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Du CH, Liu GS, Du WC, Zheng YM, You DY, Sun XR, Liu YQ. [Clinical characteristics and mortality factors analysis of elderly patients with abdominal infection in intensive care units]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2023; 26:869-873. [PMID: 37709696 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn441530-20230717-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
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Liu GS, Li N, Meng RX, Wang PS. [Analgesic effect of buccal acupuncture on patients after lumbar spinal fusion: a randomized controlled trial]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2023; 43:743-6. [PMID: 37429651 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20220903-k0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of buccal acupuncture on pain after lumbar spinal fusion. METHODS Sixty patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 1 case was eliminated). The patients in the control group were treated with routine anesthesia. On the basis of the control group, the patients in the observation group were treated with buccal acupuncture at bilateral back point, waist point, and sacral point for 30 min per treatment. The first acupuncture was given before anesthesia induction, and then once a day postoperation for two days, totally 3 treatments. The dosage of sufentanil, the number of remedial analgesia, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting within 48 h after surgery were compared between the two groups; rest and motion visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 2 (T1), 8 (T2), 12 (T3), 24 (T4), and 48 (T5) h after surgery were observed; the quality of recovery-15 scale (QoR-15) at 24 and 48 h after surgery were evaluated. RESULTS The dosage of sufentanil and the number of remedial analgesia within 48 h after surgery in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). There was no significant statistically difference in rest and motion VAS scores between the two groups in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 (P>0.05). The QoR-15 scores in the observation group at 24 and 48 h after surgery were higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). The incidence of nausea in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Buccal acupuncture could reduce the amount of postoperative analgesic drugs of patients after lumbar spinal fusion, and promote early postoperative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Liu
- Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Xinxiang Central Hospital
| | - Rui-Xia Meng
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Xinxiang Central Hospital
| | - Pei-Shan Wang
- Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, China
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Li Q, Liu GS, Chang SS, Guo DP, Yang F. [Association among urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites, SAHH activity and H19 expression in coke oven workers]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2022; 40:801-806. [PMID: 36510712 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20210910-00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) activity and long noncoding RNA H19 gene expression in the urine of coke oven workers. Methods: In September 2019, in a coking plant in Taiyuan City, 146 male workers who had worked in coke oven operations for one year were selected through a completely random sampling method, and their basic personal information was collected by questionnaire survey, and blood and urine samples were collected. The levels of 4 PAHs metabolites 2-hydroxfluorene (2-FLU), 2- hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP), 9-hydroxyphenanthren (9-PHE), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) -fluorescence detection method. HPLC-UV detection method was used to detect the content of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in plasma, and the SAHH activity value was obtained by calculating the ratio. Reverse transcription PCR method was used to determine the H19 gene expression level. Urine levels of 2-FLU, 2-NAP, 9-PHE, and 1-OHP were divided into Q(1), Q(2), Q(3), and Q(4) groups according to quartiles (P(25), P(50), P(75)). Regression, trend test and restricted cubic splines were used to analyze the relationship among PAHs metabolites, SAHH activity, H19 gene expression and their dose-response. Results: The median age of coke oven workers was 39.60 years old, the median length of service was 20.38 years, and the urinary levels of 2-FLU, 2-NAP, 9- PHE, and 1-OHP were 0.29, 0.74, 0.09, and 0.06 μg/mmol Cr, respectively. The levels of 2-FLU, 2-NAP and 9-PHE in the urine of workers were significantly different between groups with different 1-OHP levels (P<0.05). After adjusting for age, length of service, smoking, drinking, and levels of 2-FLU, 2-NAP and 9-PHE, SAHH activity decreased with the increase of urinary 1-OHP level (OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.41-0.98, P=0.038), showing a nonlinear relationship (P(nonlinear)= 0.030). H19 gene expression increased with the increase of urinary 1- OHP level (OR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.03-2.19, P=0.033), there was a linear relationship (P(trend)= 0.058). The relationship between the other three metabolites in urine and SAHH activity and H19 gene expression was not statistically significant (P>0.05) . Conclusion: Urinary 1-OHP level may be a risk factor for decreased SAHH activity and increased H19 gene expression in coke oven workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Office of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Corporation of Xishan Coal Electricity Group Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030053, China
| | - G S Liu
- Office of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Corporation of Xishan Coal Electricity Group Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030053, China
| | - S S Chang
- Analysis & Inspection Center of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Corporation of Xishan Coal Electricity Group Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030053, China
| | - D P Guo
- Analysis & Inspection Center of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Corporation of Xishan Coal Electricity Group Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030053, China
| | - F Yang
- Scientific Research Center of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Corporation of Xishan Coal Electricity Group Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030053, China
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Jia CH, Feng ZS, Lin XJ, Cui QL, Han SS, Jin Y, Liu GS, Yang CZ, Ye XT, Dai YH, Liang WY, Ye XZ, Mo J, Ding L, Wu BQ, Chen HX, Li CW, Zhang Z, Rong X, Huang WM, Shen W, Yang BY, Lv JF, Huo LY, Huang HW, Rao HP, Yan WK, Yang Y, Ren XJ, Liu D, Wang FF, Diao SG, Liu XY, You CM, Meng Q, Wang B, Zhang LJ, Huang YG, Ao D, Li WZ, Chen JL, Chen YL, Li W, Chen ZF, Ding YQ, Li XY, Huang YF, Lin NY, Cai YF, Wan ZH, Ban Y, Bai B, Li GH, Yan YX, Wu F. Short term outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants from a multicenter cohort study in Guangdong of China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11119. [PMID: 35778441 PMCID: PMC9249781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, their outcome attracted worldwide attention. However, in China, the related studies are rare. The hospitalized records of ELBW infants discharged from twenty-six neonatal intensive care units in Guangdong Province of China during 2008-2017 were analyzed. A total of 2575 ELBW infants were enrolled and the overall survival rate was 55.11%. From 2008 to 2017, the number of ELBW infants increased rapidly from 91 to 466, and the survival rate improved steadily from 41.76% to 62.02%. Increased survival is closely related to birth weight (BW), regional economic development, and specialized hospital. The incidence of complications was neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (85.2%), oxygen dependency at 28 days (63.7%), retinopathy of prematurity (39.3%), intraventricular hemorrhage (29.4%), necrotizing enterocolitis (12.0%), and periventricular leukomalacia (8.0%). Among the 1156 nonsurvivors, 90.0% of infants died during the neonatal period (≤ 28 days). A total of 768 ELBW infants died after treatment withdrawal, for reasons of economic and/or poor outcome. The number of ELBW infants is increasing in Guangdong Province of China, and the overall survival rate is improving steadily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou-Shan Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Liang Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha-Sha Han
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya Jin
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Ye
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518028, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Heng Dai
- Department of Neonatology, Foshan Maternal and Child's Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Yi Liang
- Department of Neonatology, Foshan Maternal and Child's Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Ye
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Mo
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Ben-Qing Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Wang Li
- Department of Neonatology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Min Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Neonatology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing-Yan Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, 528400, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Feng Lv
- Department of Neonatology, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, 528400, Guangdong, China
| | - Le-Ying Huo
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Zhuhai, 519001, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Wen Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Zhuhai, 519001, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Ping Rao
- Department of Neonatology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Kang Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Dongguan Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Dongguan, 523002, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Jun Ren
- Department of Neonatology, Dongguan Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Dongguan, 523002, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, 529000, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, 529000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Guang Diao
- Department of Neonatology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong, China
| | - Chu-Ming You
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Second Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Second Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Ge Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Dang Ao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie-Ling Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Ling Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University Medical College Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Dongguan, 523900, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University Medical College Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Dongguan, 523900, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Qin Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Fang Huang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ni-Yang Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang-Fan Cai
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-He Wan
- Department of Neonatology, Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Neonatology, Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Department of Neonatology, Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510800, Guangdong, China
| | - Guang-Hong Li
- Department of Neonatology, Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510800, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, 526020, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
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Liu GS, Zhang ZX, Su GZ, Wang SY, Yang CS, Yu HB, Wang YN, Li Y. Two new diterpenoids from the stems of Rhododendron dauricum as GABA A receptor agonists. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:542-549. [PMID: 34854776 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.2007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two new diterpenoids, dauricumins A (1) and B (2), together with two known aromatic meroterpenoids (3 and 4), were isolated from the petroleum ether soluble fraction of the stems from Rhododendron dauricum through an HPLC-MS-SPE-NMR combination strategy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were elucidated by ECD calculations and [Rh2 (OCOCF3)4]-induced CD spectrum analysis. In a membrane potential FLIPR assay, confluentin (4) showed an agonistic effect on GABAA receptor (EC50 = 20 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guo-Zhu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shang-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Jia C, Feng Z, Lin X, Cui Q, Han S, Jin Y, Liu G, Yang C, Ye X, Dai Y, Liang W, Ye X, Mo J, Ding L, Wu B, Chen H, Li C, Zhang Z, Rong X, Huang W, Shen W, Yang B, Lv J, Huo L, Huang H, Rao H, Yan W, Yang Y, Ren X, Liu D, Wang F, Diao S, Liu X, You C, Meng Q, Wang B, Zhang L, Huang Y, Ao D, Li W, Chen J, Chen Y, Li W, Chen Z, Ding Y, Li X, Huang Y, Lin N, Cai Y, Wan Z, Ban Y, Bai B, Li G, Yan Y, Wu F. The Survival Rate of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Improved in Guangdong Province, China.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1019118/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
With the increase in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, their outcomes received special attention. However, in China, studies of the outcomes of ELBW infants are rare.
