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Farahnak K, Bai YZ, Yokoyama Y, Morkan DB, Liu Z, Amrute JM, De Filippis Falcon A, Terada Y, Liao F, Li W, Shepherd HM, Hachem RR, Puri V, Lavine KJ, Gelman AE, Bharat A, Kreisel D, Nava RG. B cells mediate lung ischemia/reperfusion injury by recruiting classical monocytes via synergistic B cell receptor/TLR4 signaling. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e170118. [PMID: 38488011 PMCID: PMC10940088 DOI: 10.1172/jci170118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury-mediated (IRI-mediated) primary graft dysfunction (PGD) adversely affects both short- and long-term outcomes after lung transplantation, a procedure that remains the only treatment option for patients suffering from end-stage respiratory failure. While B cells are known to regulate adaptive immune responses, their role in lung IRI is not well understood. Here, we demonstrated by intravital imaging that B cells are rapidly recruited to injured lungs, where they extravasate into the parenchyma. Using hilar clamping and transplant models, we observed that lung-infiltrating B cells produce the monocyte chemokine CCL7 in a TLR4-TRIF-dependent fashion, a critical step contributing to classical monocyte (CM) recruitment and subsequent neutrophil extravasation, resulting in worse lung function. We found that synergistic BCR-TLR4 activation on B cells is required for the recruitment of CMs to the injured lung. Finally, we corroborated our findings in reperfused human lungs, in which we observed a correlation between B cell infiltration and CM recruitment after transplantation. This study describes a role for B cells as critical orchestrators of lung IRI. As B cells can be depleted with currently available agents, our study provides a rationale for clinical trials investigating B cell-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ankit Bharat
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Immune response associated with ischemia and reperfusion injury during organ transplantation. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1463-1476. [PMID: 36282292 PMCID: PMC9653341 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is an ineluctable immune-related pathophysiological process during organ transplantation, which not only causes a shortage of donor organs, but also has long-term and short-term negative consequences on patients. Severe IRI-induced cell death leads to the release of endogenous substances, which bind specifically to receptors on immune cells to initiate an immune response. Although innate and adaptive immunity have been discovered to play essential roles in IRI in the context of organ transplantation, the pathway and precise involvement of the immune response at various stages has not yet to be elucidated. Methods We combined “IRI” and “organ transplantation” with keywords, respectively such as immune cells, danger signal molecules, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, complement cascade, T cells or B cells in PubMed and the Web of Science to search for relevant literatures. Conclusion Comprehension of the immune mechanisms involved in organ transplantation is promising for the treatment of IRI, this review summarizes the similarities and differences in both innate and adaptive immunity and advancements in the immune response associated with IRI during diverse organ transplantation.
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Luo H, Shu R, Guo L, Zhou J, Tan B, Guo X, Wang Y, Tian Y. Platelet-To-Lymphocyte and Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratios Predict Intestinal Injury in Male Heroin Addicts. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2195330. [PMID: 35880090 PMCID: PMC9308521 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2195330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the potential link between gut damage and proinflammatory cytokines in heroin-dependent patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed and compared partial blood counts and biomarkers of intestinal injury and their potential correlations in 38 male heroin abuse patients and 29 healthy male participants. In addition, we compared and assessed proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in 10 heroin abuse patients and 10 healthy participants. Results Neutrophil counts, platelets/lymphocytes (PLR), neutrophils/lymphocytes (NLR), gut injury biomarkers, and proinflammatory cytokines, CD19+B in patients compared with healthy subjects' cells increased significantly. The number of lymphocytes, CD3 CD4 T cells, and CD3 CD8 T cells decreased in patients compared to healthy individuals. When distinguishing between heroin addicts and healthy people, ROC/AUC analysis showed that a cutoff of 142.42 for PLR and 2.18 for NLR yielded a sensitivity of 65% and 85% and a specificity of 96.5% and 89.7%, respectively (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). For predicting intestinal injury, ROC/AUC analysis showed that a cutoff of 135.7 for PLR and 0.15 for NLR yielded a sensitivity of 52% and 60% and a specificity of 82% and 86.4%, respectively (p = 0.003, p = 0.009). Male heroin addicts are subject to intestinal injury and present with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels. Conclusion NLR and PLR are possible indirect biomarkers for heroin dependence based on intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Huayou Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Ruo Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Jinghong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Bowen Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China Kunming, Yunnan 650032
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Osinski V, Srikakulapu P, Haider YM, Marshall MA, Ganta VC, Annex BH, McNamara CA. Loss of Id3 (Inhibitor of Differentiation 3) Increases the Number of IgM-Producing B-1b Cells in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle Impairing Blood Flow Recovery During Hindlimb Ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:6-18. [PMID: 34809449 PMCID: PMC8702457 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neovascularization can maintain and even improve tissue perfusion in the setting of limb ischemia during peripheral artery disease. The molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating this process are incompletely understood. We investigate the potential role(s) for Id3 (inhibitor of differentiation 3) in regulating blood flow in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI). Approach and Results: HLI was modeled through femoral artery ligation and resection and blood flow recovery was quantified by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Mice with global Id3 deletion had significantly impaired perfusion recovery at 14 and 21 days of HLI. Endothelial- or myeloid cell-specific deletion of Id3 revealed no effect on perfusion recovery while B-cell-specific knockout of Id3 (Id3BKO) revealed a significant attenuation of perfusion recovery. Flow cytometry revealed no differences in ischemia-induced T cells or myeloid cell numbers at 7 days of HLI, yet there was a significant increase in B-1b cells in Id3BKO. Consistent with these findings, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) demonstrated increases in skeletal muscle and plasma IgM. In vitro experiments demonstrated reduced proliferation and increased cell death when endothelial cells were treated with conditioned media from IgM-producing B-1b cells and tibialis anterior muscles in Id3BKO mice showed reduced density of total CD31+ and αSMA+CD31+ vessels. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate a role for B-cell-specific Id3 in maintaining blood flow recovery during HLI. Results suggest a role for Id3 in promoting blood flow during HLI and limiting IgM-expressing B-1b cell expansion. These findings present new mechanisms to investigate in peripheral artery disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Osinski
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Young Min Haider
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Melissa A. Marshall
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Vijay C. Ganta
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Brian H. Annex
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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5
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Chung L, Maestas DR, Lebid A, Mageau A, Rosson GD, Wu X, Wolf MT, Tam AJ, Vanderzee I, Wang X, Andorko JI, Zhang H, Narain R, Sadtler K, Fan H, Čiháková D, Le Saux CJ, Housseau F, Pardoll DM, Elisseeff JH. Interleukin 17 and senescent cells regulate the foreign body response to synthetic material implants in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/539/eaax3799. [PMID: 32295900 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medical devices and implants made of synthetic materials can induce an immune-mediated process when implanted in the body called the foreign body response, which results in formation of a fibrous capsule around the implant. To explore the immune and stromal connections underpinning the foreign body response, we analyzed fibrotic capsules surrounding surgically excised human breast implants from 12 individuals. We found increased numbers of interleukin 17 (IL17)-producing γδ+ T cells and CD4+ T helper 17 (TH17) cells as well as senescent stromal cells in the fibrotic capsules. Further analysis in a murine model demonstrated an early innate IL17 response to implanted synthetic material (polycaprolactone) particles that was mediated by innate lymphoid cells and γδ+ T cells. This was followed by a chronic adaptive CD4+ TH17 cell response that was antigen dependent. Synthetic materials with varying chemical and physical properties implanted either in injured muscle or subcutaneously induced similar IL17 responses in mice. Mice deficient in IL17 signaling established that IL17 was required for the fibrotic response to implanted synthetic materials and the development of p16INK4a senescent cells. IL6 produced by senescent cells was sufficient for the induction of IL17 expression in T cells. Treatment with a senolytic agent (navitoclax) that killed senescent cells reduced IL17 expression and fibrosis in the mouse implant model. Discovery of a feed-forward loop between the TH17 immune response and the senescence response to implanted synthetic materials introduces new targets for therapeutic intervention in the foreign body response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Chung
