1
|
Chen J, Wang X, Cui X, Li Y, Feng Y, Wei Z. In Situ Probing and Identification of Electrochemical Reaction Intermediates by Floating Electrolytic Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219302. [PMID: 36710258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth study of electrochemical (EC) synthesis can require a powerful mass spectrometry (MS) analytical platform which can discover and identify fleeting intermediates in EC reactions. Here we report a floating electrolytic electrospray ionization (FE-ESI) strategy that can perform EC processes in a floating electrolytic cell and monitor intermediates by high-resolution MS. Compared with previous EC-MS methods, a significant advantage of FE-ESI-MS is that it allows one to modulate the electrolytic and electrospray process individually, ensuring its high sensitivity in discovering intermediates and universality to investigate redox reactions in different scenarios. This powerful platform has been successfully used to investigate the EC reductive coupling of p-tolylboronic acid and p-nitrotoluene. A series of nitrene intermediates were discovered and identified by FE-ESI-MS, indicating that a hidden mechanism involving nitrene formation might play a key role in EC reductive coupling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen S, Chai Y, Shen Q, Jiang Y, Fang X, Pan Y. Gas-phase amination of aromatic hydrocarbons by corona discharge-assisted nitrogen fixation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2841. [PMID: 33531535 PMCID: PMC7854734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the gas-phase amination reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons occurring under corona discharge conditions with N2 gas as the nitrogen source. The corona discharge device within an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source was employed to achieve the plasma-assisted N2 fixation, and the coupled ion trap mass spectrometer (IT-MS) was used to detect positively charged product ions. In the model case, under APCI conditions, unusual product ions, [M + 16]+ and [M + 14]+, were observed. Based on the high resolution MS data and tandem mass spectrometric information, [M + 16]+ was confirmed to be protonated p-toluidine and [M + 14]+ was confirmed to be p-methylphenylnitrenium ion. According to the experimental results of the isotopic labelling and substituent effect, one feasible mechanism is proposed as follows. Firstly, N2 is activated by plasma caused via the corona discharge and then electrophilically attacks toluene, yielding the key intermediate, p-methylphenylnitrenium; secondly, the intermediate undergoes double-hydrogen transfer reaction to give rise to the final product ion, protonated p-toluidine. This study may provide a novel idea to explore new and green method for the synthesis of anilines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.,Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - You Jiang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaldhi D, Gujjarappa R, Vodnala N, Kabi AK, Aljaar N, Malakar CC. Mo(VI)-catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Aryl-2 H-indazoles Using Pinacol Mediated Deoxygenation of Nitroaromatics. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjaya Kaldhi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Arup K. Kabi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Nayyef Aljaar
- Chemistry Department, the Hashemite University, P. O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal – 795004, Manipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown TA, Hosseini-Nassab N, Chen H, Zare RN. Observation of electrochemically generated nitrenium ions by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2016; 7:329-332. [PMID: 28791096 PMCID: PMC5518571 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02939b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the observation of the electrochemically generated nitrenium ions of 4,4'-dimethyoxydiphenylamine and di-p-tolylamine in solution by mass spectrometry. This setup takes inspiration from desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to sample directly from the surface of a rotating waterwheel working electrode for mass spectrometric analysis. Detection of the 4,4'-dimethyoxydiphenylamine nitrenium ion was expected based upon para-methoxy resonance stabilization, whereas observation of the di-p-tolylamine nitrenium ion might be unexpected because resonance stabilization from the para-substituted position is unavailable. However, the short timescale analysis of the setup allows for the isolation of the di-p-tolylamine nitrenium ion, which is electrogenerated in solution and detected mass spectrometrically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Brown
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305-5080 , USA .
| | | | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Edison Biotechnology Institute , Ohio University , Athens , OH 45701-2979 , USA .