Methods
The hospitalized records of ELBW infants discharged from twenty-six neonatal intensive care units were reviewed and analyzed.
Results
A total of 2575 ELBW infants were enrolled and the overall survival rate was 55.11%. From 2008 to 2017, the number of ELBW infants increased rapidly from 91 to 466, and the survival rate improved steadily from 41.76–62.02%. The survival rate rose with increasing BW, the ascending level of regional economic development and specialist hospitals. The incidence of complications was neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (85.2%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (63.7%), retinopathy of prematurity (39.3%), intraventricular hemorrhage (29.4%), necrotizing enterocolitis (12.0%), and periventricular leukomalacia (8.0%). Among the 1156 nonsurvivors, 90.0% of infants died during the neonatal period (≤ 28 days), and the other died after the neonatal period. A total of 768 ELBW infants died after medical care withdrawal, with economic factors and expected outcome being important causes.
Conclusion
The number of ELBW infants is increasing in China, and the overall survival rate is still low but is improving steadily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Jia
- the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Zhou-Shan Feng
- the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Xiao-Jun Lin
- the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Qi-Liang Cui
- the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Sha-Sha Han
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Ya Jin
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiu-Zhen Ye
- Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province
| | - Jing Mo
- Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center
| | - Xiao Rong
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center
| | | | - Wei Shen
- Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Yang
- Dongguan Maternity and Child Health Hospital
| | - Xue-Jun Ren
- Dongguan Maternity and Child Health Hospital
| | - Dong Liu
- Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | | | | | | | - Qiong Meng
- Guangdong Second Provincial People’s Hospital
| | - Bin Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University
| | | | - Yu-Ge Huang
- the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University
| | - Dang Ao
- the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College
| | - Jie-Ling Chen
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College
| | - Yan-Ling Chen
- Jinan University Medical College Affiliated Dongguan Hospital
| | - Wei Li
- Jinan University Medical College Affiliated Dongguan Hospital
| | | | | | - Xiao-Yu Li
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | | | - Ni-Yang Lin
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College
| | - Yang-Fan Cai
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College
| | | | - Yi Ban
- Nanhai District People’s Hospital of Foshan
| | - Bo Bai
- Huadu District People’s Hospital of Guangzhou
| | | | | | - Fan Wu
- the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
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Chai LS, Liu GS, Zhu YX, Wang SY, Yang CS, Li Y. [Chemical constituents of Physalis minima]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:3865-3872. [PMID: 34472261 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210525.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen compounds(1-15) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the whole herb of Physalis minima by various chromatography techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, middle chromatogram isolated gel(MCI), octadecyl silica(ODS), and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by infrared spectroscopy(IR), ultraviolet spectroscopy(UV), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic re-sonance(NMR), and circular dichroism(CD) as(5S)-5,11-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one(1), withaphysalin R(2), withaphysalin Q(3), withaphysanolide A(4), phaseic acid(5), grasshopper ketone(6), 3S,5R-dihydroxy-6S,7-megastigmadien-9-one(7), vanillic acid(8), 2-trans,4-trans-abscisic acid(9), capillasterolide(10), 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone(11),(-)-loliolide(12), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(13), acetosyringone(14), and aurantiamide acetate(15). Compound 1 was a new butenolide, and compounds 5-7 and 10-12 were isolated from the Physalis for the first time. Compounds 4, 13, and 15 were isolated for the first time from P. minima. Moreover, their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro. Compound 12 was found to possess an inhibitory effect on the transcription of an NF-κB-dependent reporter gene in LPS-induced 293 T/NF-κB-luc cells at 10 μmol·L~(-1), showing an inhibitory rate of 62.31%±4.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shang-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
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Yao YC, Song XT, Zhai YF, Liu S, Lu J, Xu X, Qi MY, Zhang JN, Huang H, Liu YF, Liu GS, Yuan H. Transcriptome analysis of sheep follicular development during prerecruitment, dominant, and mature stages after FSH superstimulation. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106563. [PMID: 33129139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sheep is usually a monovular animal; superovulation technology is used to increase the number of offspring per individual and shorten generation intervals. To date, mature FSH superstimulatory treatments have been successfully used in sheep breeding, but much remains unknown about genes, pathways, and biological functions involved in follicular development. Therefore, in this study, we performed transcriptome profiling of small follicles (SFs; 2-2.5 mm), medium follicles (MFs; 3.5-4.5 mm), and large follicles (LFs; > 6 mm) in Mongolian ewes after FSH superstimulation. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed genes and performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses in 3 separate pairwise comparisons. We found that ovarian steroidogenesis was significantly enriched in the SFs versus MFs analysis; the associated genes, cytochrome P450 family 19 (CYP19) and Hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1), were significantly upregulated. Moreover, proline metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the LFs versus SFs analysis; the associated genes, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), were significantly upregulated, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was significantly downregulated. In summary, our study provides basic data and possible biological direction to further explore the molecular mechanism of sheep follicular development after FSH superstimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - X T Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y F Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - S Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - J Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - X Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - M Y Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - J N Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y F Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - G S Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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9
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Abstract
Objective To investigate the mechanism through which tacrolimus, often used to treat refractory nephropathy, protects against puromycin-induced podocyte injury. Methods An in vitro model of puromycin-induced podocyte injury was established by dividing podocytes into three groups: controls, puromycin only (PAN group), and puromycin plus tacrolimus (FK506 group). Podocyte morphology, number, apoptosis rate and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (LC3) expression were compared. Results Puromycin caused podocyte cell body shrinkage and loose intercellular connections, but podocyte morphology in the FK506 group was similar to controls. The apoptosis rate was lower in the FK506 group versus PAN group. The low level of LC3 mRNA observed in untreated podocytes was decreased by puromycin treatment; however, levels of LC3 mRNA were higher in the FK506 group versus PAN group. Although LC3-I and LC3-II protein levels were decreased by puromycin, levels in the FK506 group were higher than the PAN group. Fewer podocyte autophagosomes were observed in the control and FK506 groups versus the PAN group. Cytoplasmic LC3-related fluorescence intensity was stronger in control and FK506 podocytes versus the PAN group. Conclusions Tacrolimus inhibited puromycin-induced mouse podocyte damage by regulating LC3 expression and enhancing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Paediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng-You Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Ge
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Hao
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Yang XF, Liu GS, Yi B. Primary carnitine deficiency in two sisters with intractable epilepsy and reversible metabolic cardiomyopathy: Two case reports. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:118. [PMID: 33005244 PMCID: PMC7523286 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is a disorder of the carnitine cycle that results in defective fatty acid oxidation. When carnitine cannot be transported into the cells, fatty acid oxidation is impaired, resulting a variety of symptoms, such as chronic muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia and liver dysfunction. The clinical manifestations and outcomes of different cases with PCD vary among patients. The present case report focused on two sisters with PCD. The younger sister presented with intractable epilepsy, and the older sister presented with reversible metabolic cardiomyopathy. Potential mutations in the SLC22A5 gene were investigated within the family, and a nonsense mutation [c.760C>T (p.R254X)] was identified in four family members. The two sisters harbored homozygous mutations, whereas their parents presented heterozygous mutations. Metabolic disease screening revealed low plasma free carnitine levels (<5 µmol/l) in the two sisters. The plasma free carnitine levels of their parents were normal, and they were asymptomatic. PCD in the two patients was managed using oral levocarnitine. The metabolic cardiomyopathy of the older sister improved following 3 months of treatment. However, the epilepsy of the younger sister was recurrent with oral antiepileptic therapy lasting one year and eight months, and epilepsy was finally controlled following right cerebral resection. The present case report demonstrated that the clinical manifestations presented by patients with PCD within the same family were different. The results indicated that treatment with levocarnitine supplementation should be initiated as soon as possible before irreversible organ damage occurs. In addition, metabolic decompensation and cardiac muscle functions were improved following carnitine supplementation. The resection of the severely diseased unilateral brain combined with carnitine supplementation and antiepileptic therapy may be an effective treatment for PCD with intractable epilepsy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yi
- Molecular Inspection Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, P.R. China
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11
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Yang XF, Liu GS, Chen YL, Chen J, Lin Q, Huang HJ, Zheng KJ. [mRNA expression of MDR3 gene in the blood of preterm infants with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2019; 21:125-130. [PMID: 30782273 PMCID: PMC7389834 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between the expression of the MDR3 gene and the pathogenesis of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) in preterm infants. METHODS Among the preterm infants who were admitted to the hospital from June 2011 to November 2017 and received parenteral nutrition for more than 14 days, 80 who did not develop PNAC were enrolled as non-PNAC group, and 76 who developed PNAC were enrolled as PNAC group. On days 1, 14, 30, 60 and 90 after birth, serum hepatobiliary biochemical parameters [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), total bile acid (TBA) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT)], fibrosis indices [hyaluronic acid, laminin, procollagen III N-terminal peptide and type IV collagen] and clinical manifestations were observed. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of MDR3 in both groups, and the correlation between the mRNA expression of MDR3 and serum hepatobiliary biochemical parameters was analyzed. RESULTS In the PNAC group, serum levels of hepatobiliary biochemical parameters and fibrosis indices increased on day 14 after birth and reached the peak on day 30 after birth, followed by a reduction on day 60 after birth. On days 14, 30, 60 and 90 after birth, the PNAC group had significantly higher serum levels of hepatobiliary biochemical parameters and fibrosis indices than the non-PNAC group (P<0.05). The PNAC group had higher relative mRNA expression of MDR3 in peripheral blood cells than the non-PNAC group (P<0.05). In the PNAC group, the relative mRNA expression of MDR3 in peripheral blood cells was negatively correlated with serum levels of hepatobiliary biochemical parameters (ALT, TBil, DBil, TBA and γ-GT) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS High mRNA expression of MDR3 in preterm infants may be associated with the development of PNAC, and further studies are needed to identify the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, China.