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David R Maestas
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Andriana Lebid
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ashlie Mageau
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gedge D Rosson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinqun Wu
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Matthew T Wolf
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Isabel Vanderzee
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James I Andorko
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Radhika Narain
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on Immuno-Engineering, National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongni Fan
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Franck Housseau
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. .,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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6
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Schmitz R, Fitch ZW, Schroder PM, Choi AY, Jackson AM, Knechtle SJ, Kwun J. B cells in transplant tolerance and rejection: friends or foes? Transpl Int 2021; 33:30-40. [PMID: 31705678 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of B cells in organ transplantation remains incomplete and continues to grow. The majority of research has focused on the detrimental role of antibodies that drive the development of pathogenesis of the transplanted organ. However, it has been shown that not all donor-specific antibodies are harmful and in some circumstances can even promote tolerance through the mechanism of accommodation. Furthermore, B cells can have effects on transplanted organs through their interaction with T cells, namely antigen presentation, cytokine production, and costimulation. More recently, the role and importance of Bregs was introduced to the field of transplantation. Due to this functional and ontogenetic heterogeneity, targeting B cells in transplantation may bring undesired immunologic side effects including increased rejection. Therefore, the selective control of B cells that contribute to the humoral response against donor antigens will continue to be an important and challenging area of research and potentially lead to improved long-term transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary W Fitch
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Schroder
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Y Choi
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annette M Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stuart J Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean Kwun
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review gives an overview of the recently published clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). RECENT FINDINGS Our continuously improving understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, has inspired the performance of multiple clinical trials in an attempt to modify recognized targets. Here, we summarize results obtained from recent trials, which used monoclonal antibodies blocking cytokines, blockers of costimulatory molecules or deleting immune cells, small drug inhibitors of kinases and replenishment of cytokines. SUMMARY The therapeutic options for patients with SLE grow continuously and in parallel it raises the need for pathogenetic mechanism-based precision medicine so that we may select the right treatment for the right patient.
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Pathophysiology, Current Clinical Management, and Potential Preventive Approaches. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8405370. [PMID: 32410868 PMCID: PMC7204323 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8405370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion syndrome is a complex entity where many inflammatory mediators play different roles, both to enhance myocardial infarction-derived damage and to heal injury. In such a setting, the establishment of an effective therapy to treat this condition has been elusive, perhaps because the experimental treatments have been conceived to block just one of the many pathogenic pathways of the disease, or because they thwart the tissue-repairing phase of the syndrome. Either way, we think that a discussion about the pathophysiology of the disease and the mechanisms of action of some drugs may shed some clarity on the topic.
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9
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Watanabe T, Martinu T, Chruscinski A, Boonstra K, Joe B, Horie M, Guan Z, Bei KF, Hwang DM, Liu M, Keshavjee S, Juvet SC. A B cell-dependent pathway drives chronic lung allograft rejection after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:3377-3389. [PMID: 31365766 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) limits long-term survival after lung transplant (LT). Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) promotes chronic rejection (CR) and CLAD, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To examine mechanisms linking IRI to CR, a mouse orthotopic LT model using a minor alloantigen strain mismatch (C57BL/10 [B10, H-2b ] → C57BL/6 [B6, H-2b ]) and isograft controls (B6→B6) was used with antecedent minimal or prolonged graft storage. The latter resulted in IRI with subsequent airway and parenchymal fibrosis in prolonged storage allografts but not isografts. This pattern of CR after IRI was associated with the formation of B cell-rich tertiary lymphoid organs within the grafts and circulating autoantibodies. These processes were attenuated by B cell depletion, despite preservation of allograft T cell content. Our observations suggest that IRI may promote B cell recruitment that drives CR after LT. These observations have implications for the mechanisms leading to CLAD after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Watanabe
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Boonstra
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Betty Joe
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miho Horie
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zehong Guan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ke Fan Bei
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Juvet
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Gorbacheva V, Fan R, Beavers A, Fairchild RL, Baldwin WM, Valujskikh A. Anti-donor MHC Class II Alloantibody Induces Glomerular Injury in Mouse Renal Allografts Subjected to Prolonged Cold Ischemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2413-2425. [PMID: 31597715 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the effects of prolonged cold-ischemia storage on kidney allografts are poorly understood. METHODS To investigate effects of cold ischemia on donor-reactive immune responses and graft pathology, we used a mouse kidney transplantation model that subjected MHC-mismatched BALB/c kidney allografts to cold-ischemia storage for 0.5 or 6 hours before transplant into C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS At day 14 post-transplant, recipients of allografts subjected to 6 versus 0.5 hours of cold-ischemia storage had increased levels of anti-MHC class II (but not class I) donor-specific antibodies, increased donor-reactive T cells, and a significantly higher proportion of transplant glomeruli infiltrated with macrophages. By day 60 post-transplant, allografts with a 6 hour cold-ischemia time developed extensive glomerular injury compared with moderate pathology in allografts with 0.5 hour of cold-ischemia time. Pathology was associated with increased serum levels of anti-class 2 but not anti-class 1 donor-specific antibodies. Recipient B cell depletion abrogated early macrophage recruitment, suggesting augmented donor-specific antibodies, rather than T cells, increase glomerular pathology after prolonged cold ischemia. Lymphocyte sequestration with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist FTY720 specifically inhibited anti-MHC class II antibody production and abrogated macrophage infiltration into glomeruli. Adoptive transfer of sera containing anti-donor MHC class II antibodies or mAbs against donor MHC class II restored early glomerular macrophage infiltration in FTY720-treated recipients. CONCLUSIONS Post-transplant inflammation augments generation of donor-specific antibodies against MHC class II antigens. Resulting MHC class II-reactive donor-specific antibodies are essential mediators of kidney allograft glomerular injury caused by prolonged cold ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gorbacheva
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ran Fan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ashley Beavers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William M Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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11
