1
|
Bosso G, Cintra Herpst AC, Laguía O, Adetchessi S, Serrano R, Blasco MA. Differential contribution for ERK1 and ERK2 kinases in BRAF V600E-triggered phenotypes in adult mouse models. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:804-819. [PMID: 38698060 PMCID: PMC11165013 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The BRAF gene is mutated in a plethora of human cancers. The majority of such molecular lesions result in the expression of a constitutively active BRAF variant (BRAFV600E) which continuously bolsters cell proliferation. Although we recently addressed the early effects triggered by BRAFV600E-activation, the specific contribution of ERK1 and ERK2 in BRAFV600E-driven responses in vivo has never been explored. Here we describe the first murine model suitable for genetically dissecting the ERK1/ERK2 impact in multiple phenotypes induced by ubiquitous BRAFV600E-expression. We unveil that ERK1 is dispensable for BRAFV600E-dependent lifespan shortening and for BRAFV600E-driven tumor growth. We show that BRAFV600E-expression provokes an ERK1-independent lymphocyte depletion which does not rely on p21CIP1-induced cell cycle arrest and is unresponsive to ERK-chemical inhibition. Moreover, we also reveal that ERK1 is dispensable for BRAFV600E-triggered cytotoxicity in lungs and that ERK-chemical inhibition abrogates some of these detrimental effects, such as DNA damage, in Club cells but not in pulmonary lymphocytes. Our data suggest that ERK1/ERK2 contribution to BRAFV600E-driven phenotypes is dynamic and varies dependently on cell type, the biological function, and the level of ERK-pathway activation. Our findings also provide useful insights into the comprehension of BRAFV600E-driven malignancies pathophysiology as well as the consequences in vivo of novel ERK pathway-targeted anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bosso
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Cintra Herpst
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Oscar Laguía
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Sarah Adetchessi
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Rosa Serrano
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burov A, Grigorieva E, Lebedev T, Vedernikova V, Popenko V, Astakhova T, Leonova O, Spirin P, Prassolov V, Karpov V, Morozov A. Multikinase inhibitors modulate non-constitutive proteasome expression in colorectal cancer cells. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1351641. [PMID: 38774235 PMCID: PMC11106389 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1351641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Proteasomes are multi-subunit protein complexes responsible for protein degradation in cells. Immunoproteasomes and intermediate proteasomes (together non-constitutive proteasomes) are specific forms of proteasomes frequently associated with immune response, antigen presentation, inflammation and stress. Expression of non-constitutive proteasome subunits has a prognostic value in several types of cancer. Thus, factors that modulate non-constitutive proteasome expression in tumors are of particular interest. Multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) demonstrate promising results in treatment of cancer. At the same time, their immunomodulatory properties and effects on non-constitutive proteasome expression in colorectal cancer cells are poorly investigated. Methods: Proteasome subunit expression in colorectal cancer was evaluated by bioinformatic analysis of available datasets. Two colorectal cancer cell lines, expressing fluorescent non-constitutive proteasomes were treated with multikinase inhibitors: regorafenib and sorafenib. The proteasome subunit expression was assessed by real-time PCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The proteasome activity was studied using proteasome activity-based probe and fluorescent substrates. Intracellular proteasome localization was revealed by confocal microscopy. Reactive oxygen species levels following treatment were determined in cells. Combined effect of proteasome inhibition and treatment with MKIs on viability of cells was estimated. Results: Expression of non-constitutive proteasomes is increased in BRAF-mutant colorectal tumors. Regorafenib and sorafenib stimulated the activity and synthesis of non-constitutive proteasomes in examined cell lines. MKIs induced oxidative stress and redistribution of proteasomes within cells. Sorafenib stimulated formation of cytoplasmic aggregates, containing proteolyticaly active non-constitutive proteasomes, while regorafenib had no such effect. MKIs caused no synergistic action when were combined with the proteasome inhibitor. Discussion: Obtained results indicate that MKIs might affect the crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells via modulation of intracellular proteasome pool. Observed phenomenon should be considered when MKI-based therapy is applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Burov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Grigorieva
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Timofey Lebedev
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Vedernikova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Popenko
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Astakhova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Ontogenesis Processes, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Leonova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Spirin