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12
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Jiang LQ, Liu GS, Yang ZZ, Shen XJ, Yang F, Zhang ZC, Gong LB. [A bibliometric analysis of literature on hand-transmitted vibration in China, 1990-2016]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2018; 35:932-935. [PMID: 29495159 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the features of literature on hand-transmitted vibration in China, 1990-2016. Methods: In September 2017, the studies on hand-transmitted vibration in China, which were published in Chinese or English during 1990-2016, with "China" and "Taiwan" as the places where author affiliations were located, were retrieved. A bibliometric analysis was performed to investigate the type of articles, publication time, the journals in which articles were published, author affiliations, author regions, and funding. Results: A total of 205 articles on hand-transmitted vibration were retrieved. There were 7.59 articles on average published annually from 1990 to 2016. In the 205 articles, 114 (55.61%) were published in the journals indexed in one or two core journal databases. In the 64 journals, 22 (34.38%) were indexed in one or two core journal databases. The first authors were from 22 provincial regions (provinces, autonomous regions, or centrally administered municipalities) in China, with 152 articles (74.15%) by the authors in the top five regions. There were a total of 876 authors, and the co-authorship degree was 4.27 (876/205). Most of the first authors (136 articles, 66.34%) were affiliated with universities or institutes for prevention and control of occupational diseases. Among the 205 articles, 103 (50.24%) were original articles or investigations, and 72 (35.12%) were funded. Conclusion: The studies on hand-transmitted vibration fluctuated and increased from 1990 to 2016, with a relatively concentrated distribution in terms of sources, regions, and institutions. Interregional and international academic exchange should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Jiang
- Department of Occupational Disease Control and Prevention of Xishan Coal and Electricity (Group) Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030053, China
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13
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Liu GS, Wang JP, Chu ZH, Yu YY, Zhou W. [Effect of B Lymphocyte-Induced Mature Protein-1 Expression in Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells on Prognosis of Patients with Multiple Myeloma]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2018; 25:1449-1453. [PMID: 29070123 DOI: 10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of B lymphocyte-induced mature protein-1(Blimp1) expression in bone marrow mononuclear cells on the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma. METHODS Forty-eight patients with multiple myeloma from January 2014 to January 2015 were selected. The expression of Blimp1 in the bone marrow of all the patients was measured. According to the median score of Blimp1 expression level, the patients was divided into low expression group (L group, 22 cases) and high expression group (H group, 26 cases). The related influencing factors of different Blimp1 expression levels, the clinical efficacy, immunophenotypic changes and progression-free survival(PFS) were compared between different Blimp1 expression groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in sex, age, type, stage and treatment stage between the 2 groups (P> 0.05). The total remission rate of the low expression group was significantly higher than that in the high expression group (P<0.05). However before treatment, there was no significant difference in the positive rate of CD19, CD38, CD56, CD138 and minimal lesion between the 2 groups (P> 0.05); after treatment the positive expression rates of CD38, CD56, CD138 and minimal lesion in the low expression group were significantly lower than those in the high expression group. While the positive expression rate of CD19 was significantly higher than that in high expression group (P<0.05). The PFS of 1, 2 and 3 years in the low expression group was significantly higher than that in the high expression group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The MM patients with the high in staging and the larger in diffeculty of treatment possess high Blimp1 expression, however, the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of MM patients with low Blimp1 expression are significantly better than those of MM patients with high Blimp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Minda Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Minda Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Chu
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Minda Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yu
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Minda Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Minda Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, Hubei Province, China. E-mail:
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14
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Liu SX, Xiao HR, Wang GB, Chen XW, Li CG, Mai HR, Yuan XL, Liu GS, Wen FQ. Preliminary investigation on the abnormal mechanism of CD4 +FOXP3 +CD25 high regulatory T cells in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1433-1441. [PMID: 30116392 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the changes and regulatory mechanism of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+CD25high forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in childhood B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL). A total of 18 children with B-ALL and 15 age-matched healthy children were included. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of Foxp3, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (R)β/γ, IL-6Rα/β, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)3/4 and runt-related transcription factor (RUNX)1/3 in CD4-positive cells. The concentration of cytokines in plasma were measured using a cytometric bead array. Additionally, the proportion of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs and levels of associated proteins was analyzed using flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that the proportion of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ and expression of Foxp3 in children with B-ALL was significantly higher compared with healthy controls (P<0.05) and that transcription levels of CTLA4, GITR and LAG3 were also significantly elevated (P<0.05). Compared with healthy controls, the expression of IL-2Rα/β and its downstream molecule phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in CD4-positive cells significantly increased (P<0.05); however, no significant difference of IL-2Rγ levels was identified between the two groups. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the expression of phosphorylated (p) signal transducer and activator of transcription factor (STAT)5 and CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs in children with B-ALL (r=0.17; P<0.05). The plasma concentration of TGF-β, the expression of its receptor TGF-βRI/II and downstream molecules Smad3/4 were significantly upregulated in children with B-ALL (P<0.05), whereas the expression of RUNX1/3 was lower compared with healthy controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of Smad3 and RUNX1 was positively correlated with CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs in children with B-ALL (r=0.87 and 0.60, respectively; P<0.05). Additionally, the expression of pSTAT3 in CD4-positive cells decreased significantly in pediatric patients with B-ALL when compared with healthy controls; however, plasma concentrations of IL-6 was significantly higher (P<0.05). Furthermore, a negative correlation was identified between pSTAT3 and CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs in pediatric patients with B-ALL (r=-0.39; P<0.05). However, no significant differences in IL-6Rα/β expression were identified between the two groups. The results demonstrated that the excessive activation of IL-2/pSTAT5 and TGF-β/Smad signaling, and insufficiency of pSTAT3 may be correlated with increased CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs in pediatric B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Xi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Rong Xiao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Bing Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Gang Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Rong Mai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Qiu Wen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy has been known to affect the embryonic development of various systems, including cardiovascular and nervous systems. However, whether this disease could have a negative impact on embryonic respiratory system remains controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM)-induced defects in lung development in mice are mainly characterized by the changes in the morphological structure of the lung. Immunostaining and Western blotting showed that proliferation increased and apoptosis decreased in PGDM. Hyperglycaemia caused pulmonary tissue fibrationas manifested by an increase in Masson staining and decorin expression in PGDM lungs, and the immunofluorescent pro-SPC+ type II pulmonary epithelial cell number was decreased. The alteration of pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation might be due to hyperglycaemia-activated Wnt signalling and suppressed GATA6 expression in PGDM mouse lung tissues and MLE-12 cells. The treatment of MLE-12 cells with high glucose in the presence/absence of XAV939 or su5402 further proved that hyperglycaemia suppressed the expression of GATA6 and pro-SPC by activating Wnt signalling and induced the expression of decorin, α-SMA and TGF-β by activating Fgf signalling. Therefore, in this study, we revealed that hyperglycemia induced dysfunctional pulmonary cell apoptosis and proliferation, as well as pulmonary myofibroblast hyperplasia, which contributed to the formation of aberrant structure of alveolar walls. Furthermore, the hyperglycaemia also inhibited the differentiation of pulmonary epithelial cells through the canonical Wnt and Fgf signalling, and the alteration of Fgf and Wnt signalling activated TGF-β, which would promote the AECII EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yao He
- a Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine ; The First Affiliated Hospital , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510630 , China
| | - Guang Wang
- b Division of Histology & Embryology , Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education , Medical College , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Sha-Sha Han
- a Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine ; The First Affiliated Hospital , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510630 , China
| | - Ke Li
- b Division of Histology & Embryology , Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education , Medical College , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Ya Jin
- a Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine ; The First Affiliated Hospital , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510630 , China
| | - Meng Liu
- b Division of Histology & Embryology , Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education , Medical College , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Zhen-Peng Si
- a Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine ; The First Affiliated Hospital , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510630 , China
| | - Ju Wang
- c Institute of Biomedicine , National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- a Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine ; The First Affiliated Hospital , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510630 , China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- b Division of Histology & Embryology , Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education , Medical College , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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16
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He MY, Wang G, Han SS, Jin Y, Li H, Wu X, Ma ZL, Cheng X, Tang X, Yang X, Liu GS. Nrf2 signalling and autophagy are involved in diabetes mellitus-induced defects in the development of mouse placenta. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160064. [PMID: 27383629 PMCID: PMC4967824 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that diabetes mellitus impairs placental development, but the mechanism by which the disease operates to impair development remains controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM)-induced defects in placental development in mice are mainly characterized by the changes of morphological structure of placenta. The alteration of differentiation-related gene expressions in trophoblast cells rather than cell proliferation/apoptosis is responsible for the phenotypes found in mouse placenta. Meanwhile, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activated nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling were observed in the placenta of mice suffering from PGDM. Using BeWo cells, we also demonstrated that excess ROS was produced and Nrf2 signalling molecules were activated in settings characterized by a high concentration of glucose. More interestingly, differentiation-related gene expressions in trophoblast cells were altered when endogenous Nrf2 expression is manipulated by transfecting Nrf2-wt or Nrf2-shRNA. In addition, PGDM interferes with autophagy in both mouse placenta and BeWo cells, implying that autophagy is also involved, directly or indirectly, in PGDM-induced placental phenotypes. Therefore, we revealed that dysfunctional oxidative stress-activated Nrf2 signalling and autophagy are probably responsible for PGDM-induced defects in the placental development of mice. The mechanism was through the interference with differentiation-related gene expression in trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yao He