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Cippà PE, Liu J, Sun B, Kumar S, Naesens M, McMahon AP. A late B lymphocyte action in dysfunctional tissue repair following kidney injury and transplantation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1157. [PMID: 30858375 PMCID: PMC6411919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms initiating late immune responses to an allograft are poorly understood. Here we show, via transcriptome analysis of serial protocol biopsies from kidney transplants, that the initial responses to kidney injury correlate with a late B lymphocyte signature relating to renal dysfunction and fibrosis. With a potential link between dysfunctional repair and immunoreactivity, we investigate the immunological consequences of dysfunctional repair examining chronic disease in mouse kidneys 18 months after a bilateral ischemia/reperfusion injury event. In the absence of foreign antigens, a sustained immune response involving both innate and adaptive immune systems accompanies a transition to chronic kidney damage. At late stages, B lymphocytes exhibite an antigen-driven proliferation, selection and maturation into broadly-reacting antibody-secreting cells. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role for dysfunctional tissue repair in local immunomodulation that may have particular relevance to transplant-associated immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro E Cippà
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033-9080, CA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland.
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033-9080, CA, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-2910, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033-9080, CA, USA
| | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033-9080, CA, USA.
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12
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Geha M, Tsokos MG, Bosse RE, Sannikova T, Iwakura Y, Dalle Lucca JJ, De Waal Malefyt R, Tsokos GC. IL-17A Produced by Innate Lymphoid Cells Is Essential for Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2921-2929. [PMID: 28877988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to the small intestine following clamping of the superior mesenteric artery results in an intense local inflammatory response that is characterized by villous damage and neutrophil infiltration. IL-17A, a cytokine produced by a variety of cells in response to inflammatory cytokines released following tissue injury, has been implicated in IR injury. Using Il17a-/- , Il23r-/- , and Rorc-/- mice and administration of anti-IL-17A and anti-IL-23 neutralizing Abs to wild-type mice, we demonstrate that intestinal IR injury depends on IL-17A and that IL-17A is downstream of the binding of autoantibody to ischemia-conditioned tissues and subsequent complement activation. Using bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that the IL-17A required for intestinal IR injury is derived from hematopoietic cells. Finally, by transferring autoantibody-rich sera into Rag2γc-/- and Rag2-/- mice, we demonstrate that innate lymphoid cells are the main producers of IL-17A in intestinal IR injury. We propose that local production of IL-17A by innate lymphoid cells is crucial for the development of intestinal IR injury and may provide a therapeutic target for clinical exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya Geha
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robin E Bosse
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tatyana Sannikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Jurandir J Dalle Lucca
- Translational Medical Division, Department of Chemical and Biological Technologies, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060; and
| | | | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Jensen AR, Drucker NA, Khaneki S, Ferkowicz MJ, Markel TA. Hydrogen sulfide improves intestinal recovery following ischemia by endothelial nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G450-G456. [PMID: 28280145 PMCID: PMC5451562 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00444.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that has vasodilatory properties. It may be a novel therapy for intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that 1) H2S would improve postischemic survival, mesenteric perfusion, mucosal injury, and inflammation compared with vehicle and 2) the benefits of H2S would be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide. C57BL/6J wild-type and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS KO) mice were anesthetized, and a midline laparotomy was performed. Intestines were eviscerated, the small bowel mesenteric root identified, and baseline intestinal perfusion was determined using laser Doppler. Intestinal ischemia was established by temporarily occluding the superior mesenteric artery. Following ischemia, the clamp was removed, and the intestines were allowed to recover. Either sodium hydrosulfide (2 nmol/kg or 2 µmol/kg NaHS) in PBS vehicle or vehicle only was injected into the peritoneum. Animals were allowed to recover and were assessed for mesenteric perfusion, mucosal injury, and intestinal cytokines. P values < 0.05 were significant. H2S improved mesenteric perfusion and mucosal injury scores following I/R injury. However, in the setting of eNOS ablation, there was no improvement in these parameters with H2S therapy. Application of H2S also resulted in lower levels of intestinal cytokine production following I/R. Intraperitoneal H2S therapy can improve mesenteric perfusion, intestinal mucosal injury, and intestinal inflammation following I/R. The benefits of H2S appear to be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide-dependent pathways.NEW & NOTEWORTHY H2S is a gaseous mediator that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent contributing to gastrointestinal mucosal defense. It promotes vascular dilation, mucosal repair, and resolution of inflammation following intestinal ischemia and may be exploited as a novel therapeutic agent. It is unclear whether H2S works through nitric oxide-dependent pathways in the intestine. We appreciate that H2S was able to improve postischemic recovery of mesenteric perfusion, mucosal integrity, and inflammation. The beneficial effects of H2S appear to be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Jensen
- 1Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; ,3Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Natalie A. Drucker
- 1Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; ,3Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sina Khaneki
- 1Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana;
| | - Michael J. Ferkowicz
- 1Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; ,3Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Troy A. Markel
- 1Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana; ,2Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and ,3Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abstract
Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms are also disrupted by the lack of ATP, which can induce lysis of organelle and plasma membranes. Reperfusion, although required to salvage oxygen-starved tissues, produces paradoxical tissue responses that fuel the production of reactive oxygen species (oxygen paradox), sequestration of proinflammatory immunocytes in ischemic tissues, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which amplify tissue injury. These pathologic events culminate in opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores as a common end-effector of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell lysis and death. Emerging concepts include the influence of the intestinal microbiome, fetal programming, epigenetic changes, and microparticles in the pathogenesis of I/R. The overall goal of this review is to describe these and other mechanisms that contribute to I/R injury. Because so many different deleterious events participate in I/R, it is clear that therapeutic approaches will be effective only when multiple pathologic processes are targeted. In addition, the translational significance of I/R research will be enhanced by much wider use of animal models that incorporate the complicating effects of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:113-170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ronald J. Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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15
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Relationships between host body condition and immunocompetence, not host sex, best predict parasite burden in a bat-helminth system. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2155-64. [PMID: 26898834 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex-biased parasitism highlights potentially divergent approaches to parasite resistance resulting in differing energetic trade-offs for males and females; however, trade-offs between immunity and self-maintenance could also depend on host body condition. We investigated these relationships in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to determine if host sex or body condition better predicted parasite resistance, if testosterone levels predicted male parasite burdens, and if immune parameters could predict male testosterone levels. We found that male and female hosts had similar parasite burdens and female bats scored higher than males in only one immunological measure. Top models of helminth burden revealed interactions between body condition index and agglutination score as well as between agglutination score and host sex. Additionally, the strength of the relationships between sex, agglutination, and helminth burden is affected by body condition. Models of male parasite burden provided no support for testosterone predicting helminthiasis. Models that best predicted testosterone levels did not include parasite burden but instead consistently included month of capture and agglutination score. Thus, in our system, body condition was a more important predictor of immunity and worm burden than host sex.