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Prassolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Karpov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Morozov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mikheeva AM, Bogomolov MA, Gasca VA, Sementsov MV, Spirin PV, Prassolov VS, Lebedev TD. Improving the power of drug toxicity measurements by quantitative nuclei imaging. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:181. [PMID: 38637526 PMCID: PMC11026393 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Imaging-based anticancer drug screens are becoming more prevalent due to development of automated fluorescent microscopes and imaging stations, as well as rapid advancements in image processing software. Automated cell imaging provides many benefits such as their ability to provide high-content data, modularity, dynamics recording and the fact that imaging is the most direct way to access cell viability and cell proliferation. However, currently most publicly available large-scale anticancer drugs screens, such as GDSC, CTRP and NCI-60, provide cell viability data measured by assays based on colorimetric or luminometric measurements of NADH or ATP levels. Although such datasets provide valuable data, it is unclear how well drug toxicity measurements can be integrated with imaging data. Here we explored the relations between drug toxicity data obtained by XTT assay, two quantitative nuclei imaging methods and trypan blue dye exclusion assay using a set of four cancer cell lines with different morphologies and 30 drugs with different mechanisms of action. We show that imaging-based approaches provide high accuracy and the differences between results obtained by different methods highly depend on drug mechanism of action. Selecting AUC metrics over IC50 or comparing data where significantly drugs reduced cell numbers noticeably improves consistency between methods. Using automated cell segmentation protocols we analyzed mitochondria activity in more than 11 thousand drug-treated cells and showed that XTT assay produces unreliable data for CDK4/6, Aurora A, VEGFR and PARP inhibitors due induced cell size growth and increase in individual mitochondria activity. We also explored several benefits of image-based analysis such as ability to monitor cell number dynamics, dissect changes in total and individual mitochondria activity from cell proliferation, and ability to identify chromatin remodeling drugs. Finally, we provide a web tool that allows comparing results obtained by different methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alesya M Mikheeva
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Bogomolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Valentina A Gasca
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Sementsov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Pavel V Spirin
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Prassolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Timofey D Lebedev
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chi F, Griffiths JI, Nath A, Bild AH. Paradoxical cancer cell proliferation after FGFR inhibition through decreased p21 signaling in FGFR1-amplified breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:54. [PMID: 38553760 PMCID: PMC10979625 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) control various cellular functions through fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. FGFR amplification in ER + breast cancer patients correlate with poor prognosis, and FGFR inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. By comparing three-dimensional spheroid growth of ER + breast cancer cells with and without FGFR1 amplification, our research discovered that FGF2 treatment can paradoxically decrease proliferation in cells with FGFR1 amplification or overexpression. In contrast, FGF2 treatment in cells without FGFR1 amplification promotes classical FGFR proliferative signaling through the MAPK cascade. The growth inhibitory effect of FGF2 in FGFR1 amplified cells aligned with an increase in p21, a cell cycle inhibitor that hinders the G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle. Additionally, FGF2 addition in FGFR1 amplified cells activated JAK-STAT signaling and promoted a stem cell-like state. FGF2-induced paradoxical effects were reversed by inhibiting p21 or the JAK-STAT pathway and with pan-FGFR inhibitors. Analysis of patient ER + breast tumor transcriptomes from the TCGA and METABRIC datasets demonstrated a strong positive association between expression of FGF2 and stemness signatures, which was further enhanced in tumors with high FGFR1 expression. Overall, our findings reveal a divergence in FGFR signaling, transitioning from a proliferative to stemness state driven by activation of JAK-STAT signaling and modulation of p21 levels. Activation of these divergent signaling pathways in FGFR amplified cancer cells and paradoxical growth effects highlight a challenge in the use of FGFR inhibitors in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Jason I Griffiths
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Aritro Nath
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Andrea H Bild
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang B, Wang M, Li K, Wang C, Liu X, Rao Q, Song J, Hang Y, Liu S, Wen M, Huang L, Li Y. Calothrixin B derivatives induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest on HEL cells through the ERK/Ras/Raf/MEK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116179. [PMID: 38278023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute erythroleukemia (AEL) is acute myeloid leukemia characterized by malignant erythroid proliferation. AEL has a low survival rate, which has seriously threatened the health of older adults. Calothrixin B is a carbazole alkaloid isolated from the cyanobacteria Calothrix and exhibits anti-cancer activity. To discover more potential anti-erythroleukemia compounds, we used calothrixin B as the structural skeleton to synthesize a series of new compounds. METHODS In the cell culture model, we evaluated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest using MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis, JC-1 staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, and Western blot. Additionally, assessing the curative effect in the animal model included observation of the spleen, HE staining, flow cytometry analysis, and detection of serum biochemical indexes. RESULTS Among the Calothrixin B derivatives, H-107 had the best activity against leukemic cell lines. H-107 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HEL cells with an IC50 value of 3.63 ± 0.33 μM. H-107 induced apoptosis of HEL cells by damaging mitochondria and activating the caspase cascade and arrested HEL cells in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, H-107 downregulated the protein levels Ras, p-Raf, p-MEK, p-ERK and c-Myc. Pretreatment with ERK inhibitor (U0126) increased H-107-induced apoptosis. Thus, H-107 inhibited the proliferation of HEL cells by the ERK /Ras/Raf/MEK signal pathways. Interestingly, H-107 promoted erythroid differentiation into the maturation of erythrocytes and effectively activated the immune cells in erythroleukemia mice. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings suggest that H-107 can potentially be a novel chemotherapy for erythroleukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China; College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China; College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China; College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China; College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jingrui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yubing Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Min Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China; College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China; College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ram A, Murphy D, DeCuzzi N, Patankar M, Hu J, Pargett M, Albeck JG. A guide to ERK dynamics, part 2: downstream decoding. Biochem J 2023; 480:1909-1928. [PMID: 38038975 PMCID: PMC10754290 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway controls many cellular processes, including cell division, death, and differentiation. In this second installment of a two-part review, we address the question of how the ERK pathway exerts distinct and context-specific effects on multiple processes. We discuss how the dynamics of ERK activity induce selective changes in gene expression programs, with insights from both experiments and computational models. With a focus on single-cell biosensor-based studies, we summarize four major functional modes for ERK signaling in tissues: adjusting the size of cell populations, gradient-based patterning, wave propagation of morphological changes, and diversification of cellular gene expression states. These modes of operation are disrupted in cancer and other related diseases and represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. By understanding the dynamic mechanisms involved in ERK signaling, there is potential for pharmacological strategies that not only simply inhibit ERK, but also restore functional activity patterns and improve disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet Ram
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Devan Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Nicholaus DeCuzzi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Madhura Patankar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jason Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michael Pargett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - John G. Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kamashev D, Shaban N, Lebedev T, Prassolov V, Suntsova M, Raevskiy M, Gaifullin N, Sekacheva M, Garazha A, Poddubskaya E, Sorokin M, Buzdin A. Human Blood Serum Can Diminish EGFR-Targeted Inhibition of Squamous Carcinoma Cell Growth through Reactivation of MAPK and EGFR Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:2022. [PMID: 37626832 PMCID: PMC10453612 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the presence or absence of specific diagnostic mutations, many cancer patients fail to respond to EGFR-targeted therapeutics, and a personalized approach is needed to identify putative (non)responders. We found previously that human peripheral blood and EGF can modulate the activities of EGFR-specific drugs on inhibiting clonogenity in model EGFR-positive A431 squamous carcinoma cells. Here, we report that human serum can dramatically abolish the cell growth rate inhibition by EGFR-specific drugs cetuximab and erlotinib. We show that this phenomenon is linked with derepression of drug-induced G1S cell cycle transition arrest. Furthermore, A431 cell growth inhibition by cetuximab, erlotinib, and EGF correlates with a decreased activity of ERK1/2 proteins. In turn, the EGF- and human serum-mediated rescue of drug-treated A431 cells restores ERK1/2 activity in functional tests. RNA sequencing revealed 1271 and 1566 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the presence of cetuximab and erlotinib, respectively. Erlotinib- and cetuximab-specific DEGs significantly overlapped. Interestingly, the expression of 100% and 75% of these DEGs restores to the no-drug level when EGF or a mixed human serum sample, respectively, is added along with cetuximab. In the case of erlotinib, EGF and human serum restore the expression of 39% and 83% of DEGs, respectively. We further assessed differential molecular pathway activation levels and propose that EGF/human serum-mediated A431 resistance to EGFR drugs can be largely explained by reactivation of the MAPK signaling cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Kamashev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia;
| | - Nina Shaban
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia;
| | - Timofey Lebedev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.L.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimir Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia; (T.L.); (V.P.)
| | - Maria Suntsova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia;
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Mikhail Raevskiy
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Nurshat Gaifullin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia;
| | - Marina Sekacheva
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Andrew Garazha
- Oncobox Ltd., Moscow 121205, Russia;
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA
| | - Elena Poddubskaya
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Maksim Sorokin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia;
- PathoBiology Group, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia;
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.R.); (E.P.)