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China Postdoctoral Research Station of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Jin
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - He Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Lai Ma
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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Chen CF, Yang HC, Liu GS. [Effect of nucleolin silencing on differentiation of rat neural stem cells in vitro and the molecular mechanism]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2017; 37:875-882. [PMID: 28736361 PMCID: PMC6765513 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of nucleolin silencing on the differentiation of rat neural stem cells (NSCs) and the role of Wnt signaling pathway in mediating such effect. METHODS Adenovirus vectors expressing small interfering RNA (siRNA) against nucleolin were constructed, verified, and packaged in HEK293A cells. The adenovirus was then transfected into NSCs isolated from neonatal SD rats and the differentiation of the NSCs was examined by detecting the expressions of neuron specific encloase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using immunocytochemistry. The expressions of nucleolin, nestin, Wnt3, and β-catenin in the cells were determined with Western blotting. RESULTS Restriction endonuclease and sequencing analysis verified successful construction of the adenoviral vector expressing nucleolin siRNA (nucleolin-siRNA2). Infection of rat NSCs with nucleolin-siRNA2 significantly lowered nucleolin protein expression as compared with that in negative and blank control groups (P<0.05). The percentages of NSE-positive cells and GFAP-positive cells were significantly higher in NSCs infected with nucleolin-siRNA (P<0.01); the infection also resulted in obviously lowered expression of nestin protein and increased expressions of Wnt3 protein and β-catenin nucleoprotein in the cells. CONCLUSIONS Nucleolin silencing by adenovirus-mediated RNA interference induces the differentiation of NSCs into neurons and astrocytes, which is related with the activation of Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Feng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.E-mail:
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Li H, Liu GS, Shi Y, Niu PH, Jiang SY, Xu LL, Lu RJ, Zhao SC, Tan WJ. [Epidemic and molecular characteristic of human adenovirus infection among patients with febrile respiratory syndrome from a hospital in Qinghai Province, 2012-2015]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 51:650-652. [PMID: 28693092 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Qinghai Province, Department of Virus Detection, Xining 810007, China
| | - G S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100026 Beijing, China
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Fu ZD, Wen DD, Wang B, Xue SL, Liu GS, Li XH, Zhao ZH, Wang J, Wei BG, Wang SP. [Correlative factors on prevalence rate of dislipidemia among 1 337 coal miners in Shanxi province]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2017; 38:163-167. [PMID: 28231659 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To understand the prevalence rate and correlative factors of dislipidemia among Shanxi coal miners and to provide evidence for the development of programs on dislipidemia prevention. Methods: We investigated 1 337 mine workers from a Coal Group in April 2016 and collected data related to their blood biochemistry. We then classified the types in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of " Guidelines for prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults (2007)" , using χ(2) test and unconditional logistic regression model for analysis. Results: The overall prevalence rate of Dislipidemia was 59.1% (790/1 337), with males as 60.4% (708/1 173) and females as 50.0%(82/164) while males appeared higher (χ(2)=6.386, P<0.05). Among the 20-34, 35-49, 50 and above year-old groups, the rates were 68.8%, 58.7%, 49.5%, respectively. Results from the χ(2) test showed that gender, age and body mass index were the influencing factors on dislipidemia (χ(2)=7.117, P<0.01; χ(2)=37.135, P<0.01; χ(2)=7.009, P<0.05), while logistic regression analysis showed that sex, age, body mass index level, systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with dislipidemia (P<0.05). Male miners appeared 1.501 times (OR=1.501, 95%CI: 1.895-2.516) higher than female miners in suffering from the risk of dyslipidemia. In different age groups, risks of dyslipidemia in the 35-49, 20-34 year-old groups were 1.672 (OR=1.672, 95%CI: 1.501-2.392) and 2.369 times (OR= 2.369, 95% CI: 1.275-3.469) higher than the 50 year-old. Group that with high BMI, the risk of dyslipidemia was 1.443 times (OR=1.443, 95%CI: 1.139-1.828) higher than the normal BMI group. Group with abnormal systolic pressure was 1.829 times (OR=1.829, 95%CI: 1.152-2.906) higher than normal systolic pressure group. However, diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar, uric acid, and electrocardiogram findings did not seem to show statistically significant meanings on dislipidemia. Conclusion: Among the coal mine workers, those who were males, aged from 20 to 34, having high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure abnormalities) or with high BMI (≥24.0 kg/m(2)) need to be taken special attention on care and prevention of dislipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z D Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - D D Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - B Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - S L Xue
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - G S Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Center of Xishan Coal and Electricity Group, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - X H Li
- Shanxi Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Center of Xishan Coal and Electricity Group, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Z H Zhao
- Shanxi Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Center of Xishan Coal and Electricity Group, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - J Wang
- Shanxi Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Center of Xishan Coal and Electricity Group, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - B G Wei
- Shanxi Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Center of Xishan Coal and Electricity Group, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - S P Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
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Jin Y, Wang G, Han SS, He MY, Cheng X, Ma ZL, Wu X, Yang X, Liu GS. Effects of oxidative stress on hyperglycaemia-induced brain malformations in a diabetes mouse model. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:201-211. [PMID: 27497668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) enhances the risk of fetal neurodevelopmental defects. However, the mechanism of hyperglycaemia-induced neurodevelopmental defects is not fully understood. In this study, several typical neurodevelopmental defects were identified in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mouse model. The neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin/forkhead box P1-labelled neuronal differentiation was suppressed and glial fibrillary acidic protein-labelled glial cell lineage differentiation was slightly promoted in pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) mice. Various concentrations of glucose did not change the U87 cell viability, but glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression was altered with varying glucose concentrations. Mouse maternal hyperglycaemia significantly increased Tunel(+) apoptosis but did not dramatically affect PCNA(+) cell proliferation in the process. To determine the cause of increased apoptosis, we determined the SOD activity, the expression of Nrf2 as well as its downstream anti-oxidative factors NQO1 and HO1, and found that all of them significantly increased in PGDM fetal brains compared with controls. However, Nrf2 expression in U87 cells was not significantly changed by different glucose concentrations. In mouse telencephalon, we observed the co-localization of Tuj-1 and Nrf2 expression in neurons, and down-regulating of Nrf2 in SH-SY5Y cells altered the viability of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to high glucose concentrations. Taken together, the data suggest that Nrf2-modulated antioxidant stress plays a crucial role in maternal hyperglycaemia-induced neurodevelopmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sha-Sha Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Mei-Yao He
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zheng-Lai Ma
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Li BX, Liu GS, Ling XY, Chen HF, Luo XQ. [Evaluation of white matter myelination in preterm infants using DTI and MRI]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2016; 18:476-481. [PMID: 27324532 PMCID: PMC7389077 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the features of white matter myelin development in preterm infants using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS A total of 31 preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and a birth weight of <1 500 g were enrolled. According to head MRI findings, these infants were divided into preterm group with brain injury (12 infants) and preterm group without brain injury (19 infants). A total of 24 full-term infants were enrolled as control group. Head MRI and DTI were performed at a gestational age or corrected gestational age of 37-40 weeks. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured for the same regions of interest in the three groups. RESULTS The preterm group with brain injury showed a significantly lower FA value of the posterior limb of the internal capsule than the preterm group without brain injury and full-term control group (P<0.05). The preterm groups with and without brain injury showed significantly lower FA values of frontal white matter and lenticular nucleus than the full-term control group (P<0.05). The FA value of occipital white matter showed no significant differences among the three groups (P>0.05). Compared with the full-term control group, the preterm groups with and without brain injury showed significantly higher ADC values of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, lenticular nucleus, occipital white matter, and frontal white matter (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS After brain injury, preterm infants tend to develop disorder or delay of white matter myelination in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. At a corrected full-term gestational age, the preterm infants with and without brain injury have a lower grade of maturity in periventricular white matter and grey matter than full-term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Xiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Chen XJ, Zhang Y, Jia GX, Meng QG, Bunch TD, Liu GS, Zhu SE, Xhou GB. Effect of melatonin supplementation on cryopreserved sperm quality in mouse. Cryo Letters 2016; 37:115-122. [PMID: 27224523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants protect spermatozoa against cell damage during cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether melatonin supplement in the extender may improve the quality of cryopreserved mouse sperm. METHODS Kunming mice sperm frozen in extender R18S3 (18% (w/v) raffinose and 3% (w/v) skim milk) supplemented with melatonin were thawed and evaluated. RESULTS Mouse spermatozoa were cryopreserved in the freezing extender R18S3 that contained melatonin at 0, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL melatonin. The extender without melatonin supplement was associated with increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased sperm motility. Melatonin supplement at 0.125 mg/mL significantly increased the progressive motility of sperm in comparison to other melatonin concentration or control. The percentage of thawed viable sperm with ROS was lower in the melatonin-treated groups than in untreated group. Melatonin supplement also increased antiapoptotic gene Bcl-xl expression in the thawed sperm. CONCLUSION Supplement of 0.125 mg/mL melatonin could reduce oxidative damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Chen
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - G X Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Q G Meng
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.