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Markel TA, Crafts TD, Jensen AR, Hunsberger EB, Yoder MC. Human mesenchymal stromal cells decrease mortality after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2015. [PMID: 26219205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular therapy is a novel treatment option for intestinal ischemia. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have previously been shown to abate the damage caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We therefore hypothesized that (1) human BMSCs (hBMSCs) would produce more beneficial growth factors and lower levels of proinflammatory mediators compared to differentiated cells, (2) direct application of hBMSCs to ischemic intestine would decrease mortality after injury, and (3) decreased mortality would be associated with an altered intestinal and hepatic inflammatory response. METHODS Adult hBMSCs and keratinocytes were cultured on polystyrene flasks. For in vitro experiments, cells were exposed to tumor necrosis factor, lipopolysaccharides, or 2% oxygen for 24 h. Supernatants were then analyzed for growth factors and chemokines by multiplex assay. For in vivo experiments, 8- to 12-wk-old male C57Bl6J mice were anesthetized and underwent a midline laparotomy. Experimental groups were exposed to temporary superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 min. Immediately after ischemia, 2 × 10(6) hBMSCs or keratinocytes in phosphate-buffered saline were placed into the peritoneal cavity. Animals were then closed and allowed to recover for 6 h (molecular/histologic analysis) or 7 d (survival analysis). After 6-h reperfusion, animals were euthanized. Intestines and livers were harvested and analyzed for inflammatory chemokines, growth factors, and histologic changes. RESULTS hBMSCs expressed higher levels of human interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor and lower levels of IL-1, IL-3, IL-7, and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor after stimulation. In vivo, I/R resulted in significant mortality (70% mortality), whereas application of hBMSCs after ischemia decreased mortality to 10% in a dose-dependent fashion (P = 0.004). Keratinocyte therapy offered no improvements in mortality above I/R. Histologic profiles were equivalent between ischemic groups, regardless of the application of hBMSCs or keratinocytes. Cellular therapy yielded significantly decreased murine intestinal levels of soluble activin receptor-like kinase 1, betacellulin, and endothelin, whereas increasing levels of eotaxin, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) from ischemia were appreciated. hBMSC therapy yielded significantly higher expression of murine intestinal VEGF and lower levels of intestinal MIG compared to keratinocyte therapy. Application of hBMSCs after ischemia yielded significantly lower murine levels of hepatic MIG, IP-10, and G-CSF compared to keratinocyte therapy. CONCLUSIONS Human BMSCs produce multiple beneficial growth factors. Direct application of hBMSCs to the peritoneal cavity after intestinal I/R decreased mortality by 60%. Improved outcomes with hBMSC therapy were not associated with improved histologic profiles in this model. hBMSC therapy was associated with higher VEGF in intestines and lower levels of proinflammtory MIG, IP-10, and G-CSF in liver tissue after ischemia, suggesting that reperfusion with hBMSC therapy may alter survival by modulating the systemic inflammatory response to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Markel
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Trevor D Crafts
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amanda R Jensen
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erin Bailey Hunsberger
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Crafts TD, Hunsberger EB, Jensen AR, Rescorla FJ, Yoder MC, Markel TA. Direct peritoneal resuscitation improves survival and decreases inflammation after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2015; 199:428-34. [PMID: 26169030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) has previously been shown to alter blood flow in the small bowel mesenteric vessels in models of intestinal ischemia. However, a survival advantage or its effects on local tissue inflammation have not been previously demonstrated. We hypothesized that DPR would increase survival and decrease intestinal tissue inflammation after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57Bl6J mice were anesthetized and underwent midline laparotomy. I/R and DPR groups were exposed to superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 min with a nontraumatic clamp. Immediately after removal of the clamp, 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline, 1 mL of minimal essential media, or 1 mL of minimal essential media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, penicillin and/or streptomycin, and glutamine were placed into the abdominal cavity of DPR groups. Animals were then closed in two layers and allowed to reperfuse for 6 h (cytokine analysis, n = 6 per group) or 7 d (survival analysis, n = 10 per group). After 6 h of reperfusion, animals were euthanized. Intestines were harvested and homogenized. Extracts were quantified for total protein content (Bradford assay), myeloperoxidase activity, tissue inflammatory cytokine, and growth factor production. P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS I/R caused marked intestinal ischemia, significant mortality, and a significant increase in tissue cytokine and growth factor levels (P < 0.05). Seven-day survival was 30% for I/R without treatment and rose to 60% with DPR therapy using phosphate-buffered saline as the dialysate. DPR using plain MEM or MEM with supplements after ischemia increased 7-d survival to 90% (P < 0.05). DPR also significantly decreased intestinal tissue levels of myeloperoxidase, as well as intestinal tissue levels of multiple growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS DPR increases survival and decreases intestinal inflammation after intestinal I/R injury. Translational applications are readily achievable and should be considered for patients with intestinal ischemic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Crafts
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erin Bailey Hunsberger
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amanda R Jensen
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Frederick J Rescorla
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Troy A Markel
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health and, The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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18
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Chang NJ, Weng WH, Chang KH, Liu EKW, Chuang CK, Luo CC, Lin CH, Wei FC, Pang ST. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidney, intestine and skeletal muscle implicate a common involvement of MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3786-93. [PMID: 25606982 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of ischemia‑reperfusion (I/R) injury have not been fully elucidated to date. In order to determine the genetic involvement across different organs during I/R injury, a DNA microarray approach was used to analyze the gene expression profiles of the kidney, intestine, and skeletal muscle in a rat model of I/R injury. Fifteen male Lewis rats were divided randomly into three different organ groups; a sham operation (control group), 60‑min‑ischemia (Is group) only, and 60‑min‑ischemia plus 60‑min‑reperfusion (I/R group), respectively. The target genes were identified by DNA microarray and studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). By comparing the I/R group with the control group, a 2‑fold upregulation of 467, 172, and 3932 and a 2‑fold downregulation of 437, 416, and 4203 genes were identified in the kidney, small intestine, and skeletal muscle, respectively. Several commonly upregulated genes associated with mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including Jun, Atf3, junB, Fos, Adm and Dusp 1, were differentially expressed in the I/R group. The mRNA expression levels of the target genes were confirmed by qPCR. The present study hypothesized that the MAPK pathway may function in a common pathway of I/R injury and regulate the pathogenesis through activator protein 1. The findings of the present study contributed to the understanding of the molecular pathways associated with I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Jen Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao‑Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Hui Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao‑Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Eric Kar-Wai Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao‑Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Chih-Cheng Luo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao‑Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Chan Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao‑Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - See-Tong Pang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao‑Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Mühlbauer M, Perez-Chanona E, Jobin C. Epithelial cell-specific MyD88 signaling mediates ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury independent of microbial status. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2857-66. [PMID: 24141713 PMCID: PMC4039295 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000435445.96933.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor/MyD88 signaling pathway has been shown to mediate protective functions during intestinal exposure to various noxious events. The goal of this study was to define the role of bacteria and MyD88 signaling in intestinal response to damage using an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury model. We showed that conventionalized mice displayed a better outcome to I/R-induced injury than germ-free mice (3.8 ± 1.98 vs. 11.8 ± 1.83, P < 0.05). However, mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of Myd88 (Myd88) were protected from I/R-induced injury compared with Myd88 control mice. Myd88 mice also displayed a significantly reduced bacterial translocation (∼85%) into lymph nodes compared with Myd88 mice. Expression of ccl2 and cxcl1 mRNA was significantly reduced (85% and 62%, respectively) in intestinal tissue of Myd88 mice compared with Myd88 mice, which associated with a reduced number of myeloperoxidase-positive cells in intestinal tissues of I/R-exposed Myd88 mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a reduced IgA deposition and complement staining in ischemic tissue of Myd88 mice compared with Myd88 mice. These findings suggest that I/R-induced intestinal injury involves IEC-derived MyD88 signaling leading to increased IgA deposition/degradation, and complement activation in conjunction with an influx of neutrophils mediated by chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mühlbauer
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christian Jobin
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Herrler T, Wang H, Tischer A, Schupp N, Lehner S, Meyer A, Wallmichrath J, Habicht A, Mfarrej B, Anders HJ, Bartenstein P, Jauch KW, Hacker M, Guba M. Decompression of Inflammatory Edema along with Endothelial Cell Therapy Expedites Regeneration after Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:2091-103. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x658700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased pressure due to postischemic edema aggravates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Prophylactic surgical decompression using microcapsulotomy improves kidney dysfunction after IRI. Supportive cell therapy in combination with microcapsulotomy might act synergistically protecting kidney function against IRI. The effects of therapeutic endothelial cell application alone and in combination with microcapsulotomy were investigated in a xenogenic murine model of 45-min warm renal ischemia. Renal function and perfusion were determined before as well as 2 and 18 days postischemia by 99mTc-MAG3 imaging and laser Doppler. Histological analysis included H&E stains and immunohistology for endothelial marker MECA-32, cell proliferation marker Ki-67, and macrophage marker F4/80. Histomorphological changes were quantified using a tubular injury score. Ischemia of 45 min led to severe tissue damage and a significant decrease in renal function and perfusion. Microcapsulotomy and cell therapy alone had no significant effect on renal function, while only surgical decompression significantly increased blood flow in ischemic kidneys. However, the combination of both microcapsulotomy and cell therapy significantly improved kidney function and perfusion. Combination therapy significantly reduced morphological injury of ischemic kidneys as determined by a tubular injury score and MECA-32 staining. Macrophage infiltration evidenced by F4/80 staining was significantly reduced. The Ki-67 proliferation index was increased, suggesting a regenerative environment. While microcapsulotomy and cell therapy alone have limited effect on renal recovery after IRI, combination therapy showed synergistic improvement of renal function, perfusion, and structural damage. Microcapsulotomy may create a permissive environment for cell therapy to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Herrler
- Department of Surgery, Campus Großhadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Tischer
- Department of Surgery, Campus Großhadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Schupp
- Transplantation Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lehner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Campus Großhadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Wallmichrath
- Department of Surgery, Campus Großhadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Habicht
- Transplantation Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bechara Mfarrej
- Transplantation Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Walter Jauch
- Department of Surgery, Campus Großhadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Guba
- Department of Surgery, Campus Großhadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Lapchak PH, Ioannou A, Rani P, Lieberman LA, Yoshiya K, Kannan L, Lucca JJD, Kowalska MA, Tsokos GC. The role of platelet factor 4 in local and remote tissue damage in a mouse model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39934. [PMID: 22792197 PMCID: PMC3391230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The robust inflammatory response that occurs during ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury recruits factors from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. However the contribution of platelets and their products such as Platelet Factor 4 (PF4; CXCL4), during the pathogenesis of IR injury has not been thoroughly investigated. We show that a deficiency in PF4 protects mice from local and remote tissue damage after 30 minutes of mesenteric ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion in PF4-/- mice compared to control B6 mice. This protection was independent from Ig or complement deposition in the tissues. However, neutrophil and monocyte infiltration were decreased in the lungs of PF4-/- mice compared with B6 control mice. Platelet-depleted B6 mice transfused with platelets from PF4-/- mice displayed reduced tissue damage compared with controls. In contrast, transfusion of B6 platelets into platelet depleted PF4-/- mice reconstituted damage in both intestine and lung tissues. We also show that PF4 may modulate the release of IgA. Interestingly, we show that PF4 expression on intestinal epithelial cells is increased after IR at both the mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that may PF4 represent an important mediator of local and remote tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Lapchak
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonis Ioannou
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GCT); (AI)
| | - Poonam Rani
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Lieberman
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshiya
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kannan
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jurandir J. Dalle Lucca
- The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Anna Kowalska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GCT); (AI)