- PathoBiology Group, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sorokin M, Buzdin AA, Guryanova A, Efimov V, Suntsova MV, Zolotovskaia MA, Koroleva EV, Sekacheva MI, Tkachev VS, Garazha A, Kremenchutckaya K, Drobyshev A, Seryakov A, Gudkov A, Alekseenko IV, Rakitina O, Kostina MB, Vladimirova U, Moisseev A, Bulgin D, Radomskaya E, Shestakov V, Baklaushev VP, Prassolov V, Shegay PV, Li X, Poddubskaya EV, Gaifullin N. Large-scale assessment of pros and cons of autopsy-derived or tumor-matched tissues as the norms for gene expression analysis in cancers. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:3964-3986. [PMID: 37635765 PMCID: PMC10448432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal tissues are essential for studying disease-specific differential gene expression. However, healthy human controls are typically available only in postmortal/autopsy settings. In cancer research, fragments of pathologically normal tissue adjacent to tumor site are frequently used as the controls. However, it is largely underexplored how cancers can systematically influence gene expression of the neighboring tissues. Here we performed a comprehensive pan-cancer comparison of molecular profiles of solid tumor-adjacent and autopsy-derived "healthy" normal tissues. We found a number of systemic molecular differences related to activation of the immune cells, intracellular transport and autophagy, cellular respiration, telomerase activation, p38 signaling, cytoskeleton remodeling, and reorganization of the extracellular matrix. The tumor-adjacent tissues were deficient in apoptotic signaling and negative regulation of cell growth including G2/M cell cycle transition checkpoint. We also detected an extensive rearrangement of the chemical perception network. Molecular targets of 32 and 37 cancer drugs were over- or underexpressed, respectively, in the tumor-adjacent norms. These processes may be driven by molecular events that are correlated between the paired cancer and adjacent normal tissues, that mostly relate to inflammation and regulation of intracellular molecular pathways such as the p38, MAPK, Notch, and IGF1 signaling. However, using a model of macaque postmortal tissues we showed that for the 30 min - 24-hour time frame at 4ºC, an RNA degradation pattern in lung biosamples resulted in an artifact "differential" expression profile for 1140 genes, although no differences could be detected in liver. Thus, such concerns should be addressed in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Sorokin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anton A. Buzdin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- PathoBiology Group, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anastasia Guryanova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Victor Efimov
- World-Class Research Center "Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V. Suntsova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marianna A. Zolotovskaia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA
| | - Elena V. Koroleva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Marina I. Sekacheva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor S. Tkachev
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- Oncobox Ltd., Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Andrew Garazha
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- Oncobox Ltd., Moscow 121205, Russia
| | | | - Aleksey Drobyshev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Gudkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina V. Alekseenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian
- FSBI "National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov" Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Olga Rakitina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Maria B. Kostina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Uliana Vladimirova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Oncobox Ltd., Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Aleksey Moisseev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bulgin
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, 177 Mira str., Veseloye, Sochi 354376, Russia
| | - Elena Radomskaya
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, 177 Mira str., Veseloye, Sochi 354376, Russia
| | - Viktor Shestakov
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, 177 Mira str., Veseloye, Sochi 354376, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir Prassolov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr V. Shegay
- National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249036 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Xinmin Li
- UCLA Technology Center for Genomics & Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 650 Charles E Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Nurshat Gaifullin
- Department of Physiology and General Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang MF, Sun SY, Lv HG, Wang WQ, Li HX, Sun JY, Zhang ZY. Ravoxertinib Improves Long-Term Neurologic Deficits after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage through Early Inhibition of Erk1/2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19692-19704. [PMID: 37305289 PMCID: PMC10249378 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) signaling has been shown to be involved in brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A first-in-human phase I study reported that ravoxertinib hydrochloride (RAH), a novel Erk1/2 inhibitor, has an acceptable safety profile and pharmacodynamic effects. Here, we showed that the level of Erk1/2 phosphorylation (p-Erk1/2) was significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients who developed poor outcomes. In a rat SAH model that was produced by the intracranial endovascular perforation method, western blot observed that the level of p-Erk1/2 was also increased in the CSF and basal cortex, showing a similar trend with aSAH patients. Immunofluorescence and western blot indicated that RAH treatment (i.c.v injection, 30 min post-SAH) attenuates the SAH-induced increase of p-Erk1/2 at 24 h in rats. RAH treatment can improve experimental SAH-induced long-term sensorimotor and spatial learning deficits that are evaluated by the Morris water maze, rotarod test, foot-fault test, and forelimb placing test. Moreover, RAH treatment attenuates neurobehavioral deficits, the blood-brain barrier damage, and cerebral edema at 72 h after SAH in rats. Furthermore, RAH treatment decreases the SAH-elevated apoptosis-related factor active caspase-3 and the necroptosis-related factor RIPK1 expression at 72 h in rats. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that RAH attenuated neuronal apoptosis but not neuronal necroptosis in the basal cortex at 72 h after SAH in rats. Altogether, our results suggest that RAH improves long-term neurologic deficits through early inhibition of Erk1/2 in experimental SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-feng Yang
