1
|
Calderon-Arrieta D, Morales AC, Hettiyadura APS, Estock TM, Li C, Rudich Y, Laskin A. Enhanced Light Absorption and Elevated Viscosity of Atmospheric Brown Carbon through Evaporation of Volatile Components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7493-7504. [PMID: 38637508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Samples of brown carbon (BrC) material were collected from smoke emissions originating from wood pyrolysis experiments, serving as a proxy for BrC representative of biomass burning emissions. The acquired samples, referred to as "pyrolysis oil (PO1)," underwent subsequent processing by thermal evaporation of their volatile compounds, resulting in a set of three additional samples with volume reduction factors of 1.33, 2, and 3, denoted as PO1.33, PO2, and PO3. The chemical compositions of these POx samples and their BrC chromophore features were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The investigation revealed a noteworthy twofold enhancement of BrC light absorption observed for the progression of PO1 to PO3 samples, assessed across the spectral range of 300-500 nm. Concurrently, a decrease in the absorption Ångstrom exponent (AAE) from 11 to 7 was observed, indicating a weaker spectral dependence. The relative enhancement of BrC absorption at longer wavelengths was more significant, as exemplified by the increased mass absorption coefficient (MAC) measured at 405 nm from 0.1 to 0.5 m2/g. Molecular characterization further supports this darkening trend, manifesting as a depletion of small oxygenated, less absorbing monoaromatic compounds and the retention of relatively large, less polar, more absorbing constituents. Noteworthy alterations of the PO1 to PO3 mixtures included a reduction in the saturation vapor pressure of their components and an increase in viscosity. These changes were quantified by the mean values shifting from approximately 1.8 × 103 μg/m3 to 2.3 μg/m3 and from ∼103 Pa·s to ∼106 Pa·s, respectively. These results provide quantitative insights into the extent of BrC aerosol darkening during atmospheric aging through nonreactive evaporation. This new understanding will inform the refinement of atmospheric and chemical transport models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Calderon-Arrieta
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Taylor M Estock
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zarkovic TM, Borden SA, Krogh ET, Gill CG. A passive membrane system for on-line mass spectrometry reagent addition. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9487. [PMID: 36739105 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Post-separation addition of chemical modifiers in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is widely used for improving ionization sensitivity and selectivity. This is typically accomplished using a post-column T-junction, which can result in sample dilution and imperfect mixing. We present a passive semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane approach for the addition of chemical modifiers that avoids these issues. METHODS Model compounds were directly infused by flow injection to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after passing through a polydimethylsiloxane hollow fiber membrane. Ionization enhancement reagents were introduced into the flowing stream by membrane permeation from aqueous solutions. Ionization enhancement from volatile acids and bases in positive and negative electrospray ionization was evaluated to assess the feasibility of this approach. RESULTS The membrane-based apparatus resulted in relative ionization enhancement factors of up to 14×, depending upon the analyte, reagent, and ionization mode used. Ionization enhancement signal stability is reasonable (relative standard deviation of 5-7%) for extended periods from the same reagent solution, and minimal analyte dilution is observed. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the chromatographic "trifluoroacetic acid fix" strategy is presented. CONCLUSIONS An on-line mass spectrometry ionization reagent addition method with potential post-chromatography reagent addition applications was developed using a hollow fiber polydimethylsiloxane membrane. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional methods requiring additional hardware such as pumps and T-junctions that can result in sample dilution and imperfect reagent mixing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taelor M Zarkovic
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
LeClerc HO, Tompsett GA, Paulsen AD, McKenna AM, Niles SF, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Cheng F, Teixeira AR, Timko MT. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. iScience 2022; 25:104916. [PMID: 36148430 PMCID: PMC9486744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel. Catalysts boost yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste HAP-catalyzed HTL has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6 Catalytic food waste HTL can produce fuel with an MFSP of $1.06/GGE
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather O. LeClerc
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Tompsett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Alex D. Paulsen
- Mainstream Engineering Corporation, 200 Yellow Place, Rockledge, FL 32955, USA
| | - Amy M. McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sydney F. Niles
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | | | - Robert K. Nelson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St., Falmouth, MA 02543, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Andrew R. Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Michael T. Timko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hettiyadura APS, Laskin A. Quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-high-resolution mass spectrometric detection platform coupled to electrospray and atmospheric pressure photoionization sources. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4804. [PMID: 35019202 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common pollutants present in atmospheric aerosols and other environmental mixtures. They are of particular air quality and human health concerns as many of them are carcinogenic toxins. They also affect absorption of solar radiation by aerosols, therefore contributing to the radiative forcing of climate. For environmental chemistry studies, it is advantageous to quantify PAH components using the same analytical technics that are commonly applied to characterize a broad range of polar analytes present in the same environmental mixtures. Liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and high-resolution mass spectrometric detection (LC-PDA-HRMS) is a method of choice for comprehensive characterization of chemical composition and quantification of light absorption properties of individual organic compounds present in the environmental samples. However, quantification of non-polar PAHs by this method is poorly established because of their imperfect ionization in electrospray ionization (ESI) technique. This tutorial article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the quantitative analysis of 16 priority pollutant PAHs in a standard reference material using the LC-MS platform coupled with the ESI source. Results are further corroborated by the quantitation experiments using an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) method, which is more sensitive for the PAH detection. The basic concepts and step-by-step practical guidance for the PAHs quantitative characterization are offered based on the systematic experiments, which include (1) Evaluation effects of different acidification levels by formic acid on the (+)ESI-MS detection of PAHs. (2) Comparison of detection limits in ESI+ versus APPI+ experiments. (3) Investigation of the PAH fragmentation patterns in MS2 experiments at different collision energies. (4) Calculation of wavelength dependent mass absorption coefficient (MACλ) of the standard mixture and its individual PAHs using LC-PDA data. (5) Assessment