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Lapchak PH, Kannan L, Rani P, Pamuk ON, Ioannou A, Dalle Lucca JJ, Pine P, Tsokos GC. Inhibition of Syk activity by R788 in platelets prevents remote lung tissue damage after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1416-22. [PMID: 22492694 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00026.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) occurs as a consequence of actions of soluble factors and immune cells. Growing evidence supports a role for platelets in the manifestation of tissue damage following I/R. Spleen tyrosine kinase has been well documented to be important in lymphocyte activation and more recently in platelet activation. We performed experiments to evaluate whether inhibition of platelet activation through inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase prevents tissue damage after mesenteric I/R injury. Platelets isolated from C57BL/6J mice fed with R788 for 10 days were transfused into C57BL/6J mice depleted of platelets 2 days before mesenteric I/R injury. Platelet-depleted mice transfused with platelets from R788-treated mice before mesenteric I/R displayed a significant reduction in the degree of remote lung damage, but with little change in the degree of local intestinal damage compared with control I/R mice. Transfusion of R788-treated platelets also decreased platelet sequestration, C3 deposition, and immunoglobulin deposition in lung, but not in the intestine, compared with control groups. These findings demonstrate that platelet activation is a requisite for sequestration in the pulmonary vasculature to mediate remote tissue injury after mesenteric I/R. The use of small-molecule inhibitors may be valuable to prevent tissue damage in remote organs following I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Lapchak
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Lapchak PH, Kannan L, Ioannou A, Rani P, Karian P, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos GC. Platelets orchestrate remote tissue damage after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G888-97. [PMID: 22301111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00499.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. A functional role for platelets in tissue damage after mesenteric I/R is largely unknown. The hypothesis that mesenteric I/R local and remote injury are platelet dependent was tested. Using a murine mesenteric I/R model, we demonstrate that platelets orchestrate remote lung tissue damage that follows mesenteric I/R injury and also contribute, albeit to a lesser degree, to local villi damage. While lung damage is delayed compared with villi damage, it increased over time and was characterized by accumulation of platelets in the pulmonary vasculature early, followed by alveolar capillaries and extravasation into the pulmonary space. Both villi and lung tissues displayed complement deposition. We demonstrate that villi and lung damage are reduced in mice made platelet deficient before I/R injury and that platelet transfusion into previously platelet-depleted mice before I/R increased both villi and lung tissue damage. Increased C3 deposition accompanied platelet sequestration in the lung, which was mostly absent in platelet-depleted mice. In contrast, C3 deposition was only minimally reduced on villi of platelet-depleted mice. Our findings position platelets alongside complement as a significant early upstream component that orchestrates remote lung tissue damage after mesenteric I/R and strongly suggest that reperfusion injury mitigating modalities should consider the contribution of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Lapchak
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lapchak PH, Ioannou A, Kannan L, Rani P, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos GC. Platelet-associated CD40/CD154 mediates remote tissue damage after mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32260. [PMID: 22384195 PMCID: PMC3288090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several innate and adaptive immune cell types participate in ischemia/reperfusion induced tissue injury. Amongst them, platelets have received little attention as contributors in the process of tissue damage after ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. It is currently unknown whether platelets participate through the immunologically important molecules including, CD40 and when activated, CD154 (CD40L), in the pathogenesis of I/R injury. We hypothesized that constitutive expression of CD40 and activation-induced expression of CD154 on platelets mediate local mesenteric and remote lung tissue damage after I/R injury. Wild type (WT; C57BL/6J), CD40 and CD154 deficient mice underwent mesenteric ischemia for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 3 hours. WT mice subjected to mesenteric I/R injury displayed both local intestinal and remote lung damage. In contrast, there was significantly less intestinal damage and no remote lung injury in CD40 and CD154 deficient mice when compared to WT mice. Platelet-depleted WT mice transfused with platelets from CD40 or CD154 deficient mice failed to reconstitute remote lung damage. In contrast, when CD40 or CD154 deficient mice were transfused with WT platelets lung tissue damage was re-established. Together, these findings suggest that multiple mechanisms are involved in local and remote tissue injury and also identify platelet-expressed CD40 and/or CD154 as mediators of remote tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Lapchak
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonis Ioannou
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GCT); (AI)
| | - Lakshmi Kannan
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Poonam Rani
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jurandir J. Dalle Lucca
- The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GCT); (AI)
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Kalogeris T, Baines CP, Krenz M, Korthuis RJ. Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 298:229-317. [PMID: 22878108 PMCID: PMC3904795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394309-5.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1366] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, continue to be among the most frequent causes of debilitating disease and death. Tissue injury and/or death occur as a result of the initial ischemic insult, which is determined primarily by the magnitude and duration of the interruption in the blood supply, and then subsequent damage induced by reperfusion. During prolonged ischemia, ATP levels and intracellular pH decrease as a result of anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation. As a consequence, ATPase-dependent ion transport mechanisms become dysfunctional, contributing to increased intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels (calcium overload), cell swelling and rupture, and cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Although oxygen levels are restored upon reperfusion, a surge in the generation of reactive oxygen species occurs and proinflammatory neutrophils infiltrate ischemic tissues to exacerbate ischemic injury. The pathologic events induced by I/R orchestrate the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which appears to represent a common end-effector of the pathologic events initiated by I/R. The aim of this treatise is to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying the development of I/R injury, from which it should be apparent that a combination of molecular and cellular approaches targeting multiple pathologic processes to limit the extent of I/R injury must be adopted to enhance resistance to cell death and increase regenerative capacity in order to effect long-lasting repair of ischemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
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Yoshiya K, Lapchak PH, Thai TH, Kannan L, Rani P, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos GC. Depletion of gut commensal bacteria attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G1020-30. [PMID: 21903760 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00239.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut commensal bacteria play important roles in the development and homeostasis of intestinal immunity. However, the role of gut commensals in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is unclear. To determine the roles of gut commensal bacteria in intestinal IR injury, we depleted gut microbiota with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail and performed mesenteric I/R (M I/R). First, we confirmed that antibiotic treatment completely depleted gut commensal bacteria and diminished the size of secondary lymphoid tissues such as the Peyer's patches. We next found that antibiotic treatment attenuated intestinal injury following M I/R. Depletion of gut commensal bacteria reduced the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in the intestine. Both are well-known receptors for gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Decreased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 led to the reduction of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2. Intestinal I/R injury is initiated when natural antibodies recognize neo-antigens that are revealed on ischemic cells and activate the complement pathway. Thus we evaluated complement and immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition in the damaged intestine and found that antibiotic treatment decreased the deposition of both C3 and IgM. Interestingly, we also found that the deposition of IgA also increased in the intestine following M I/R compared with control mice and that antibiotic treatment decreased the deposition of IgA in the damaged intestine. These results suggest that depletion of gut commensal bacteria decreases B cells, Igs, and TLR expression in the intestine, inhibits complement activation, and attenuates intestinal inflammation and injury following M I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Yoshiya