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305-5080 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang HY, Xu C, Zhu W, Liu GS, Guo YL. Gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions of protonated N-methyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide and its derivatives via an amide Claisen rearrangement. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:2149-2157. [PMID: 23055072 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions of protonated N-methyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide and its derivatives (M·H(+)) were studied by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). MS/MS experiments of M·H(+) showed product ions were formed by loss of CO, which could only occur with an amide Claisen rearrangement. Mechanisms for the gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions were proposed based on the accurate m/z measurements and MS/MS experiments with deuterated compounds. Theoretical computations showed the gas phase Claisen rearrangement was a major driving force for initiating gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions of M·H(+). Finally, the influence of different phenyl substituents on the gas phase Claisen rearrangement was evaluated. Electron-donating groups at the para-position of the phenyl moiety promoted the gas phase Claisen rearrangement to give a high abundance of fragment ions [M - CO + H](+). By contrast, electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl moiety retarded the Claisen rearrangement, but gave a fragment ion at m/z 175 by loss of neutral radicals of substituents on the phenyl, and a fragment ion at m/z 160 by further loss of a methyl radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bouchoux G, Winter JD, Flammang R, Gerbaux P. Aromatic Substitution Reactions between Ionized Benzene Derivatives and Neutral Methyl Isocyanide. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7408-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bouchoux
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR CNRS 7651, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Julien De Winter
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, CISMa, University of Mons-UMons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Robert Flammang
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, CISMa, University of Mons-UMons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, CISMa, University of Mons-UMons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
QIAN R, GUO Y, LÜ L. ESI-FTICRMS Characterization of the Intermediates in Cycloisomerization of Trifluoromethyl-substituted Enynols through Changing the Protecting Group of Substrate. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Moolayil JT, George M, Srinivas R, Giblin D, Russell A, Gross ML. Protonated nitro group as a gas-phase electrophile: experimental and theoretical study of the cyclization of o-nitrodiphenyl ethers, amines, and sulfides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:2204-2217. [PMID: 17977011 PMCID: PMC2744296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel gas-phase electrophilic cyclization, initiated by the protonation of a nitro group, occurs for 2-nitrophenyl phenyl ether and for the analogous sulfide and amine, leading to heterocyclic intermediates in each case. Subsequently, the cyclic intermediates dissociate via two pathways: (1) unusual step-wise eliminations of two OH radicals to afford heterocyclic cations, [phenoxazine - H](+), [phenothiazine - H](+), and [phenazine + H](+), and (2) expulsion of H(2)O, to yield a heterocyclic ketone, followed by loss of CO. The proposed structures of the gas-phase product ions and reaction mechanisms are supported by chemical substitution, deuterium labeling, accurate mass measurements at high mass resolving power, product-ion mass spectra obtained by tandem mass spectrometry, mass spectra of reference compounds, and molecular orbital calculations. Using a mass spectrometer as a reaction vessel, we demonstrate that, upon protonation, a nitro group becomes an electrophile and participates in cyclization reactions in the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Moolayil
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College Thevara, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang HY, Zhang X, Guo YL, Tang QH, Lu L. Using tandem mass spectrometry to predict chemical transformations of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzyl amine derivatives in solution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:253-63. [PMID: 16413200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry is used to predict the chemical transformations of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzyl amine derivatives. Compound 1, N-2-2-4,6- dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy benzylamino phenyl benzamide was selected as a model to present our idea. The CID reactions of protonated 1 include an intramolecular S(N)2 reaction and a cyclodehydration reaction. Under in-source CID conditions, deprotonated 1 undergoes a Smiles rearrangement reaction and then dissociates to the ion at m/z 349. Theoretical computations were invoked to shed light on the reaction mechanisms of 1 by the semiempirical PM3 method. These studies of gas-phase reactions show the reactivity of some potential reaction centers in this molecule, which inspired us to explore the solution phase analogous reactions of 1. Further experiments show that 1 has two analogous reactions in acidic solution: the acid-catalyzed cyclodehydration reaction and the acid-catalyzed Smiles rearrangement reaction. Moreover, 1 undergoes the base-catalyzed Smiles rearrangement under basic conditions. The present study demonstrates that mass spectrometry can play an important role in predicting the chemical solution phase transformations of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzyl amine derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cooks RG, Chen H, Eberlin MN, Zheng X, Tao WA. Polar Acetalization and Transacetalization in the Gas Phase: The Eberlin Reaction. Chem Rev 2006; 106:188-211. [PMID: 16402776 DOI: 10.1021/cr0400921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen H, Xu R, Chen H, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Ion/molecule reactions in a miniature RIT mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1403-11. [PMID: 16255061 DOI: 10.1002/jms.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion/molecule reactions were explored in a newly developed miniature mass spectrometer fitted with a rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass analyzer. The tandem mass spectrometry performance of this instrument is demonstrated using collision induced dissociation (CID) and ion/molecule reactions. The latter includes Eberlin transacetalization reactions and electrophilic additions. Selective detection of the chemical warfare simulant dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was achieved through selective Eberlin reactions of its characteristic phosphonium fragment ion CH3OP(+)(O)CH3 (m/z 93), with 1,4-dioxane or 1,3-dioxolane. Efficient adduct formation as a result of electrophilic attack by the phosphonium ion on various nucleophilic reagents, including 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl urea, methanesulfonic acid methyl ester, dimethyl sulfoxide and methyl salicylate, was also observed using the RIT device. The product ions of these reactions were analyzed using CID and the characteristic fragmentation patterns of the ionic addition products were recorded using multiple-stage experiments in the miniature RIT instrument. This study clearly demonstrates that a small, home-built, miniature RIT mass spectrometer can be used to perform analytically useful ion/molecule reactions and also that instruments like this have the potential to provide a portable platform for in situ detection of organophosphorus esters and related compounds with high specificity using tandem mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:973-84. [PMID: 16034836 DOI: 10.1002/jms.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
|
14
|
|