of the minimal injected mass required for accurate quantification of MACλ of the standard mixture and of a multi-component environmental sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Rapid screening and quantitation of PAHs in water and complex sample matrices by solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4656. [PMID: 32975320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization (cAPPI) source was used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex matrices like grilled meat extract and urban dust reference material, as well as screening for PAHs in aqueous samples such as tap and lake water. A high-throughput workflow was developed that allowed rapid screening of unknown samples by direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with cAPPI-MS, with confirmatory gas chromatography performed only for samples containing trace amounts of PAHs. Extraction times were as low as 15 s, with a total analysis time of 2 min per sample for screening. Limits of detections were in the low pg/ml range and in the subpg/ml range for the direct and chromatographic approach, respectively, with a linear dynamic range between two and three orders of magnitude, as determined for 15 model PAHs. This rapid approach represents an attractive way to screen samples containing nonpolar compounds using an ambient ionization source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mirabelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- CTC Analytics AG, Industriestrasse 20, Zwingen, 4222, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son CE, Choi SS. The influence of different types of reactant ions on the ionization behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8936. [PMID: 32875612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be cancer-causing chemicals, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is used for on-site detection of such hazardous chemicals. In IMS, the ionization behavior of analytes is affected by the types of reactant ions (RIs). In the present work, the influence of different types of RIs on the ionization behaviors of PAHs in an ion mobility spectrometer equipped with a corona discharge ionization source was investigated using various RIs. METHODS Selected PAHs were dissolved in anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or bromobenzene. The IMS analysis procedure was performed as follows: (a) the PAH solution was dropped onto the smear matrix; (b) the smear matrix was immediately inserted into the sample inlet to minimize evaporation of the solvent; and (c) the IMS analysis was performed. The lowest amount studied was 10 ng. Variations in the IMS spectra with time were investigated. RESULTS PAHs were not ionized by RIs of protonated molecules ([M + H]+ ) such as air/moisture and acetone, but they were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of molecular ions (M•+ ) of solvents such as anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene. The PAH ions were detected following a time delay of ~1-5 s after the sample introduction, and the times at which the maximum intensities for the PAHs were observed were different. The detection limits of PAHs in chlorobenzene were on the whole better than those in other solvents, whereas those in fluorobenzene were worse. The detection limits of pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were better than those of the other PAHs irrespective of the solvent used. CONCLUSIONS PAH molecules were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of the solvents, and their ions were detected ~1-5 s after sample introduction. The order of the ionization efficiency was chlorobenzene > anisole > bromobenzene > fluorobenzene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Masuda M, Wang Q, Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Amagai T. Quantification of Brominated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Post-column Infusion of Dopant. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1105-1111. [PMID: 32378523 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the quantification of brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BrPAHs) in environmental samples is yet to be developed. Here, we optimized the analytical conditions for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization and post-column infusion of dopant (LC-DA-APPI-MS/MS). We then compared the sensitivity of our developed method with that of conventional gas chromatography high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) by comparing the limits of quantification (LOQs) for a range of BrPAHs. Finally, to evaluate our developed method, 12 BrPAHs in sediments and fish collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan, were analyzed; 9 common PAHs were also targeted. The LOQs of the developed analytical method were 14 - 160 times lower than those of GC-HRMS for the targeted BrPAHs. The developed analytical method is a sensitive approach for determining the concentrations of BrPAHs in sediment and fish samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misato Masuda
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmed A, Islam S, Solihat NN, Acter T, Kim S. Systematic Investigation into the Differences in the (+) APPI Efficiencies of Positional (Ortho, Meta, and Para) Isomers. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmed
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Syful Islam
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
- Research Center for BiomaterialsIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Cibinong 16911 Indonesia
| | - Thamina Acter
- Department of Mathematical and Physical SciencesEast West University Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of ChemistryKyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
- Green‐Nano Materials Research Center Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Touboul D. Is methanol a dopant under atmospheric pressure photoionization conditions? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:208-211. [PMID: 30650996 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718823991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using a modified atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source coupled to a tunable vacuum ultraviolet source at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility, we determined the appearance energy of protonated methanol monomer and dimers at different source temperatures. The experimental data indicated that protonated monomers can be formed through the direct photoionization of neutral methanol by the second emission band of a krypton discharge UV lamp at 116.49 nm (10.64 eV) explaining why methanol can be considered as a weak dopant under APPI conditions. This point is in contradiction with the previously proposed mechanism where photoionization of methanol dimer was followed by the dissociation of the protonated methanol dimer into protonated methanol monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Benham K, Fernández FM, Orlando TM. Sweep Jet Collection Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization for Lipid Analysis Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:647-658. [PMID: 30617859 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced acoustic desorption coupled to microplasma-based atmospheric pressure photoionization (LIAD-APPI) using a nebulized sweep jet to aid in dopant introduction and ion transmission has been applied to the analysis of model, apolar lipid compounds. Specifically, several sterols, sterol esters, and triacylglycerols were detected using dopants such as anisole and toluene. Additionally, several triacylglycerols, sterols, carboxylic acids, and hopanoids were detected from complex mixtures of olive oil and Australian shale rock extract as a first demonstration of the applicability of LIAD-APPI on real-world samples. Detection limits using a sweep jet configuration for α-tocopherol and cholesterol were found to be 609 ± 61 and 292 ± 29 fmol, respectively. For sterol esters and triacylglycerols with a large number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain, LIAD-APPI was shown to yield greater molecular ion or [M+NH4]+ abundances than those with saturated fatty acid chains. Dopants such as anisole and toluene, with ionization potentials (IPs) of 8.2 and 8.8 eV, respectively, were tested. A greater degree of fragmentation with several of the more labile test compounds was observed using toluene. Overall, LIAD-APPI with a nebulized sweep jet requires minimal sample preparation and is a generally useful and sensitive analysis technique for low-polarity mixtures of relevance to biochemical assays and geochemical profiling. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Benham