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hedrich CM, Tsokos GC. Epigenetic mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:714-24. [PMID: 21885342 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic origin of autoimmune diseases can be traced to both genetic susceptibility and epigenetic modifications arising from exposure to the environment. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression and alter cellular functions without modifying the genomic sequence. CpG-DNA methylation, histone tail modifications and microRNAs (miRNAs) are the main epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases is essential for the introduction of effective, target-directed and tolerated therapies. In this review, we summarize recent findings that signify the importance of epigenetic modifications in autoimmune disorders while focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus. We also discuss future directions in basic research, autoimmune diagnostics and applied therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Immunopathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion-associated tissue damage. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:3-14. [PMID: 21839685 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) instigates a complex array of inflammatory events which result in damage to the local tissue. IR-related organ damage occurs invariably in several clinical conditions including trauma, organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases and revascularization procedures. We critically review available pre-clinical experimental information on the role of immune response in the expression of tissue damage following IR. Distinct elements of the innate and adaptive immune response are involved in the expression of tissue injury. Interventions such as prevention of binding of natural antibody to antigen expressed on the surface of ischemia-conditioned cells, inhibition of the ensuing complement activation, modulation of Toll-like receptors, B or T cell depletion and blockade of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines limit IR injury in preclinical studies. Clinical trials that will determine the therapeutic value of each approach is needed.
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He GZ, Dong LG, Chen XF, Zhou KG, Shu H. Lymph duct ligation during ischemia/reperfusion prevents pulmonary dysfunction in a rat model with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and glutamine. Nutrition 2011; 27:604-14. [PMID: 20817408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The release of injurious factors into the mesenteric lymph from the ischemic intestine has been shown to contribute to lung injury and systemic inflammation after severe injury. We studied the effects of lung injury and systemic inflammatory reaction after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion and mesenteric lymph duct ligation with different nutritional statuses. METHODS Rats (n = 72) were fed with a normal diet or received one of three diets (enteral nutrition, glutamine, or ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) that were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. After 7 d, rats were subjected to 60 min of intestinal ischemia, ischemia plus mesenteric lymph duct ligation, or sham procedures. After 3 d of ischemia, the lymph nodes, lung, intestinal, liver, and blood were harvested and analyzed. RESULTS In the different groups, lung injury, including levels of myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, and the index of alveolar apoptosis, were partly prevented by mesenteric lymph duct ligation (P < 0.05). Likewise, the rats with ischemia/reperfusion, but not those with duct ligation plus ischemia/reperfusion, had a significant increase in intestinal permeability and decreased mucosal thickness. The serum cytokine and endotoxin concentrations were also lower in the lymph duct ligation groups, although there was no significant difference between lymph duct ligation and sham procedure. The lung and intestinal injuries were attenuated in the groups fed with glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. CONCLUSION These results indicate that lymph duct ligation prevents lung injury, a systemic inflammation reaction, and gut-barrier dysfunction. Enteral glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modified the gut inflammation, prevented lung injury, and attenuated the systemic inflammation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-zhen He
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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30
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Dhirapong A, Lleo A, Yang GX, Tsuneyama K, Dunn R, Kehry M, Packard TA, Cambier JC, Liu FT, Lindor K, Coppel RL, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME. B cell depletion therapy exacerbates murine primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 53:527-35. [PMID: 21274873 PMCID: PMC3058242 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is considered a model autoimmune disease due to the clinical homogeneity of patients and the classic hallmark of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Indeed, the presence of AMAs represents the most highly directed and specific autoantibody in autoimmune diseases. However, the contribution of B cells to the pathogenesis of PBC is unclear. Therefore, although AMAs appear to interact with the biliary cell apotope and contribute to biliary pathology, there is no correlation of disease severity and titer of AMAs. The recent development of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies specific for the B cell populations, anti-CD20 and anti-CD79, and the development of a well-defined xenobiotic-induced model of autoimmune cholangitis prompted us to use these reagents and the model to address the contribution of B cells in the pathogenesis of murine PBC. Prior to the induction of autoimmune cholangitis, mice were treated with either anti-CD20, anti-CD79, or isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody and followed for B cell development, the appearance of AMAs, liver pathology, and cytokine production. Results of the studies reported herein show that the in vivo depletion of B cells using either anti-CD20 or anti-CD79 led to the development of a more severe form of cholangitis than observed in control mice, which is in contrast with results from several other autoimmune models that have documented an important therapeutic role of B cell-specific depletion. Anti-CD20/CD79-treated mice had increased liver T cell infiltrates and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our results reflect a novel disease-protective role of B cells in PBC and suggest that B cell depletion therapy in humans with PBC should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dhirapong
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ana Lleo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Thomas A. Packard
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO
| | - John C. Cambier