| | - T D Bunch
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - G S Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - S E Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - G B Xhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Yang XF, Liu GS, Li MX. Analysis of mutations of MDR3 exons 9 and 23 in infants with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2361-2365. [PMID: 26668642 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate mutations of multidrug resistance 3 (MDR3) exons 9 and 23 in infants with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC). A total of 41 infants with PNAC were enrolled in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood leukocytes of each patient and MDR3 exons 9 and 23 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. One patient was identified who carried a frameshift mutation in MDR3 exon 23 (C.2793) that was caused by the insertion of a single adenine residue, while mutations were not found in MDR3 exon 23 in the other 40 patients. The clinical features of the patient with the MDR3 exon 23 frameshift mutation included high serum γ-glutamyl transferase levels, the absence of biliary dilatation and deformity in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and abnormal electrical capacitance tomography imaging of the liver. No mutations in MDR3 exon 9 were identified in any of the patients. All 41 PNAC patients recovered following oral ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. The C.2793 frameshift mutation in MDR3 exon 23 is potentially associated with the development of PNAC in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Zhongshan People's Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Min-Xu Li
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the main class of secondary metabolites produced in plants with industrial, pharmacological, and agricultural interests. Nicotiana sylvestris has been widely adopted as a diploid model system in plant biology for studies of terpenoid biosynthesis. In this paper, we report the isolation and analysis of the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (CMS) gene of the MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway from N. sylvestris. We used homologous-based cloning with a RACE method to obtain the full-length coding sequence of the NsCMS. Then, the physical and chemical properties, function, and three-dimensional structure of the NsyCMS protein were predicted. Fluorogenic quantitative PCR was used to conduct an expression analysis at different developmental stages of various tissues of the NsyCMS. The sequence of the NsyCMS consists of a 954-bp open reading frame and encodes a predicted protein of 317 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 49.6 kDa and pi of 6.92. The in vivo localization of the encoded protein was cytoplasmic with no signal peptide, whereas 2 transmembrane regions were found in NsyCMS. The conserved domains of typical 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, aminotransferase, and pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase were found in NsyCMS. Differential expression patterns of the NsyCMS were observed throughout the different developmental stages and tissues. NsyCMS messenger RNA was expressed in all tissues, with the highest level of expression in the seedling leaves. NsyMK was expressed at a higher level in the resettling roots. The results from our study set the foundation for exploring the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in N. sylvestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lv
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China
| | - G S Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China
| | - W Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China
| | - Z Hussian
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China
| | - Y H Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, China
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Liu ZJ, Liu GS, Chen YG, Zhang HL, Wu XF. [Value of early application of different doses of amino acids in parenteral nutrition among preterm infants]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2015; 17:53-57. [PMID: 25616294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the short-term response and tolerance of different doses of amino acids in parenteral nutrition among preterm infants. METHODS This study included 86 preterm infants who had a birth weight between 1 000 to 2 000 g and were admitted to the hospital within 24 hours of birth between March 2013 and June 2014. According to the early application of different doses of amino acids, they were randomized into low-dose group (n=29, 1.0 g/kg per day with an increase of 1.0 g/kg daily and a maximum of 3.5 g/kg per day), medium-dose group (n=28, 2.0 g/kg per day with an increase of 1.0 g/kg daily and a maximum of 3.7 g/kg per day), and high-dose group (n=29, 3.0 g/kg per day with an increase of 0.5-1.0 g/kg daily and a maximum of 4.0 g/kg per day). Other routine parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition support were also applied. RESULTS The maximum weight loss was lower and the growth rate of head circumference was greater in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group (P<0.05). The infants in the medium- and high-dose groups had faster recovery of birth weight, earlier attainment of 100 kcal/(kg·d) of enteral nutrition, shorter duration of hospital stay, and less hospital cost than those in the low-dose group (P<0.05). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the high-dose group increased compared with the other two groups 7 days after birth (P<0.05). The levels of creatinine, pH, bicarbonate, bilirubin, and transaminase and the incidence of complications showed no significant differences between groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Parenteral administration of high-dose amino acids in preterm infants within 24 hours after birth can improve the short-term nutritional status of preterm infants, but there is a transient increase in BUN level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Yingde City, Qingyuan, Guangdong 513000, China.
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Abstract
DNA markers are useful tools that play an important role in plant cultivar identification. They are usually based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and include simple sequence repeats (SSRs), inter-simple sequence repeats, and random amplified polymorphic DNA. However, DNA markers were not used effectively in the complete identification of plant cultivars because of the lack of known DNA fingerprints. Recently, a novel approach called the cultivar identification diagram (CID) strategy was developed to facilitate the use of DNA markers for separate plant individuals. The CID was designed whereby a polymorphic maker was generated from each PCR that directly allowed for cultivar sample separation at each step. Therefore, it could be used to identify cultivars and varieties easily with fewer primers. In this study, 60 apple cultivars, including a few main cultivars in fields and varieties from descendants (Fuji x Telamon) were examined. Of the 20 pairs of SSR primers screened, 8 pairs gave reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns. The banding patterns obtained from these 8 primers were used to construct a CID map. Each cultivar or variety in this study was distinguished from the others completely, indicating that this method can be used for efficient cultivar identification. The result contributed to studies on germplasm resources and the seedling industry in fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Liu
- College of Horticulture & Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y G Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - R Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J G Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Y Dai
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Gaur U, Xiong YY, Luo QP, Yuan FY, Wu HY, Qiao M, Wimmers K, Li K, Mei SQ, Liu GS. Breed-specific transcriptome response of spleen from six to eight week old piglet after infection with Streptococcus suis type 2. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7865-73. [PMID: 25160908 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Different pig breeds have shown differential susceptibility to the pathogen infection; however, molecular mechanisms of the infection susceptibility are not fully understood. Streptococcus suis type 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen. To identify the genes responsible for infection susceptibility, pigs from two different breeds (Enshi black and Landrace) were inoculated with SS2 and their spleen transcriptome profiles were investigated in the present study. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed from infected versus control pigs in each breed, and then compared between both pig breeds. Enshi black pig showed more DEGs than Landrace (830 vs. 611) and most of these were due to down-regulated genes (543 vs. 387). However some DEGs were uniquely expressed in one breed, some were expressed in opposite direction in both breeds. A number of candidate genes and pathways are identified which might be involved in susceptibility to SS2, for example, MMP9 and Resistin were only significantly expressed in Landrace. NPG3 and PMAP23 were up-regulated in Landrace whereas down-regulated in Enshi black. LENG8 in control Landrace have inherently higher expression than control Enshi black. IGKV6 is down-regulated in Landrace but up-regulated in Enshi black. Overall, the transcriptome profiles are consistent with the clinical signs, i.e. the Enshi black is more susceptible to SS2 infection than Landrace. This is the first study to identify differential gene expression between indigenous and modern commercial pigs after in vivo SS2 infection using RNA-seq. The significant DEGs in splenic profiles between two pig breeds suggested considerable involvement of genetic background in susceptibility to the SS2 infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gaur
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yaoyuan No. 1, Nanhu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430064, China
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Kayesh E, Bilkish N, Liu GS, Chen W, Leng XP, Fang JG. Characterization of EST-derived and non-EST simple sequence repeats in an F₁ hybrid population of Vitis vinifera L. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:2220-30. [PMID: 24737470 DOI: 10.4238/2014.march.31.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Among different classes of molecular markers, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are a new resource for developing simple sequence repeat (SSR) functional markers for genotyping and genetic mapping in F1 hybrid populations of Vitis vinifera L. Recently, because of the availability of an enormous amount of data for ESTs in the public domain, the emphasis has shifted from genomic SSRs to EST-SSRs, which belong to transcribed regions of the genome and may have a role in gene expression or function. The objective of this study was to assess the polymorphisms among 94 F1 hybrids from "Early Rose" and "Red Globe" using 25 EST-derived and 25 non-EST SSR markers. A total collection of 362,375 grape ESTs that were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and 2522 EST-SSR sequences were identified. From them, 205 primer pairs were randomly selected, including 176 pairs that were EST-derived and 29 non-EST SSR primer pairs, for polymerase chain reaction amplification. A total of 131 alleles were amplified using 50 pairs of primers; 78 alleles were amplified using EST-derived SSR primers and 53 were from non-EST SSR primers. At most, 6 and 5 alleles were amplified by EST-derived and non-EST SSR primers, respectively. The EST-derived SSR markers showed a maximum polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 1 and a minimum of 0.33 while non-EST SSR markers had maximum and minimum PIC values of 1 and 0.25, respectively. The average PIC value was 0.56 for EST-derived SSR markers and 0.45 for non-EST SSR markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kayesh
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - N Bilkish
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - G S Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qing Dao Agricultural University, Qing Dao, China
| | - W Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - X P Leng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J G Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ding AM, Li FX, Chen YQ, Zong P, Qu X, Gong DP, Liu GS, Sun YH. Homology-based cloning and expression analysis of Rf genes encoding PPR-containing proteins in tobacco. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:2310-22. [PMID: 24737479 DOI: 10.4238/2014.march.31.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As a model plant, mechanisms of the cytoplasmic male sterility/restoration of fertility (CMS/Rf) system in tobacco are seldom studied. Using Rf gene sequences from other Solanaceae plants and the draft genome of Nicotiana benthamiana, degenerate primers were designed to amplify the cDNA pool of N. tomentosiformis. In total, six possible Rf sequences were identified, two of which contained base-deletion mutations. The other four were intact open reading frames, of which NtomPPR5 harbored a 3-pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motif deletion. Structure analysis revealed that they all encoded a PPR-containing protein with putative mitochondrial targeting signals at their N-terminus, and they all belong to the P subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the Rf-coding PPRs clustered together, and recent duplication events might have occurred in tobacco after the divergence of the species. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the NtomRfs were expressed in all tissues of N. tomentosiformis and (CMS) K326, although the expression levels varied with gene, organ, and developmental stage. Furthermore, the expression levels of Rf sequences in K326 were lower than those in CMS K326. The molecular basis of the CMS/Rf system in tobacco requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ding