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thomas M Orlando
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rozentale I, Zacs D, Bartkevics V. Application of Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Photoionisation HPLC-MS Method for the Sensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dark Chocolate. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:220-229. [PMID: 30395170 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple food research studies have shown that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are frequently found in processed cocoa products and chocolate. In a present study a method based on dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionisation (DA-APPI) combined with a liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HPLC-HRMS) for high-sensitivity analysis of four EU marker PAHs in dark chocolate samples was developed and fully validated according to the performance criteria set in EU guidelines. PAHs detection was achieved by HRMS in positive electrospray ionization mode with toluene used as a dopant to enhance the ionization efficiency of non-polar PAHs. The on-column instrument detection limits ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 pg for all four marker compounds. The method detection limits ranged from 0.016 to 0.024 μg kg-1 expressed on fat basis. The elaborated method was successfully applied to the analysis of four EU marker PAHs in dark chocolate samples. The presence of benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene revealed at detectable levels in 100% of the samples, while benzo[a]pyrene was revealed in 77% of the samples, with its content ranging from 0.08 to 2.90 μg kg-1 fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Rozentale
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Son CE, Choi SS. Influence of smear matrix types on detection behaviors and efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ion mobility spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:368-375. [PMID: 30476768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Influence of smear matrix types on detection behaviors and efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with different molecular weights in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) were investigated. Various smear matrices of stainless steel mesh (SM), cellulose paper (CP), and cotton fabric (CF) were employed. Anisole was used as the solvent and IMS analysis was performed without evaporation step of the solvent to apply charge transfer reactions between PAH molecules and the molecular ions of solvent. Shapes of reactant ion peaks (RIPs) were varied according to the smear matrix types. At the beginning of the sample inlet, intensity of RIPs of air and moisture notably decreased due to the lots of solvent vapor. The SM with good gas permeability showed relatively strong RIPs of air and moisture, whereas the CP with no gas permeability showed weak ones. Detection times and efficiencies of PAH ions were varied according to the smear matrix types as well as the kinds of PAHs. PAHs were on the whole detected well in 1-3 s after the sample inlet. Detection limits of PAHs measured using the SM were slightly better than those measured using the CP, while those measured using the CP were much better than those measured using the CF. The experimental results could be explained by structures of the smear matrices and evaporation behaviors of the PAH solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin P, Fleming LT, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Brown Carbon by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12493-12502. [PMID: 30293422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing components of atmospheric organic aerosols, which are collectively termed "brown carbon" (BrC), are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. They affect absorption of solar radiation by aerosols in the atmosphere and human health as some of them have been identified as potential toxins. Understanding the sources, formation, atmospheric evolution, and environmental effects of BrC requires molecular identification and characterization of light-absorption properties of BrC chromophores. Identification of BrC components is challenging due to the complexity of atmospheric aerosols. In this study, we employ two complementary ionization techniques, atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), to obtain broad coverage of both polar and nonpolar BrC components using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). These techniques are combined with chromatographic separation of BrC compounds with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), characterization of their light absorption with a photodiode array (PDA) detector, and chemical composition with HRMS. We demonstrate that this approach enables more comprehensive characterization of BrC in biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOAs) emitted from test burns of sage brush biofuel. In particular, we found that nonpolar BrC chromophores such as PAHs are only detected using positive mode APPI. Meanwhile, negative mode ESI results in detection of polar compounds such as nitroaromatics, aromatic acids, and phenols. For the BrC material examined in this study, over 40% of the solvent-extractable BrC light absorption is attributed to water insoluble, nonpolar to semipolar compounds such as PAHs and their derivatives, which require APPI for their identification. In contrast, the polar, water-soluble BrC compounds, which are detected in ESI, account for less than 30% of light absorption by BrC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| | - Lauren T Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fan X, Yu G, Zhao YP, Wang RY, Wei XY, Ma FY, Liu JM, Zhang XY, Zhao W. Molecular Characteristics of Shenfu Coal Characterized by Mass Spectrometers with Three Ion Sources. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization; Ministry of Education; China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinjiang University; Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang China
| | - Guo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization; Ministry of Education; China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization; Ministry of Education; China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu China
| | - Rui-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal-Based CO 2 Capture and Geological Storage (Jiangsu Province); China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization; Ministry of Education; China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu China
| | - Feng-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinjiang University; Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang China
