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Klein JR. Novel Splicing of Immune System Thyroid Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit-Genetic Regulation and Biological Importance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:44. [PMID: 30804891 PMCID: PMC6371030 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, controls the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid. TSH is also known to be produced by the cells of the immune system; however, the physiological importance of that to the organism is unclear. We identified an alternatively-spliced form of TSHβ that is present in both humans and mice. The TSHβ splice variant (TSHβv), although produced at low levels by the pituitary, is the primary form made by hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, and by peripheral leukocytes. Recent studies have linked TSHβv functionally to a number of health-related conditions, including enhanced host responses to infection and protection against osteoporosis. However, TSHβv also has been associated with autoimmune thyroiditis in humans. Yet to be identified is the process by which the TSHβv isoform is produced. Here, a set of genetic steps is laid out through which human TSHβv is generated using splicing events that result in a novel transcript in which exon 2 is deleted, exon 3 is retained, and the 3' end of intron 2 codes for a signal peptide of the TSHβv polypeptide.
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Domingues SL, Gonçalves FT, Jorge MLMP, Limongi JE, Ranza R, Jorge PT. HIGH PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS PATIENTS WITHOUT AN INCREASE IN CIRCULATING ANTI-THYROID ANTIBODIES. Endocr Pract 2017; 23:1304-1310. [PMID: 28816533 DOI: 10.4158/ep161664.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because routine investigations are necessary for the early detection of thyroid disease, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Seventy-nine SLE patients (American College of Rheumatology criteria) and 159 control patients with no diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (except for ATD) were consecutively evaluated regarding changes in laboratory assessments of thyroid function and the presence of ATD. RESULTS ATD was detected in 11.4% of the SLE patients and 13.8% of the control patients (P = .747), whereas TD was detected in 25.3 and 9.4% (P = .002), hypothyroidism was detected in 21.5 and 6.9% (P = .002), and hyperthyroidism was detected in 3.8 and 2.5% (P = .426) of the SLE and control patients, respectively. The mean duration of SLE was longer in patients with TD (P = .036). Mild hypothyroidism was more frequent in the SLE patients with anti-Smith antibodies (P = .029). CONCLUSION Because hypothyroidism was more frequent in SLE patients and the frequency of ATD was high in both groups, the authors suggest that TSH and anti-thyroid antibody levels be assessed in SLE patients. ABBREVIATIONS ACA = anti-cardiolipin antibodies; ANF = anti-nuclear factor; anti-CCP = anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; anti-dsDNA = anti-double-stranded DNA; anti-RNP = anti-ribonucleoprotein; anti-Scl70 = anti-topoisomerase I antibodies; anti-SM = anti-Smith antigen antibodies; anti-SS-A/Ro = anti-Sjögren syndrome-related antigen A (Ro); anti-SS-B/La = anti-Sjögren syndrome-related antigen B (La); anti-Tg = anti-thyroglobulin; anti-TPO = anti-thyroid peroxidase; ATD = autoimmune thyroid disease; ENA = extractable nuclear antigen; fT4 = free thyroxine; OR = odds ratio; RF = rheumatoid factor; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI = SLE Disease Activity Index; TD = thyroid dysfunction; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; TT3 = total triiodothyronine.
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Opazo MC, Haensgen H, Bohmwald K, Venegas LF, Boudin H, Elorza AA, Simon F, Fardella C, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Imprinting of maternal thyroid hormones in the offspring. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:240-255. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1277216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Opazo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henny Haensgen
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F. Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Fardella
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Faculta de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- INSERM UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- INSERM UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Hypothyroidism among SLE patients: Case–control study. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:484-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Klein JR. Biological Impact of the TSHβ Splice Variant in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:155. [PMID: 24778635 PMCID: PMC3985016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone composed of α and β chains, is produced by thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. Within the conventional endocrine loop, pituitary-derived TSH binds to receptors in the thyroid, resulting in the release of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3 in turn regulate nearly every aspect of mammalian physiology, including basal metabolism, growth and development, and mood and cognition. Although TSHβ has been known for years to be produced by cells of the immune system, the significance of that has remained largely unclear. Recently, a splice variant of TSHβ (TSHβv), which consists of a truncated but biologically functional portion of the native form of TSHβ, was shown to be produced by bone marrow cells and peripheral blood leukocytes, particularly cells of the myeloid/monocyte lineage. In contrast, full-length native TSHβ is minimally produced by cells of the immune system. The present article will describe the discovery of the TSHβv and will discuss its potential role in immunity and autoimmunity, inflammation, and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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Gallagher CM, Meliker JR. Mercury and thyroid autoantibodies in U.S. women, NHANES 2007-2008. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:39-43. [PMID: 22280926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Associations between positive thyroid autoantibodies and total blood mercury in women were evaluated using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2008. Women are at increased risk for autoimmune disorders, mercury exposure has been associated with cellular autoimmunity and mercury accumulates in the thyroid gland. We used multiple logistic regression to evaluate the associations between total bloodmercury and thyroglobulin autoantibody antibody positivity and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody positivity in non-pregnant, non-lactating women aged 20 and older not currently using birth control pills or other hormone therapies, adjusted for demographic factors, menopausal status, nutrient intake and urine iodine (n=2047). Relative to women with the lowest mercury levels (≤0.40 μg/L), women with mercury >1.81 μg/L (upper quintile) showed 2.24 (95% CI=1.22, 4.12) greater odds for thyroglobulin autoantibody positivity (p(trend)=0.032); this relationship was not evident for thyroid peroxidase autoantibody positivity. Results suggest an association between mercury and thyroglobulin autoantibody positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Gallagher
- Ph.D. Program in Population Health and Clinical Outcomes Research (CMG), United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University (CMG, JRM), United States.
