size and velocity, whereas LIF was used to monitor fluorescent analytes within the electrospray droplets. Using acetonitrile as solvent, we found an average initial droplet diameter of 10 microm in the electrospray. The PDA allowed us to follow the evolution of these droplets down to a size of 1 microm. Rhodamine B-sulfonylchloride was used as a fluorescent analyte within the electrospray. By spatially resolved LIF it was possible to probe the dimerization equilibrium of this dye. Measurements at different spray positions showed no influence of the decreasing droplet size on the monomer-dimer equilibrium. However, with the fluorescent dye pair DCM and oxazine 1 it was shown that a concentration increase does occur within electrosprayed droplets, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer as a probe for the average pair distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wortmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Paine MD, Alexander MS, Stark JPW. Nozzle and liquid effects on the spray modes in nanoelectrospray. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 305:111-23. [PMID: 17028003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Unforced nanoelectrospray can exhibit a number of stable spray modes. These include low frequency pulsations, high frequency pulsations, and a steady cone-jet. Experiments are reported here on such pulsations that have been observed in various salt loaded solutions of ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and water. The spray current was monitored with 1 mus time resolution to show that spray regime characteristics depend on nozzle diameter and liquid conductivity. The frequency of pulsations was found to increase with both increased liquid conductivity and decreasing nozzle diameter. The charge ejected during a pulse is lower for smaller nozzles spraying higher conductivity liquids. Water solutions were observed undergoing high frequency pulsations, with these pulsations often occurring in lower frequency bursts. The frequencies of water pulsations were as high as 635 kHz but the charge ejected by each pulsation was an order of magnitude lower than that observed in triethylene glycol. An unforced electrospray of water was also identified as being in the steady cone-jet mode with a higher degree of confidence than previously. The values for stable pulsation frequency and charge ejected observed in ethylene glycol lay between those of TEG and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Paine
- Department of Engineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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26
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Pareta R, Edirisinghe M. A novel method for the preparation of biodegradable microspheres for protein drug delivery. J R Soc Interface 2006; 3:573-82. [PMID: 16849253 PMCID: PMC1664641 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microspheres are potential candidates for the protein drug delivery. In this work, we prepared polymer-coated starch/bovine serum albumin (BSA) microspheres using co-axial electrohydrodynamic atomization (CEHDA). First, starch solution in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was prepared and then an aqueous solution of BSA was added to it to make a starch-BSA solution. Subsequently, this solution was made to flow through the inner capillary, while the polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), flowed through the outer capillary. On collection, filtration and subsequent drying, near-monodisperse microspheres of 5-6microm in size were obtained. The microspheres were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Cumulative BSA release was investigated by UV spectroscopy. BSA structure and activity was preserved in the microspheres and its release in 0.01M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was studied over a period of 8 days. There was an initial burst with 32wt% of total BSA released in 2h. Overall 75wt% of BSA was released over a 7 day period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pareta
- Department of Materials, Queen Mary, University of LondonMile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - M.J Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College LondonTorrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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27
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Schneider BB, Guo X, Fell LM, Covey TR. Stable gradient nanoflow LC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:1545-1551. [PMID: 16024253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates improved nanoflow LC-MS performance on a QqTOF instrument with the incorporation of a heated nanoflow interface (particle discriminator) and a nebulizer assisted sprayer. It is shown that the nebulizer broadens the usable range of electrospray potentials, simplifying the tuning procedure, particularly for negative mode nanoflow gradients. The improved desolvation capability with the particle discriminator results in signal/noise improvements of approximately 3.5x for negative ion mode samples prepared in predominantly acidified water as well as increased ion current stability. For nanoLC applications, the combined desolvation capabilities of a counter-current gas and heated laminar flow chamber provide reduced background, increased signal stability, reduced background drift, and improved protein sequence coverage when compared with data generated with only a counter-current gas for desolvation. This system is capable of subfemtomole nanoflow LC-MS sensitivity in both positive and negative ion mode across the solvent gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Guo
- MDS SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, L4K 4V8, Concord, ON, Canada
| | - Lorne M Fell
- MDS SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, L4K 4V8, Concord, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- MDS SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, L4K 4V8, Concord, ON, Canada
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