| | - Jing-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinjiang University; Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization; Ministry of Education; China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization; Ministry of Education; China University of Mining & Technology; Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoshioka T, Nagatomi Y, Harayama K, Bamba T. Development of an analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coffee beverages and dark beer using novel high-sensitivity technique of supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:126-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Lee S, Ahmed A, Kim S. Solvent composition dependent signal reduction of molecular ions generated from aromatic compounds in (+) atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:973-980. [PMID: 29600539 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ionization process is essential for successful mass spectrometric (MS) analysis because of its influence on selectivity and sensitivity. In particular, certain solvents reduce the ionization of the analyte, thereby reducing the overall sensitivity in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Since the sensitivity varies greatly depending on the solvents, a fundamental understanding of the mechanism is required. METHODS Standard solutions were analyzed using a (+)-APPI Q Exactive ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). Each solution was infused directly into the APPI source at a flow rate of 100 μL/min and the APPI source temperature was 300°C. Other operating mass spectrometric parameters were maintained under the same conditions. Quantum mechanical calculations were carried out using the Gaussian 09 suite program. RESULTS Density functional theory was used to calculate the reaction enthalpies (∆H) of the reactions between toluene and other solvents. The experimental and theoretical results showed good agreement. The abundances of analyte ions were well correlated with the calculated ∆H values. Therefore, the results strongly support the suggested signal reduction mechanism. In addition, linear correlations between the abundance of toluene and analyte molecular ions were observed, which also supports the suggested mechanism. CONCLUSIONS A solvent composition dependent signal reduction mechanism was suggested and evaluated for the (+)-APPI-MS analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generating mainly molecular ions. Overall, the evidence provided in this work suggests that reactions between solvent cluster(s) and toluene molecular ions are responsible for the observed reductions in signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulgidaun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Green Nano Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
West B, Lowe B, Mayer PM. Unimolecular Dissociation of 1-Methylpyrene Cations: Why Are 1-Methylenepyrene Cations Formed and Not a Tropylium-Containing Ion? J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4730-4735. [PMID: 29727186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene radical cations undergo the loss of a hydrogen atom at internal energies above the first dissociation threshold. Imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy was employed in combination with RRKM modeling to determine a 0 K activation energy of 2.78 ± 0.25 eV and an entropy of activation of 6 ± 19 J K-1 mol-1 for this H-loss reaction. The ionization energy of 1-methylpyrene was measured by mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy to be 7.27 ± 0.01 eV. These values were found to be consistent with calculations at the CCSD/6-31G(d)//B3-LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory showing that the formation of the 1-methylenepyrene cation (resulting from H loss from the methyl group) is kinetically more favorable than the formation of a tropylium-containing product ion that is structurally analogous to the formation of the tropylium cation in H loss from ionized toluene. The shift away from a tropylium-containing structure was found to be due to the increased ring strain imposed on the C7 moiety when it is bound to three fused benzene rings. The RRKM results allow for the derivation of the Δf H0o (1-methylenepyrene cation) of 945 ± 31 kJ mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi West
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Bethany Lowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
YU YR, FAN X, ZHAO YP, CAO JP, KANG SG, WEI XY. Analysis of Soluble Organic Species of Huolinguole Lignite by Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu C, Yang J, Wang J, Hu Y, Zhao W, Zhou Z, Qi F, Pan Y. Extractive Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (EAPPI) Mass Spectrometry: Rapid Analysis of Chemicals in Complex Matrices. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1597-1605. [PMID: 27460208 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization (EAPPI) mass spectrometry was designed for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemicals in complex matrices. In this method, an ultrasonic nebulization system was applied to sample extraction, nebulization, and vaporization. Mixed with a gaseous dopant, vaporized analytes were ionized through ambient photon-induced ion-molecule reactions, and were mass-analyzed by a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). After careful optimization and testing with pure sample solution, EAPPI was successfully applied to the fast screening of capsules, soil, natural products, and viscous compounds. Analysis was completed within a few seconds without the need for preseparation. Moreover, the quantification capability of EAPPI for matrices was evaluated by analyzing six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. The correlation coefficients (R (2) ) for standard curves of all six PAHs were above 0.99, and the detection limits were in the range of 0.16-0.34 ng/mg. In addition, EAPPI could also be used to monitor organic chemical reactions in real time. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vaikkinen A, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R. Charge Exchange Reaction in Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1291-1300. [PMID: 27126470 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiencies of charge exchange reaction in dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DA-APCI) and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) mass spectrometry (MS) were compared by flow injection analysis. Fourteen individual compounds and a commercial mixture of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were chosen as model analytes to cover a wide range of polarities, gas-phase ionization energies, and proton affinities. Chlorobenzene was used as the dopant, and methanol/water (80/20) as the solvent. In both techniques, analytes formed the same ions (radical cations, protonated molecules, and/or fragments). However, in DA-APCI, the relative efficiency of charge exchange versus proton transfer was lower than in DA-APPI. This is suggested to be because in DA-APCI both dopant and solvent clusters can be ionized, and the formed reagent ions can react with the analytes via competing charge exchange and proton transfer reactions. In DA-APPI, on the other hand, the main reagents are dopant-derived radical cations, which favor ionization of analytes via charge exchange. The efficiency of charge exchange in both DA-APPI and DA-APCI was shown to depend heavily on the solvent flow rate, with best efficiency seen at lowest flow rates studied (0.05 and 0.1 mL/min). Both DA-APCI and DA-APPI showed the radical cation of chlorobenzene at 0.05-0.1 mL/min flow rate, but at increasing flow rate, the abundance of chlorobenzene M(+.) decreased and reagent ion populations deriving from different gas-phase chemistry were recorded. The formation of these reagent ions explains the decreasing ionization efficiency and the differences in charge exchange between the techniques. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Vaikkinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 , (Viikinkaari 5 E), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 , (Viikinkaari 5 E), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 , (Viikinkaari 5 E), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cody RB, Dane AJ. Dopant-assisted direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with argon gas. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1181-1189. [PMID: 28328019 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopants used with Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) were examined with the Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART® ) ion source operated with argon gas. Charge-exchange and proton transfer reactions were observed by adding toluene, anisole, chlorobenzene and acetone to the DART gas stream, complementing the information obtained by helium DART. METHODS Mass spectra were acquired with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with a DART ion source operated with argon gas. A syringe pump was used to introduce dopants directly into the DART gas stream through deactivated fused-silica capillary tubing. Samples including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel fuel, trinitrotoluene and cannabinoids were deposited onto the sealed end of melting tube, allowed to dry, and the tube was then suspended in the dopant-enhanced DART gas stream. RESULTS PAHs could be detected as molecular ions at concentrations in the low parts-per-billion range by using a solution of 0.5% anisole in toluene as a dopant. Argon DART analysis of a diesel fuel sample with the same dopant mixture showed a simpler mass spectrum than obtained by using helium DART. The argon DART mass spectrum was dominated by molecular ions for aromatic compounds, whereas the helium DART mass spectrum showed both molecular ions and protonated molecules. In contrast O2- attachment DART showed saturated hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing species. Mass spectra for trinitrotoluene with argon DART in negative-ion mode showed a prominent [M - H]- peak, whereas conventional helium DART showed both M- and [M - H]- . Lastly, in analogy to a report in the literature using APPI, positive ions produced by argon DART ionization for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol showed distinctive product-ion mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS Dopant-assisted argon DART operates by a mechanism that is analogous to those proposed for dopant-assisted atmospheric-pressure photoionization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - A John Dane
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi LK, Zhang DD, Liu YL. Incidence and survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils in China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Ahmed A, Choi CH, Kim S. Mechanistic study on lowering the sensitivity of positive atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometric analyses: size-dependent reactivity of solvent clusters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2095-2101. [PMID: 26443412 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is important for studies employing APPI liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In this study, the APPI mechanism for polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds dissolved in toluene and methanol or water mixture was investigated by use of MS analysis and quantum mechanical simulation. In particular, four different mechanisms that could contribute to the signal reduction were considered based on a combination of MS data and quantum mechanical calculations. METHODS The APPI mechanism is clarified by combining MS data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To obtain MS data, a positive-mode (+) APPI Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to analyze each solution. DFT calculations were performed using the general atomic and molecular electronic structure system (GAMESS). RESULTS The experimental results indicated that methanol significantly reduced the signal in (+) APPI, but no significative signal reduction was observed when water was used as a co-solvent with toluene. The signal reduction is more significant especially for molecular ions than for protonated ions. Therefore, important information about the mechanism of methanol-induced signal reduction in (+) APPI-MS can be gained due its negative impact on APPI efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The size-dependent reactivity of methanol clusters ((CH3 OH)n , n = 1-8) is an important factor in determining the sensitivity of (+) APPI-MS analyses. Clusters can compete with toluene radical ions for electrons. The reactivity increases as the sizes of the methanol clusters increase and this effect can be caused by the size-dependent ionization energy of the solvent clusters. The resulting increase in cluster reactivity explains the flow rate and temperature-dependent signal reduction observed in the analytes. Based on the results presented here, minimizing the sizes of methanol clusters can improve the sensitivity of LC/(+)-APPI-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmed
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lung SCC, Liu CH. Fast analysis of 29 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12992. [PMID: 26265155 PMCID: PMC4532996 DOI: 10.1038/srep12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them are probable carcinogens and some are source markers. This work presents an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-APPI-MS/MS) method for simultaneous analysis of 20 PAHs and nine nitro-PAHs. These compounds are separated in 15 minutes in the positive mode and 11 minutes in the negative mode, one half of GC/MS analysis time. Two pairs of precursor/product ions are offered, which is essential for confirmation. This method separates and quantifies benzo[a]pyrene (the most toxic PAHs) and non-priority benzo[e]pyrene (isomers, little toxicity) to avoid overestimation of toxin levels, demonstrating its importance for health-related researches. With 0.5% 2,4-difluoroanisole in chlorobenzene as the dopant, limits of detection of PAHs except acenaphthylene and those of nitro-PAHs except 2-nitrofluoranthene are below 10 pg and 3 pg, respectively, mostly lower than or comparable to those reported using LC-related systems. The responses were linear over two orders of magnitude with fairly good accuracy and precision. Certified reference materials and real aerosol samples were analyzed to demonstrate its applicability. This fast, sensitive, and reliable method is the first UHPLC-APPI-MS/MS method capable of simultaneously analyzing 29 environmentally and toxicologically important PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hu Liu
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wise SA, Sander LC, Schantz MM. Analytical Methods for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) — A Historical Perspective on the 16 U.S. EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.970291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shi LK, Liu YL, Liu HM, Zhang MM. One-step solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3605-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Sioud S, Kharbatia N, Amad MH, Zhu Z, Cabanetos C, Lesimple A, Beaujuge P. The formation of [M-H]+ ions in N-alkyl-substituted thieno[3,4-c]-pyrrole-4,6-dione derivatives during atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2389-2397. [PMID: 25303467 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The formation of ions during atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) mass spectrometry in the positive mode usually provides radical cations and/or protonated species. Intriguingly, during the analysis of some N-alkyl-substituted thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) derivatives synthesized in our laboratory, unusual [M-H](+) ion peaks were observed. In this work we investigate the formation of [M-H](+) ions observed under APPI conditions. METHODS Multiple experimental parameters, including the type of ionization source, the composition of the solvent, the type of dopant, the infusion flow rate, and the length of the alkyl side chain were investigated to determine their effects on the formation of [M-H](+) ions. In addition, a comparison study of the gas-phase tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation of [M + H](+) vs [M-H](+) ions and computational approaches were used. RESULTS [M-H](+) ions were observed under APPI conditions. The type of dopant and the length of the alkyl chain affected the formation of these ions. MS/MS fragmentation of [M-H](+) and [M + H](+) ions exhibited completely different patterns. Theoretical calculations revealed that the loss of hydrogen molecules from the [M + H](+) ions is the most favourable condition under which to form [M-H](+) ions. CONCLUSIONS [M-H](+) ions were detected in all the TPD derivatives studied here under the special experimental conditions during APPI, using a halogenated benzene dopant, and TPD containing substituted N-alkyl side chains with a minimum of four carbon atoms. Density functional theory calculations showed that for [M-H](+) ions to be formed under these conditions, the loss of hydrogen molecules from the [M + H](+) ions is proposed to be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Sioud