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Keith Lindor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Woods KM, Pope MR, Hoffman SM, Fleming SD. CR2+ marginal zone B cell production of pathogenic natural antibodies is C3 independent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1755-62. [PMID: 21187447 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced damage requires complement receptor 2 (CR2) for generation of the appropriate natural Ab repertoire. Pathogenic Abs recognize neoantigens on the ischemic tissue, activate complement, and induce intestinal damage. Because C3 cleavage products act as ligands for CR2, we hypothesized that CR2(hi) marginal zone B cells (MZBs) require C3 for generation of the pathogenic Abs. To explore the ability of splenic CR2(+) B cells to generate the damaging Ab repertoire, we adoptively transferred either MZBs or follicular B cells (FOBs) from C57BL/6 or Cr2(-/-) mice into Rag-1(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of wild type CR2(hi) MZBs but not CR2(lo) FOBs induced significant damage, C3 deposition, and inflammation in response to IR. In contrast, similarly treated Rag-1(-/-) mice reconstituted with either Cr2(-/-) MZB/B1 B cells (B1Bs) or FOBs lacked significant intestinal damage and displayed limited complement activation. To determine whether C3 cleavage products are critical in CR2-dependent Ab production, we evaluated the ability of the natural Ab repertoire of C3(-/-) mice to induce damage in response to IR. Infusion of C3(-/-) serum into Cr2(-/-) mice restored IR-induced tissue damage. Furthermore, Rag-1(-/-) mice sustained significant damage after infusion of Abs from C3(-/-) but not Cr2(-/-) mice. Finally, adoptive transfer of MZBs from C3(-/-) mice into Rag-1(-/-) mice resulted in significant tissue damage and inflammation. These data indicate that CR2 expression on MZBs is sufficient to induce the appropriate Abs required for IR-induced tissue damage and that C3 is not critical for generation of the pathogenic Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Woods
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Griffin CA, Apponi LH, Long KK, Pavlath GK. Chemokine expression and control of muscle cell migration during myogenesis. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3052-60. [PMID: 20736301 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult regenerative myogenesis is vital for restoring normal tissue structure after muscle injury. Muscle regeneration is dependent on progenitor satellite cells, which proliferate in response to injury, and their progeny differentiate and undergo cell-cell fusion to form regenerating myofibers. Myogenic progenitor cells must be precisely regulated and positioned for proper cell fusion to occur. Chemokines are secreted proteins that share both leukocyte chemoattractant and cytokine-like behavior and affect the physiology of a number of cell types. We investigated the steady-state mRNA levels of 84 chemokines, chemokine receptors and signaling molecules, to obtain a comprehensive view of chemokine expression by muscle cells during myogenesis in vitro. A large number of chemokines and chemokine receptors were expressed by primary mouse muscle cells, especially during times of extensive cell-cell fusion. Furthermore, muscle cells exhibited different migratory behavior throughout myogenesis in vitro. One receptor-ligand pair, CXCR4-SDF-1alpha (CXCL12), regulated migration of both proliferating and terminally differentiated muscle cells, and was necessary for proper fusion of muscle cells. Given the large number of chemokines and chemokine receptors directly expressed by muscle cells, these proteins might have a greater role in myogenesis than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Griffin
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Pamuk ON, Lapchak PH, Rani P, Pine P, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos GC. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition prevents tissue damage after ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G391-9. [PMID: 20522642 PMCID: PMC3774480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00198.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury to tissue following an ischemic event occurs as a consequence of an acute inflammatory response that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Components of both the innate (complement, immunoglobulin, monocytes, and neutrophils) and adaptive (B and T lymphocytes) immune systems have been demonstrated to mediate tissue injury. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is responsible for membrane-mediated signaling in various cell types including B lymphocytes, macrophages, and T cells. We investigated the ability of a small drug Syk inhibitor, R788, to protect mice against mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced local (intestine) and remote lung injury. Mice were fed with chow containing a Syk inhibitor for 6 days before the performance of intestinal I/R, which resulted in silencing of the expression of the active phosphorylated Syk. Syk inhibition significantly suppressed both local and remote lung injury. The beneficial effect was associated with reduced IgM and complement 3 deposition in the tissues and significant reduction of polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. Our data place Syk upstream of events leading to the binding of natural antibodies to the ischemia-conditioned tissues and urge the consideration of the use of Syk inhibitors in the prevention or improvement of tissue injury of organs exposed to ischemia or hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nuri Pamuk
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ,2Division of Rheumatology, Trakya University Medical School, Edirne, Turkey;
| | - Peter H. Lapchak
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Poonam Rani
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Polly Pine
- 3Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Jurandir J. Dalle Lucca
- 4Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - George C. Tsokos
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Lu X, Li Y, Simovic MO, Peckham R, Wang Y, Tsokos GC, Dalle Lucca JJ. Decay-accelerating factor attenuates C-reactive protein-potentiated tissue injury after mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. J Surg Res 2009; 167:e103-15. [PMID: 20189588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute pro-inflammatory mediator that has been demonstrated to enhance ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury by virtue of activating the complement system. CRP is able to interact with complement proteins such as C1q, complement factor H, and C4b-binding protein. Since complement activation is central in the expression of tissue injury following IR, we have investigated the effects of human decay-accelerating factor (DAF), a complement inhibitor, on CRP-potentiated complement activation and tissue injury in mice subjected to mesenteric IR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57B1/6 mice were allocated into eight groups: (1) Sham-operated group without IR injury; (2) CRP+Sham group; (3) IR group; (4) CRP+IR group; (5) DAF group; (6) CRP+DAF group; (7) IR+DAF group, and (8) CRP+IR+DAF group. Intestinal and lung injury, neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression, complement component deposition, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production were assessed for each treatment group of mice. RESULTS We report that administration of DAF significantly attenuates the CRP-enhanced intestinal injury as well as remote lung damages following acute mesenteric IR in mice, while DAF inhibits complement activation, suppresses neutrophil infiltration, and reduces IL-6 production. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that inhibition complement activation with DAF may prove useful for the treatment of post-ischemic inflammatory injuries associated with an increased production of CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Lu
- Division of Military Casualty Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Chen J, Crispín JC, Dalle Lucca J, Tsokos GC. A novel inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. J Surg Res 2009; 167:e131-6. [PMID: 19691988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation has been demonstrated to contribute significantly to the expression of IR-induced tissue damage. Each of the three complement pathways, classic, alternative, and lectin, has been implicated in the instigation of tissue pathology. In this study, we used a selective inhibitor of the alternative pathway, that is, a soluble form of complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg-Fc) to determine whether it can prevent IR tissue injury. We demonstrate that treatment of C57B1/6 mice prior to mesenteric IR prevents local (intestinal) and remote (lung) injury by limiting deposition of complement and entry of polymorphonuclear cells to the sites of injury. Our results show that CRIg-Fc represents a candidate to limit IR injury as it occurs in various clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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