| | - Jaymie R Meliker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University (CMG, JRM), United States; Graduate Program in Public Health (JRM), United States
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Gao H, Li C, Mu R, Guo YQ, Liu T, Chen S, Su Y, Li ZG. Subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lupus nephritis: a case control study in a large cohort of Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 2011; 20:1035-41. [PMID: 21646314 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311401456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and the relevance of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with lupus nephritis (LN). A large cohort of 1006 SLE patients was retrospectively analyzed. The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease was 2.78%, clinical hypothyroidism 1.69%, subclinical hypothyroidism 10.04%, central hypothyroidism 1.29%, hyperthyroidism 1.19%, euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) 9.54%, and nodules 1.09%, respectively. Compared with the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in the general Chinese population (0.91–6.05%), SCH was much higher (10.04%) in this study. In addition, SCH was more frequent in patients with LN (13.4%) than those without LN (7.3%, p = 0.001). Case control study was performed to explore the relative risk factors of SCH. In multiple logistic regression models, 24 h urine protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were retained as independent correlates of SCH after adjusting for demographic variables, risk factors, and other potential confounders. The results of the present study suggest that SCH is a common complication in SLE patients, and closely related with LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - C Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - R Mu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y-Q Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - S Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Z-G Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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de Carvalho JF, Pereira RMR, Shoenfeld Y. Pearls in autoimmunity. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2011; 2:1-4. [PMID: 26000114 PMCID: PMC4389073 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-011-0016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript does a review of the more frequent issues published at Autoimmunity Reviews, Journal of Autoimmunity and Autoimmunity in the period of January–December 2009. The following topics were commented: (1) multiple sclerosis (MS) and its relationships with Epstein Barr infection, with vitamin D polymorphism and the new modalities of MS treatment. (2) Type 1 diabetes and genetic discovers, studies with GAD 65 and IA-2 autoantigen and the association T1D and autoimmune organ-specific diseases. (3) Autoimmune thyroid disorders and its association with susceptibility genes and polymorphisms. (4) Multiplex autoantibody profiling approaches in MS and rheumatoid arthritis. (5) Th17 cytokine in primary biliary cirrhosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and celiac disease. (6) Vitamin D and experimental autoimmune prostatitis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozélio Freire de Carvalho
- Rheumatology Division, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 3° andar, Sala 3105, São Paulo, SP 01246-903 Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 3° andar, Sala 3105, São Paulo, SP 01246-903 Brazil
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine B, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ; Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Schaefer JS, Klein JR. Immunological regulation of metabolism--a novel quintessential role for the immune system in health and disease. FASEB J 2010; 25:29-34. [PMID: 20826543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-168203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is an integrated hormone network that is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. It has long been known that thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a central component of the HPT axis, can be made by cells of the immune system; however, the role of immune system TSH remains enigmatic and most studies have viewed it as a cytokine used to regulate immune function. Recent studies now indicate that immune system-derived TSH, in particular, a splice variant of TSHβ that is preferentially made by cells of the immune system, is produced by a subset of hematopoietic cells that traffic to the thyroid. On the basis of these and other findings, we propose the novel hypothesis that the immune system is an active participant in the regulation of basal metabolism. We further speculate that this process plays a critical role during acute and chronic infections and that it contributes to a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions with links to thyroid dysregulation. This hypothesis, which is amenable to empirical analysis, defines a previously unknown role for the immune system in health and disease, and it provides a dynamic connection between immune-endocrine interactions at the organismic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Schaefer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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