- Analytical Chemistry Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fredenhagen A, Kühnöl J. Evaluation of the optimization space for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in comparison with APCI. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:727-736. [PMID: 25044900 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is difficult to evaluate for unknowns due to the fragmented literature. Specifically, the variation of dopants with a wide set of compounds or the use of APPI in the negative mode have rarely been explored. Thirty compounds were selected that were not suitable for ESI with a wide variety of functional groups and investigated with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and APPI in the positive and negative ion modes. The influence of the mobile phase (eluents containing acetonitrile or methanol) and--for APPI--four different dopants (acetone, chlorobenzene, toluene, and toluene/anisole) were explored. Stepwise variation of the organic mobile phase allowed to elucidate the ionization mechanism. Atmospheric pressure photoionization was especially useful for compounds, where the M(●+) and not the [M + H](+) was formed. The dopants chlorobenzene and anisole promoted the formation of molecular ions M(●+) for about half of the compounds, and its formation was also positively influenced by the use of mobile phases containing methanol. In the negative ion mode, APPI offered no advantage toward APCI. Best results were generally achieved with the dopant chlorobenzene, establishing that this dopant is suitable for a wide set of compounds. For one quarter of the compounds, significantly better results were achieved with mobile phases containing methanol for both APPI and APCI than those with acetonitrile, but only in the positive mode. With either of the methods--APPI or APCI--about 10% of the compounds were not detected. Strategies to get results quickly with difficult unknowns will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fredenhagen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, WKL-121.P.37, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang K, Wong JW, Mai H, Trucksess MW. Dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization of patulin in apple juice and apple-based food with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4112-4118. [PMID: 24758531 DOI: 10.1021/jf5006726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine patulin in apple juice and apple-based food. Different dopants, dopant flow rates, and LC separation conditions were evaluated. Using toluene as the dopant, the LC-APPI-MS/MS method achieved a linear calibration from 12.5 to 2000 μg/L (r(2) > 0.99). Matrix-dependent limits of quantitation (LOQs) were from 8 μg/L (solvent) to 12 μg/L (apple juice). [(13)C]-Patulin-fortified apple juice samples were directly analyzed by the LC-APPI-MS/MS method. Other apple-based food was fortified with [(13)C]-patulin, diluted using water (1% formic acid), centrifuged, and filtered, followed by LC-APPI-MS/MS analysis. In clear apple juice, unfiltered apple cider, applesauce, and apple-based baby food, average recoveries were 101 ± 6% (50 μg/kg), 103 ± 5% (250 μg/kg), and 102 ± 5% (1000 μg/kg) (av ± SD, n = 16). Using the suggested method, patulin was detected in 3 of 30 collected market samples with concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 18 μg/L. The use of [(13)C]-patulin allowed quantitation using solvent calibration standards with satisfactory precision and accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng AL, Fan X, Wang SZ, Liu FJ, Wei XY, Zhao YP, Zong ZM, Zhao W, Chen L, You CY, Zhu JL. Analysis of the Products from the Oxidation of Geting Bituminous Coal by Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.860541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
32
|
Ramirez CE, Wang C, Gardinali PR. Fully automated trace level determination of parent and alkylated PAHs in environmental waters by online SPE-LC-APPI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:329-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Sette CB, Pedrete TDA, Felizzola J, Nudi AH, Scofield ADL, Wagener ADLR. Formation and identification of PAHs metabolites in marine organisms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 91:2-13. [PMID: 23518369 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the development of the technique APCI(+) LC/MS/MS allowed the detection of phenanthrene, pyrene and metabolites of alkyl homologs in fish bile (in situ) and in urine of crabs. Laboratory experiments were carried out exposing crabs from an unpolluted mangrove (Barra de Guaratiba) to phenanthrene, and to the alkylated homologs 1-methyl phenanthrene and 2,6,9-trimethyl phenanthrene. Urine samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Fishes were captured from strategic sites from Guanabara Bay. Hydroxylated metabolites of phenanthrene, epoxides, orthoquinone and glucoside conjugates were identified in both samples. The method APCI(+) LC/MS/MS showed to be effective in a preliminary assessment of phenanthrene metabolite formation, although the low concentrations of 1-methyl phenanthene and 2,6,9-trimethyl phenanthrene did not allow a systematic evaluation of data. The method, however, proved to be excellent tool for studies of PAHs metabolites due to the high selectivity, sensitivity and separation attained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Sette
- LABMAM - Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, 22543-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wilczewska K, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J. LC-MS and LC-NMR as Complementary Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Dosage Formulations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.810459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
35
|
Amad MH, Li EQ, Sioud S, Thoroddsen ST. Development of a piezoelectric inkjet dopant delivery device for an atmospheric pressure photoionization source with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:325-334. [PMID: 24800416 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple, robust and integrated piezoelectric actuated printhead as a dopant delivery system for atmospheric pressure photoionization with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The newly designed dopant delivery system avoids problems associated with traditional liquid delivery systems such as solvent immiscibility, backpressure and increased post-column dead volume issues. The performance of the new device was tested and evaluated using chlorobenzene as a dopant with a test mixture consisting of 18 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results show that the new system works robustly at low dopant consumption level (1.6 uL min(-1)), consuming only approximately 5% of the amount used by conventional sources. The low dopant consumption has resulted in up to a 20-fold reduction in signal intensity of tested PAH molecules, but has led to less presence of background cluster ions and dopant trace contaminant background ions in the source area. Consequently, all tested PAHs were detected with excellent signal-to-noise ratio with at least two- to ten-fold improvements in the limit of detection and quantification compared to those obtained with traditional dopant assistance using a post-column addition method.