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - F X Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Q Chen
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - P Zong
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - X Qu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - D P Gong
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - G S Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Y H Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Ke Y, Liu G, Guo T, Zhang Y, Li C, Xue W, Wu G, Wang J, Du C. Size controlling of monodisperse carboxymethyl cellulose microparticles via a microfluidic process. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - GuoSheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics; Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Tianhui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Gang Wu
- Biomaterial Research Institute, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Biopolymer Division; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Reconstruction and Restoration; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Chang Du
- Biomaterial Research Institute, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
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Kayesh E, Zhang YY, Liu GS, Bilkish N, Sun X, Leng XP, Fang JG. Development of highly polymorphic EST-SSR markers and segregation in F₁ hybrid population of Vitis vinifera L. Genet Mol Res 2013; 12:3871-8. [PMID: 24085448 DOI: 10.4238/2013.september.23.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to develop and validate the expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from large EST sequences, and to study the segregation and distribution of SSRs within two grapevine parental lines. In total, 94 F₁ lines crossed between "Early Rose" and "Red Globe" were studied. Approximately 2100 EST-SSR sequences of Vitis vinifera L. were searched for SSRs and analyzed for the design of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers amplifying the SSR-rich regions. Trinucleotide repeats were found to be the most abundant, followed by other nucleotide repeats. A total of 182 SSR primer pairs were first developed for the study on the parental polymorphism. Among the 182 SSR primers, 142 primer pairs (78%) could amplify the anticipated PCR products, among which only 52 primer pairs (36.62%) showed polymorphism between the two parents. These polymorphic bands were further surveyed among the 94 F₁ lines, and the results showed that a total of 162 bands were amplified, and 98 of them were polymorphic in both parents (60.86% polymorphism), with an average of 1.88 polymorphic DNA bands for each primer pair. After testing with the chi-square test, 33 of the clearly amplified polymorphic bands followed a 3:1 ratio, and 37 followed a 1:1 ratio. The rest showed distorted segregation ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kayesh
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Fu Y, Xian T, Lu D, Liu G, Heng Z, Sun L, Liu Q, Wang Y, Yang Y. Ozone vertical variations during a typhoon derived from the OMI observations and reanalysis data. Chin Sci Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-6024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang HY, Xiang Z, Liu GS, Guo YL. Study of the gas-phase intramolecular aryltrifluoromethylation of phenyl(trifluoromethyl)iodonium by ESI-MS/MS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:761-767. [PMID: 23479313 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of the reactive λ(3)-phenyl(trifluoromethyl)iodonium (PhI(+)(III)CF3, 1 at m/z 273) to the radical cation of iodobenzene (PhI(•+), 2 at m/z 204) via the loss of ·CF3 and the radical cation of trifluoromethylbenzene (PhCF3(•+), 3 at m/z 146) via the loss of ·I, were studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Interestingly, the gas-phase intramolecular coupling reaction of CF3 with phenyl via the CF3 migration process of 1 at m/z 273 from iodine to the phenyl to give 3 at m/z 146 could only occur according to an intramolecular aromatic substitution mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the gas-phase intramolecular aryltrifluoromethylation of 1 at m/z 273 to 3 at m/z 146 occurred via a Meisenheimer complex intermediate (MC), where the triplevalent I center of 1 was reduced to monovalent I. Most importantly, the structure of 3 at m/z 146 derived from 1 at m/z 273 in ESI-MS/MS process was confirmed by comparison of its MS/MS with that of an authentic PhCF3(•+) at m/z 146 acquired from the electron ionization (EI)-MS/MS analysis of PhCF3. Thus, our studies revealed the intrinsic reactivity tendencies of λ(3)-phenyl(trifluoromethyl)iodonium under solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Sun FJ, Huang RZ, Xu J, Liu GS. [Relationship between plasma motilin level and feeding intolerance in preterm infants]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2013; 15:249-253. [PMID: 23607944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe changes in plasma motilin (MOT) level among preterm infants after birth, to investigate the relationship between plasma motilin level and feeding intolerance (FI), and to clarify the possible risk factors. METHODS A total of 112 preterm infants were divided into feeding tolerance (FT) group (n=59) and FI group (n=53). Their plasma MOT levels were measured by radioimmunoassay on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 of life. The clinical data of FI group were collected and subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Compared with the FT group, the FI group showed significantly lower plasma MOT levels on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 of life (P<0.05), and there was a positive correlation between plasma MOT level and gestational age, age in days, and volume of enteral feeding in the FI group. The lower the gestational age, the longer the FI duration. There was a negative correlation between the plasma MOT level on day 1 of life and the FI duration (r=-0.913, P<0.001). Gestational age and prenatal use of glucocorticoid were protective factors for FI, while fetal distress, placental abnormality and perinatal infection were risk factors for FI. CONCLUSIONS Change in plasma MOT level may be closely related to the development of FI in preterm infants. Early monitoring of plasma MOT level may be useful for predicting the occurrence of FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Sun
- Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang HY, Xu C, Zhu W, Liu GS, Guo YL. Gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions of protonated N-methyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide and its derivatives via an amide Claisen rearrangement. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2012; 23:2149-2157. [PMID: 23055072 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions of protonated N-methyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide and its derivatives (M·H(+)) were studied by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). MS/MS experiments of M·H(+) showed product ions were formed by loss of CO, which could only occur with an amide Claisen rearrangement. Mechanisms for the gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions were proposed based on the accurate m/z measurements and MS/MS experiments with deuterated compounds. Theoretical computations showed the gas phase Claisen rearrangement was a major driving force for initiating gas phase decarbonylation and cyclization reactions of M·H(+). Finally, the influence of different phenyl substituents on the gas phase Claisen rearrangement was evaluated. Electron-donating groups at the para-position of the phenyl moiety promoted the gas phase Claisen rearrangement to give a high abundance of fragment ions [M - CO + H](+). By contrast, electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl moiety retarded the Claisen rearrangement, but gave a fragment ion at m/z 175 by loss of neutral radicals of substituents on the phenyl, and a fragment ion at m/z 160 by further loss of a methyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Wei KL, Yang YJ, Yao YJ, Du LZ, Wang QH, Wang RH, Wang L, Lin Y, Liu J, Wang H, Wang XL, Wu HM, Wu K, Chen Y, Zhong XY, Yu JL, Tan Q, Huang YC, Chen C, Wang JM, Yi B, Nong SH, Li B, Song X, Liu XZ, Lai JP, Zhang YX, Cui QL, Wang YD, Shi L, Guo XF, Guo SL, Yao L, Hong M, Xia SW, Gao XR, Cheng LX, Li Y, Wang HY, Liu DY, Meng QZ, Mu XR, Wang QX, Yan CY, Liu GS, Xie JY, Muheter D, Wu J, Lin LX, Xu JH, Zhao BL, Zhang JH, Wu Y, Chen X, Shan RB, Huang ZH, Hu X, Zhang SR, Ye ZZ, Wu BQ, Chen CH, Xiong Y, Liu YM, Yang ZY, Guo J, Chang LW, Wu GQ, Chen XJ, Liu HC, Wang D, Yu SQ, Liu L, Cai YH, Chen XH, Zeng JW, Li MX, Wu GQ, Li MZ, Li L, Fu ML, Li AY, Li L, Xiong H, Cheng XY, Cheng ZQ. Epidemiologic survey on hospitalized neonates in China. Transl Pediatr 2012; 1:15-22. [PMID: 26835259 PMCID: PMC4728849 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2011.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a nationwide epidemiologic survey on the neonates in urban hospitals with an attempt to understand the disease spectrum and treatment outcomes of hospitalized neonates in China. METHODS The clinical data of 43,289 hospitalized neonates from 86 hospitals in 47 Chinese cities (22 provinces) between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The male:female ratio was 1.73:1. Premature infants accounted for 26.2% of the hospitalized neonates, which was higher than that reported in 2002 (19.7%). The top three diseases during the neonatal period were jaundice, pneumonia, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The incidences of pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and bilirubin encephalopathy in term infants were higher than those in premature infants, while the incidences of asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary hemorrhage in term infants were lower than those in premature infants. The incidences of asphyxia, small for gestational age infant, and wet lung were higher in neonates whose mother had pregnancy induced hypertension. The outcomes of these hospitalized neonates included: recovered, 63.9%; improved, 27.3%; discharged due to the family's own decisions, 7.6%, and died, 1.2%. Nearly half (46.4%) of the neonatal death occurred within 24 hrs after admission. CONCLUSION The incidence of premature birth shows an increasing trend among hospitalized neonates. Since the neonatal deaths mainly occur within 24 hrs after admission, monitoring during this period should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Lun Wei
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yu-Jia Yang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yu-Jia Yao
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Li-Zhong Du
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Qing-Hong Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Rui-Hua Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ling Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ying Lin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jing Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Hua Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiao-Lei Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Hong-Min Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Kai Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yin Chen
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jia-Lin Yu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Qiu Tan
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Chao Chen
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ji-Mei Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Bin Yi
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Shao-Han Nong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Bo Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiong Song
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xian-Zhi Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jian-Pu Lai
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - You-Xiang Zhang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Qi-Liang Cui
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - You-De Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Lin Shi
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiu-Feng Guo
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Shao-Li Guo
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Li Yao
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Mei Hong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Shi-Wen Xia
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xi-Rong Gao