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-yao Sun
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-guang Lv
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-qi Wang
- Shandong
Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan 250021, Shandong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Han-xia Li
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-yi Sun
- Shandong
Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan 250021, Shandong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zong-yong Zhang
- Department
of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical
Sciences, Tai’an 271016 Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu Y, Zhai W, Tan D, Chen H, Zhang G, Tan X, Zheng Y, Gao W, Wei Y, Wu J, Yang X. Uncovering the effects and molecular mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge and its bioactive ingredients formononetin and calycosin against colon cancer: An integrated approach based on network pharmacology analysis coupled with experimental validation and molecular docking. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111912. [PMID: 36755950 PMCID: PMC9899812 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a highly malignant cancer with poor prognosis. Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge (Huang Qi in Chinese, HQ), a well-known Chinese herbal medicine and a popular food additive, possesses various biological functions and has been frequently used for clinical treatment of colon cancer. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Isoflavonoids, including formononetin (FMNT) and calycosin (CS), are the main bioactive ingredients isolated from HQ. Thus, this study aimed to explore the inhibitory effects and mechanism of HQ, FMNT and CS against colon cancer by using network pharmacology coupled with experimental validation and molecular docking. The network pharmacology analysis revealed that FMNT and CS exerted their anticarcinogenic actions against colon cancer by regulating multiple signaling molecules and pathways, including MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. The experimental validation data showed that HQ, FMNT and CS significantly suppressed the viability and proliferation, and promoted the apoptosis in colon cancer Caco2 and HT-29 cells. HQ, FMNT and CS also markedly inhibited the migration of Caco2 and HT-29 cells, accompanied by a marked increase in E-cadherin expression, and a notable decrease in N-cadherin and Vimentin expression. In addition, HQ, FMNT and CS strikingly decreased the expression of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) without marked change in total ERK1/2 expression. They also slightly downregulated the p-Akt expression without significant alteration in total Akt expression. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the inactivation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway and the HQ, FMNT and CS-induced suppression of colon cancer. The molecular docking results indicated that FMNT and CS had a strong binding affinity for the key molecules of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Conclusively, HQ, FMNT and CS exerted good therapeutic effects against colon cancer by mainly inhibiting the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, suggesting that HQ, FMNT and CS could be useful supplements that may enhance chemotherapeutic outcomes and benefit colon cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanling Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State, NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanjing Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yijie Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jinjun Wu, ; Xin Yang,
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State, NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jinjun Wu, ; Xin Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shah SD, Nayak AP, Sharma P, Villalba DR, Addya S, Huang W, Shapiro P, Kane MA, Deshpande DA. Targeted Inhibition of Select Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases 1 and 2 Functions Mitigates Pathological Features of Asthma in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:23-38. [PMID: 36067041 PMCID: PMC9817918 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0110oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2) regulate the activity of various transcription factors that contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Although an attractive drug target, broadly inhibiting ERK1/2 is challenging because of unwanted cellular toxicities. We have identified small molecule inhibitors with a benzenesulfonate scaffold that selectively inhibit ERK1/2-mediated activation of AP-1 (activator protein-1). Herein, we describe the findings of targeting ERK1/2-mediated substrate-specific signaling with the small molecule inhibitor SF-3-030 in a murine model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma. In 8- to 10-week-old BALB/c mice, allergic asthma was established by repeated intranasal HDM (25 μg/mouse) instillation for 3 weeks (5 days/week). A subgroup of mice was prophylactically dosed with 10 mg/kg SF-3-030/DMSO intranasally 30 minutes before the HDM challenge. Following the dosing schedule, mice were evaluated for alterations in airway mechanics, inflammation, and markers of airway remodeling. SF-3-030 treatment significantly attenuated HDM-induced elevation of distinct inflammatory cell types and cytokine concentrations in BAL and IgE concentrations in the lungs. Histopathological analysis of lung tissue sections revealed diminished HDM-induced pleocellular peribronchial inflammation, mucus cell metaplasia, collagen accumulation, thickening of airway smooth muscle mass, and expression of markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 and cyclin D1) in mice treated with SF-3-030. Furthermore, SF-3-030 treatment attenuated HDM-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Finally, mechanistic studies using transcriptome and proteome analyses suggest inhibition of HDM-induced genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling by SF-3-030. These preclinical findings demonstrate that function-selective inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling mitigates multiple features of asthma in a murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut D. Shah
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, and
| | - Ajay P. Nayak
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, and
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, and
| | | | - Sankar Addya
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|