Collapse
|
36
|
Amad M, Sioud S. Investigation of the ionization mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using an ethanol/bromobenzene/chlorobenzene/anisole mixture as a dopant in liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2517-2525. [PMID: 23008069 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE An ethanol-based multicomponent dopant consisting of ethanol/chlorobenzene/bromobenzene/anisole (98.975:0.1:0.9:0.025, v/v/v/v) has been used as a dopant for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study the mechanism of ionization of PAHs assisted by the ethanol-based multicomponent dopant is investigated. METHODS The reactant background cluster ions of the ethanol-based multicomponent dopant observed in the positive ion APPI were studied. These studies were performed to investigate the mechanism behind the generation of a molecular radical cation (M(+•)) for PAHs by APPI assisted by the ethanol-based multicomponent dopant. Full scan and MS/MS analyses were conducted using an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The effect of acidification of the mobile phase on the dopant cluster ion formation was also investigated. RESULTS With the ethanol-based multicomponent dopant, a single type of molecular radical cation M(+•) was observed for the studied PAHs. The characteristic ion signal of the multicomponent dopant mixture consisted of mainly anisole photoions at m/z 108.05697 and its adduct ions at m/z 124.05188 and 164.07061. The anisole ion response at m/z 108.05697 was stable in the presence of acetonitrile, methanol, water and 0.1% formic acid mobile phase composition. CONCLUSIONS The abundance formation of anisole photoions shows the universality of this multicomponent dopant in ionizing compounds with ionization energy ranging from 7.1-8.2 eV. Since the ionization energy of anisole is 8.2 eV and is lower than those of chlorobenzene (9.07 eV) and bromobenzene (9.0 eV), the mechanism of formation of anisole photoions even with its very minute amounts was not only governed by its photoionization by the krypton lamp photon energy (10.0 eV and 10.6 eV), but also by charge transfer from bromobenzene and chlorobenzene radical cations. PAH molecules were mainly ionized by charge transfer reaction from photoionized anisole and oxidized anisole radical cations as well as by the krypton lamp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ma'an Amad
- Analytical Chemistry Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University Of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sioud S, Amad M, Al-Talla ZA. Multicomponent mixed dopant optimization for rapid screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure photoionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1488-1496. [PMID: 22592993 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE To enhance the ionization efficiencies in atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry a dopant with favorable ionization energy such as chlorobenzene is typically used. These dopants are typically toxic and difficult to mix with water-soluble organic solvents. In order to achieve a more efficient and less toxic dopant, a multicomponent mixed dopant was explored. METHODS A multicomponent mixed dopant for non-targeted rapid screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was developed and optimized using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure photoionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. Various single and multicomponent mixed dopants consisting of ethanol, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, anisole and toluene were evaluated. RESULTS Fourteen out of eighteen PAHs were successfully separated and detected at low pg/μL levels within 5 min with high mass accuracy ≤4 ppm. The optimal mixed multicomponent dopant consisted of ethanol/chlorobenzene/bromobenzene/anisole (98.975:0.1:0.9:0.025, v/v %) and it improved the limit of detection (LOD) by 2- to 10-fold for the tested PAHs compared to those obtained with pure chlorobenzene. CONCLUSIONS A novel multicomponent dopant that contains 99% ethanol and 1% mixture of chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and anisole was found to be an effective dopant mixture to ionize PAHs. The developed UPLC multicomponent dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization high-resolution mass spectrometry offered a rapid non targeted screening method for detecting the PAHs at low pg/μL levels within a 5 min run time with high mass accuracy ≤4 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Sioud
- Analytical Chemistry Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University Of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gaudin M, Imbert L, Libong D, Chaminade P, Brunelle A, Touboul D, Laprévote O. Atmospheric pressure photoionization as a powerful tool for large-scale lipidomic studies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:869-879. [PMID: 22359092 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomic studies often use liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) for separation, identification, and quantification. However, due to the wide structural diversity of lipids, the most apolar part of the lipidome is often detected with low sensitivity in ESI. Atmospheric pressure (APPI) can be an alternative ionization source since normal-phase solvents are known to enhance photoionization of these classes. In this paper, we intend to show the efficiency of APPI to identify different lipid classes, with a special interest on sphingolipids. In-source APPI fragmentation appears to be an added value for the structural analysis of lipids. It provides a detailed characterization of both the polar head and the non polar moiety of most lipid classes, and it makes possible the detection of all lipids in both polarities, which is not always possible with ESI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gaudin
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Muller H, Adam FM, Panda SK, Al-Jawad HH, Al-Hajji AA. Evaluation of quantitative sulfur speciation in gas oils by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: validation by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:806-815. [PMID: 22359090 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been applied for the quantitative speciation of sulfur containing compounds in gas oil (GO). For this purpose, ionization and mass spectrometric parameters have been studied and optimized with a set of standard compounds and GO samples. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was used as the reference method. To allow a quantitative comparison between FT-ICR MS and GCxGC results for GO samples, FT-ICR MS parameters were optimized and data obtained by both techniques were standardized. Response factors were established for two ionization modes: atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) and electrospray after selective derivatization of sulfur compounds (MeESI). To test the validity of the developed MS methods, a third GO was analyzed and response factors were applied. Comparison with GCxGC results showed good agreement for sulfur families (deviation within 5% and 15% for MeESI and APPI data, respectively). Abundances of individual isomer groups match within 40% in most cases. These results principally demonstrate the suitability of FT-ICR MS for a quantitative analysis of sulfur compounds (by DBE and carbon number distribution pattern) in petroleum middle distillates. This approach has the potential to be extended to higher- and non-boiling petroleum fractions where quantitative speciation is presently not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Muller