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Lin-Xia Cheng
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yun Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Hong-Yun Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Dong-Yan Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Qing-Zhi Meng
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiu-Rong Mu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Qi-Xin Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Chao-Ying Yan
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Guo-Sheng Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jun-Ying Xie
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Dawuti Muheter
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jing Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Li-Xing Lin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jia-Hui Xu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Bai-Li Zhao
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jing-Hua Zhang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ying Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiao Chen
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ruo-Bing Shan
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Zu-Hui Huang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xia Hu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Shu-Rong Zhang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Zhen-Zhi Ye
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ben-Qing Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Chang-Hui Chen
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ying Xiong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yu-Min Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Zhen-Ying Yang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jing Guo
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Li-Wen Chang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Gao-Qiang Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xu-Jie Chen
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Han-Chu Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Dong Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Shu-Qun Yu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Li Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Yu-Hong Cai
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiao-Hua Chen
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Jian-Wu Zeng
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ming-Xia Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Gao-Qiang Wu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ming-Zhu Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Long Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Ming-Liang Fu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - An-Ying Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Li Li
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Hong Xiong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Xiu-Yong Cheng
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
| | - Zhi-Qiong Cheng
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Central South University Affiliated Xiangya Hospital; 3 Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University Affiliated West China Second Hospital; 4 Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Children's Hospital; 5 Beihai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 6 Beihai People's Hospital; 7 Beijing Children's Hospital Emergency Center; 8 Capital University of Medical Sciences Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital; 9 Chengdu Children's Hospital/Chengdu Children's Emergency Center; 10 Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital; 11 Chongqing Fulin District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 12 Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 13 Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 14 Chongqing Three Gorge Central Hospital Children Health Care Center; 15 Dalian Children's Hospital; 16 Fudan University Affiliated Children's Hospital; 17 Fudan University Affiliated Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital; 18 Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 19 Guangdong People's Hospital; 20 Guangi Minzu Hospital; 21 Guangxi Children's Hospital; 22 Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 23 Guangzhou Children's Hospital; 24 Guangzhou NO.1 People's Hospital; 25 Guangzhou NO.2 People's Hospital; 26 Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 27 Haikou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 28 Hainan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 29 Hainan Medical College Affiliated Hospital; 30 Harbin Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital; 31 Hölün Buyer Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 32 Hubei Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 33 Hunan Children's Hospital; 34 Hunan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 35 Hunan People's Hospital; 36 Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 37 Jiamusi University Affiliated First Hospital; 38 Jiaozuo Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; 39 Jiaxi Chi
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Xu J, Huang RZ, Huang JW, Liu GS. [Relationship between plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide and feeding intolerance in preterm infants]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2011; 13:451-454. [PMID: 21672415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes of plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels and the relationship of plasma VIP levels with feeding intolerance (FI) in preterm infants. METHODS Plasma VIP concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay in 53 preterm infants with FI 1, 4, 7 and 14 days after birth. Fifty-nine preterm infants without FI served as the control group. RESULTS The fasting plasma concentrations of VIP in the FI group 1, 4 and 7 days after birth (129 ± 46, 144 ± 32 and 166 ± 31 pg/mL respectively) were significantly lower than those in the control group (195 ± 63, 197 ± 31 and 205 ± 34 pg/mL respectively) (P<0.05). The increased plasma VIP concentrations were associated with the increased gestational age, age in days and enteral feeding volume in the FI group. By 14 days, the plasma concentrations of VIP in the FI group (198 ± 41 pg/mL) were similar to those in the control group (202 ± 48 pg/mL) (P>0.05). The younger the infant's gestational age, the more prolonged the FI. Plasma levels of VIP on day 1 of life in the FI group were negatively correlated with the duration of FI (r=-0.799, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of VIP might be related to the development of FI in preterm infants and might serve as a predictor of FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Zhang LJ, Wang B, Liu GS. [Relationship between serum estradiol levels in the early postnatal period and the occurrence of hyaline membrane disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2010; 12:864-866. [PMID: 21083979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the changes of serum levels of estradiol during the early postnatal period in neonates in order to investigate the possible relationship between the serum estradiol levels and the occurrence of pulmonary hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS Fifty-nine premature infants with the gestational age between 26 and 32 weeks and 61 full-term infants with the gestational ages between 37 and 42 weeks were enrolled. Serum levels of estradiol were measured on postnatal days 1, 3 and 7. RESULTS Serum levels of estradiol decreased rapidly after birth in both premature and term infants and there were significant differences among different postnatal ages groups. However, there were no significant differences in the serum estradiol levels between the premature and term groups on postnatal days 1, 3 and 7. Serum estradiol levels measured in premature infants with HMD were not statistically different from those in premature infants without HMD on all time points. Serum estradiol levels in premature infants with BPD were higher than those in premature infants without BPD on postnatal day 3, but there were no noticeable differences on postnatal days 1 and 7. CONCLUSIONS Serum estradiol levels decline rapidly within 7 days after birth in both premature and term infants. Serum estradiol levels in the early postnatal period are not associated with the occurrence of HMD and BPD, suggesting that serum estradiol in the early postnatal period can not be used as a marker for predicting the development of HMD and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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He X, Lu HY, Liu GS. Palladium(II)-catalyzed cyclization of W-(2′,4′-dienyl)-2-alkynamides to α-alkylidene-γ-butyrolactams. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20010191221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chen WC, Liu GS. [Severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure, pulmonary edema edema and cerebral edema: a case report]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2009; 11:1033. [PMID: 20113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Jinan university, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Phototherapy may have an adverse effect on the hemodynamics of preterm infants, and endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) are both the powerful vasoactive substances. This study was designed to observe the effect of phototherapy on blood levels of ET and NO in preterm infants. METHODS Sixty-four preterm infants with hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy were studied. Among them, 31 patients were born at 32-36 weeks' gestational age (GA), and 33 patients were < or =32 weeks GA. Control group included 26 full-term infants with hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy. All patients were treated with continuous phototherapy for 24 hours. Blood samples were collected before and after phototherapy. The amount of ET in the blood samples was determined by radioimmunoassay, and NO levels were determined using nitrate reductase. Heart rate, respiratory rate, apnea, and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were monitored regularly (defined interval: hourly, 4 hours, etc) during phototherapy. RESULTS Blood ET levels measured after 24 hours of phototherapy were higher than the pretreatment values, as were blood NO levels measured after 12 hours and 24 hours of phototherapy. Both increases were statistically significant (P<0.05) in the GA< or =32 weeks group. In the GA>32 weeks group, blood NO levels measured after 24 hours of phototherapy were higher than the pretreatment values; these changes were also statistically significant (P<0.05). In the GA<32 weeks group, heart rate increased and the MABP decreased during phototherapy. The changes after 24 hours of phototherapy compared to the pretreatment values were statistically significant. A few episodes of apnea occurred during phototherapy in the GA< or =32 weeks group. This was significantly higher than that in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Under phototherapy, blood levels of ET and NO were significantly higher in preterm infants, especially in preterm infants of < or =32 weeks GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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42
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Dong GJ, Liu GS, Li KF. Studying genetic diversity in the core germplasm of confectionary sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in China based on AFLP and morphological analysis. Genetika 2007; 43:762-70. [PMID: 17853802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of germplasm resources of confectionary sunflower is critical to assess collection diversity and enhance utilization which is few referred. 70 germplasm representing 12 provinces of China was characterized using 8 amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) primers and 17 morphological descriptors. Euclidean distance were used for AFLP and morphological data ranged from 0.32 to 1.56 and from 0.30 to 1.48 respectively. No two germplasm had a distance of zero, showing there were no duplicate entries. Cluster analysis of AFLP data were determined by SAS which 70.0% of the total germplasm (49 entries) were including in the two main clusters I and II. A wild germplasm was single in the end cluster which is at 1.56 distance level to other clusters. For morphological data, 75.7% of the germplasm (53 entries) were in two main clusters II and III. This clustering pattern for AFLP and morphological data suggested unique germplasm were generally under represented in the collection. The morphological-based clusters showed some locality separation by germplasm origin, but in general, origin did not correspond closely with the clustering pattern. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the first seven principal components accounted for 81.33% of the total variation, of which 43.05% was contributed by the first two principal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Dong
- Shandong Sport University, 250063 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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43
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Han QH, Song YZ, Liu GS. [Glycogen storage disease type I in a child with coexistent Cryptococcus histolyticus meningitis]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2006; 8:439-40. [PMID: 17052413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Han
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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44
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Deng JY, Song YZ, Liu GS, Hao H. [Mucopolysaccharidosis II in two brothers: case report]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2006; 8:350-1. [PMID: 16923377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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45
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Song YZ, Hao H, Ushikai M, Liu GS, Xiao X, Saheki T, Kobayashi K, Wang ZN. [A difficult and complicated case study: neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2006; 8:125-8. [PMID: 16613706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) is a kind of inborn errors of metabolism, with the main clinic manifestations of jaundice, hepatomegaly, and abnormal liver function indices. As a mitochondrial solute carrier protein, citrin plays important roles in aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, urea cycle, and protein and nucleotide syntheses. Therefore citrin deficiency causes various and complicated metabolic disturbances, such as hypoglycemia, hyperlactic acidemia, hyperammonemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and galactosemia. This paper reported a case of NICCD confirmed by mutation analysis of SLC25A13, the gene encoding citrin. The baby (male, 6 months old) was referred to the First Affiliated Hospital with the complaint of jaundice of the skin and sclera, which it had suffered from for nearly 6 months. Physical examination showed obvious jaundice and a palpable liver 5 cm below the right subcostal margin. Liver function tests revealed elevated enzymatic activities, like GGT, ALP, AST, and ALT, together with increased levels of TBA, bilirubin (especially conjugated bilirubin), and decreased levels of total protein/albumin and fibrinogen. Blood levels of ammonia, lactate, cholesterol, and triglyceride were also increased, and in particular, the serum AFP level reached 319,225.70 microg/L, a extremely elevated value that has rarely been found in practice before. Tandem mass analysis of a dried blood sample revealed increased levels of free fatty acids and tyrosine, methionine, citrulline, and threonine as well. UP-GC-MS analysis of the urine sample showed elevated galactose and galactitol. The baby was thus diagnosed with suspected NICCD based on the findings. It was then treated with oral arginine and multiple vitamins (including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K), and was fed with lactose-free and medium-chain fatty acids enriched formula instead of breast feeding. After half a month of treatment, the jaundice disappeared, and the laboratory findings, including liver function indices, blood levels of ammonia, lactate and AFP, were returned to normal level. The baby was followed up for 6 months. It developed well, and the abnormal laboratory findings, including MS-MS and UP-GC-MS analysis results, have been corrected, except a slightly elevated lactate level sometimes. SLC25A13 gene mutation analysis for the patient revealed a compound heterozygote of mutation 851del4 and 1638ins23 and therefore NICCD was definitely diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zong Song
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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46
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Chen RD, Zimmermann E, Xu SX, Liu GS, Smith AG. Characterization of an anther- and tapetum-specific gene and its highly specific promoter isolated from tomato. Plant Cell Rep 2006; 25:231-40. [PMID: 16491381 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A full-length genomic clone of 2,233 bp long containing an anther- and tapetum-specific gene TomA108 was isolated and characterized from tomato. The gene was present in one copy per haploid genome. The isolated clone contained 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 810 and 170 nucleotides, respectively and a single intron with highly repetitive sequences. The cDNA encoded the protein with an apparent mass of 10.6 kDa and a pI (isoelectric point) of 5.3. It was cysteine-rich and had an N-terminal hydrophobic domain with characteristics of a secretory signal. Amino acid sequence comparisons demonstrated that the protein was closely related to a family of cereal seed storage proteins and protease inhibitors. The fusion of beta-glucuronidase to the TomA108 promoter demonstrated that the promoter was highly active from early-meiosis to free microspores production in tapetum of tobacco. This strong and highly specific promoter can be potentially used to generate male sterility for efficient production of plant hybrids.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cysteine/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Flowers/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Solanum lycopersicum/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Nicotiana/cytology
- Nicotiana/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatc Hewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada. [corrected]
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47
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Shu QY, Liu GS, Xu SX, Li XF, Li HJ. Genetic transformation of Leymus chinensis with the PAT gene through microprojectile bombardment to improve resistance to the herbicide Basta. Plant Cell Rep 2005; 24:36-44. [PMID: 15657763 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chinese leymus [Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.] is a perennial grass (tribe Gramineae) that is widely distributed throughout northern China and Mongolia where it is produced as a forage product. Severe production losses due to weed growth have serious economic consequences, and as non-selective herbicides not only kill the weeds but are also harmful to this forage grass, the introduction of a foreign gene for resistance to the herbicide Basta is necessary since this species lacks herbicide resistance. We have investigated the transformation of a gene for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) through microprojectile bombardment in Chinese leymus. Calli from immature inflorescences cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 5.0 mg/l of glutamine were bombarded. The bombarded calli survived on selection medium with 1.0 mg/l of phosphinothricin (PPT). Twenty-three plantlets regenerated from resistant calli on differentiation medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine, 1.0 mg/l kinetin, and 1.0 mg/l PPT, and five of these regenerated plantlets survived on rooting medium with 1.0 mg/l of PPT. PCR and Southern blotting analyses indicated that the PAT gene had been integrated into the genomes of two Chinese leymus plantlets and that the gene was stably transferred to its clonal offsprings. There were no other phenotypic effects associated with transgene expression during vegetative growth except tolerance to the herbicide Basta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Shu
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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48
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Shu QY, Liu GS, Qi DM, Chu CC, Liu J, Li HJ. An effective method for axillary bud culture and RAPD analysis of cloned plants in tetraploid black locust. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 22:175-180. [PMID: 12904886 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2002] [Revised: 05/09/2003] [Accepted: 05/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An efficient micropropagation technique by axillary bud multiplication was established for cloning tetraploid black locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The result showed that the optimal medium for shoot multiplication and elongation was Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine in combination with 0.5 mg/l kinetin and 0.1 mg/l 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. The best medium for rooting was half-strength MS medium with 0.25 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid. In the present report, we examined the genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plants by the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method with 25 primers. The cloned plants of tetraploid black locust showed complete stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Shu
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093 Beijing, China
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49
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Cohen MV, Yang XM, Liu GS, Heusch G, Downey JM. Acetylcholine, bradykinin, opioids, and phenylephrine, but not adenosine, trigger preconditioning by generating free radicals and opening mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. Circ Res 2001; 89:273-8. [PMID: 11485978 DOI: 10.1161/hh1501.094266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been assumed that all G(i)-coupled receptors trigger the protective action of preconditioning by means of an identical intracellular signaling pathway. To test this assumption, rabbit hearts were isolated and perfused with Krebs buffer. All hearts were subjected to a 30-minute coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. Risk area was measured with fluorescent particles and infarct size with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Control hearts showed 29.1+/-2.8% infarction of the risk zone. A 5-minute infusion of acetylcholine (0.55 mmol/L) beginning 15 minutes before the 30-minute occlusion resulted in significant protection (9.2+/-2.7% infarction). This protection could be blocked by administration of 300 micromol/L N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG), a free radical scavenger, or by 200 micromol/L 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), a mitochondrial K(ATP) antagonist, for 15 minutes beginning 5 minutes before the acetylcholine infusion (35.2+/-3.9% and 27.8+/-2.4% infarction, respectively). Similar protection was observed with other known triggers, ie, bradykinin (0.4 micromol/L), morphine (0.3 micromol/L), and phenylephrine (0.1 micromol/L), and in each case protection was completely abrogated by either MPG or 5-HD. In contrast, protection by adenosine or its analog N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl) adenosine could not be blocked by either MPG or 5-HD. Therefore, whereas most of the tested agonists trigger protection by a pathway that requires opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and production of free radicals, the protective action of adenosine is not dependent on either of these steps. Hence, it cannot be assumed that all G(i)-coupled receptors use the same signal transduction pathways to trigger preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Cohen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
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50
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Heusch G, Liu GS, Rose J, Cohen MV, Downey JM. No confirmation for a causal role of volume-regulated chloride channels in ischemic preconditioning in rabbits. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:2279-85. [PMID: 11113003 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2000.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Volume-regulated chloride channels have recently been proposed to be end-effectors in ischemic preconditioning. The present study attempted to confirm this hypothesis by looking both at cardioprotection and channel activity. In isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes, hypo-osmotic stress (167 mosm/l) induced a current with a magnitude of 2-5 pA/pF at 60 mV. That current could be blocked by the selective chloride channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) or indanyloxyacetic acid 94 (IAA-94), but only at 100 microM and 1 m M respectively. Lower concentrations were not effective. Because the channel-blocking concentrations were toxic in isolated perfused rabbit hearts, as evidenced by cessation of cardiac contraction and massive infarction, neither agent could be tested against preconditioning's anti-infarct effect. NPPB and IAA-94 at 1 microM and 10 microM, respectively (the doses used in a previous report), did not affect coronary flow, heart rate and developed pressure, and also did not prevent the infarct size reduction of ischemic preconditioning with 5 min global ischemia/10 min reperfusion preceding 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion [11. 4(+/-3.6) and (11.1(+/-3.7)% infarction of risk area, respectively]. The volume-regulated chloride and organic osmolyte channel blocker 4, 4;-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2;-disulfonic acid (DIDS) at 100 microM blocked the hypo-osmotically induced current in myocytes, but again could not be used, since it induced total cessation of cardiac contraction and reduced infarct size in non-preconditioned hearts. Our data do not confirm a prior study on a causal role for volume-regulated chloride channels in the protection of ischemic preconditioning. This hypothesis remains to be adequately tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heusch
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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