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, P.O. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cai SS, Stevens J, Syage JA. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry for high-sensitivity analysis of US Environmental Protection Agency sixteen priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1227:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Ghislain T, Faure P, Michels R. Detection and monitoring of PAH and oxy-PAHs by high resolution mass spectrometry: comparison of ESI, APCI and APPI source detection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:530-536. [PMID: 22281813 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to compare direct infusion in a Q-TOF mass spectrometer through three different atmospheric pressure sources, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled to a high resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometer. A complex mixture of PAH and oxy-PAHs, obtained after the air oxidation of fluoranthene on mineral substrates, was used to compare the different ionization abilities of these sources. Here, we propose analytical methods for the use of all sources. Final goal was to provide background to the choice of the most appropriate source in order to analyze complex organic mixtures as those encountered in polluted soils, water, sediments, as well as in petroleum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Ghislain
- G2R, Nancy-Université, CNRS, B.P. 239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brouwers JF. Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of phospholipids. Chromatography, ionization and quantification. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:763-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
43
|
Gosetti F, Chiuminatto U, Mazzucco E, Robotti E, Calabrese G, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Simultaneous determination of thirteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and twelve aldehydes in cooked food by an automated on-line solid phase extraction ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6308-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
44
|
Lung SCC, Liu CH. High-sensitivity analysis of six synthetic musks by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4955-61. [PMID: 21542612 DOI: 10.1021/ac2006872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and potential toxicity of synthetic musks in environmental media have aroused concerns for the impacts of these chemicals on ecosystems and human health. Here, we present the first method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-APPI-MS/MS) for analysis of the six most important synthetic musks. Analysis was performed on an API 3000 triple quadrupole equipped with a PhotoSpray APPI source. Two pairs of precursor/product ions are presented that are essential for confirmation. Chromatographic separation is completed in 7 min in the positive mode and 5.1 min in the negative mode. Furthermore, three dopant solutions (0.5% anisole in toluene, 0.5% 2,4-difluoroanisole (DFA) in bromobenzene, and 0.5% DFA in chlorobenzene) are compared in terms of sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The best sensitivity is associated with 0.5% anisole in toluene as the dopant; all LODs are below 6 pg. The linear range is 5 to 500 ppb with fairly good precision and accuracy. This analytical method has also proven its applicability by analyzing real air samples. In summary, we present a fast, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-APPI-MS/MS method for six important synthetic musks; it can be readily applied to environmental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 115.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ross MS, Wong CS. Comparison of electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and anion attachment atmospheric pressure photoionization for the analysis of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7855-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
46
|
Hollosi L, Wenzl T. Development and optimisation of a dopant assisted liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure photo ionisation-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 15+1 EU priority PAHs in edible oils. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:23-31. [PMID: 21122869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
European food legislation defines a set of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as of high concern for human health. The EU set contains structurally very similar PAHs with ring numbers between 4 and 6, and so raises some separation aspects and problems, which were not experienced with traditionally analysed PAHs. Many of the currently applied gas chromatographic mass spectrometric (GC-MS) methods suffer from separation problems, while high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) is neither capable of detecting the whole set of EU priority PAHs nor does it (compared to GC-MS) allow structural identification. In addition HPLC-FLD shows limitations with difficult matrices due to interferences. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap by describing a liquid chromatographic dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photo ionisation tandem mass spectrometric (LC-DA-APPI-MS/MS) method for the determination of 15+1 EU priority PAHs in edible oil, which complies with the requirements set by European food legislation. Measurements were performed in positive ion mode. Anisole at a flow rate of 30 μl/min was used as dopant. Sample preparation was performed offline by donor-acceptor complex chromatography (DACC). Compared to HPLC-FLD methods the presented method enables the determination of all 15+1 EU priority PAHs at the low μg/kg concentration range including less fluorescence active compounds like benzo[j]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. By analysing four reference materials it could be demonstrated that this method provides accurate results and is sufficiently sensitive for food control purposes. Statistically significant differences between the reference values and the measured analyte contents were not found. The method performs well also for very complex samples. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) of the determination of the target PAHs in olive oil were for most analytes below 5%. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method met the requirement set by EU legislation (0.3 μg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Hollosi
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Basic rules for the interpretation of atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectra of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3908-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|