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Lee ZY, Lee WH, Lim JS, Ali AAA, Loo JSE, Wibowo A, Mohammat MF, Foo JB. Golgi apparatus targeted therapy in cancer: Are we there yet? Life Sci 2024; 352:122868. [PMID: 38936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking within the Golgi apparatus plays a pivotal role in the intracellular transportation of lipids and proteins. Dysregulation of this process can give rise to various pathological manifestations, including cancer. Exploiting Golgi defects, cancer cells capitalise on aberrant membrane trafficking to facilitate signal transduction, proliferation, invasion, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite the identification of several molecular signalling pathways associated with Golgi abnormalities, there remains a lack of approved drugs specifically targeting cancer cells through the manipulation of the Golgi apparatus. In the initial section of this comprehensive review, the focus is directed towards delineating the abnormal Golgi genes and proteins implicated in carcinogenesis. Subsequently, a thorough examination is conducted on the impact of these variations on Golgi function, encompassing aspects such as vesicular trafficking, glycosylation, autophagy, oxidative mechanisms, and pH alterations. Lastly, the review provides a current update on promising Golgi apparatus-targeted inhibitors undergoing preclinical and/or clinical trials, offering insights into their potential as therapeutic interventions. Significantly more effort is required to advance these potential inhibitors to benefit patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hwei Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Sheng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Ali Ajmel Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shin J, Douglas CJ, Zhang S, Seath CP, Bao H. Targeting Recycling Endosomes to Potentiate mRNA Lipid Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5104-5109. [PMID: 38640421 PMCID: PMC11066955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as powerful modalities for gene therapies to control cancer and infectious and immune diseases. Despite the escalating interest in mRNA-LNPs over the past few decades, endosomal entrapment of delivered mRNAs vastly impedes therapeutic developments. In addition, the molecular mechanism of LNP-mediated mRNA delivery is poorly understood to guide further improvement through rational design. To tackle these challenges, we characterized LNP-mediated mRNA delivery using a library of small molecules targeting endosomal trafficking. We found that the expression of delivered mRNAs is greatly enhanced via inhibition of endocytic recycling in cells and in live mice. One of the most potent small molecules, endosidine 5 (ES5), interferes with recycling endosomes through Annexin A6, thereby promoting the release and expression of mRNA into the cytoplasm. Together, these findings suggest that targeting endosomal trafficking with small molecules is a viable strategy to potentiate the efficacy of mRNA-LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehae Shin
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 480 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, 22903 Virginia, United States
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical
Research, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, 33458 Florida, United States
| | - Cameron J. Douglas
- Department
of Chemistry, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, 33458 Florida, United States
- Skaggs
Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, 33458 Florida, United States
| | - Shanwen Zhang
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical
Research, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, 33458 Florida, United States
| | - Ciaran P. Seath
- Department
of Chemistry, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, 33458 Florida, United States
| | - Huan Bao
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 480 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, 22903 Virginia, United States
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical
Research, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, 33458 Florida, United States
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Rosenberg EM, Jian X, Soubias O, Jackson RA, Gladu E, Andersen E, Esser L, Sodt AJ, Xia D, Byrd RA, Randazzo PA. Point mutations in Arf1 reveal cooperative effects of the N-terminal extension and myristate for GTPase-activating protein catalytic activity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295103. [PMID: 38574162 PMCID: PMC10994351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) constitute a family of small GTPases within the Ras superfamily, with a distinguishing structural feature of a hypervariable N-terminal extension of the G domain modified with myristate. Arf proteins, including Arf1, have roles in membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics. While screening for Arf1:small molecule co-crystals, we serendipitously solved the crystal structure of the non-myristoylated engineered mutation [L8K]Arf1 in complex with a GDP analogue. Like wild-type (WT) non-myristoylated Arf1•GDP, we observed that [L8K]Arf1 exhibited an N-terminal helix that occludes the hydrophobic cavity that is occupied by the myristoyl group in the GDP-bound state of the native protein. However, the helices were offset from one another due to the L8K mutation, with a significant change in position of the hinge region connecting the N-terminus to the G domain. Hypothesizing that the observed effects on behavior of the N-terminus affects interaction with regulatory proteins, we mutated two hydrophobic residues to examine the role of the N-terminal extension for interaction with guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs. Different than previous studies, all mutations were examined in the context of myristoylated Arf. Mutations had little or no effect on spontaneous or GEF-catalyzed guanine nucleotide exchange but did affect interaction with GAPs. [F13A]myrArf1 was less than 1/2500, 1/1500, and 1/200 efficient as substrate for the GAPs ASAP1, ARAP1 and AGAP1; however, [L8A/F13A]myrArf1 was similar to WT myrArf1. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the effect of the mutations on forming alpha helices adjacent to a membrane surface was examined, yet no differences were detected. The results indicate that lipid modifications of GTPases and consequent anchoring to a membrane influences protein function beyond simple membrane localization. Hypothetical mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Jian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Olivier Soubias
- Section of Macromolecular NMR, Center for Structural Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rebekah A. Jackson
- Section of Macromolecular NMR, Center for Structural Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Erin Gladu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Emily Andersen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lothar Esser
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Sodt
- Unit of Membrane Chemical Physics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Di Xia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - R. Andrew Byrd
- Section of Macromolecular NMR, Center for Structural Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Agarwal P, Kumar A, Meena LS. Decoding the structural integrity and multifunctional role of Era protein in the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37Rv. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38319024 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2309332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Era, a widely known GTP binding protein found in many organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes and plays a significant role in many fundamental cellular processes like cell growth, differentiation and signaling. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv, Era protein had been proved as a GTPase protein but its structural and functional insights are still lacking. Through comparative analysis, structural modeling, docking and using various bioinformatic tools, a detailed investigation of Era was carried out to deduce the structure, function and residues involved in the activity of the protein. Intriguingly, docking results revealed high binding affinity of Era not only with GTP but also with ATP. Myristoylation modifications and phosphorylations on Era were predicted to possibly aid in regulating Era activity and localization; and also the role of Era in translation regulation was foreseen by showing its association with 16s rRNA. Moreover, point mutation of Era residues revealed the effect of W288G and K19G in highly destabilizing the protein structure and activity. Additionally, Era protein was docked with 25 GTPase/ATPase inhibitors, where, Dynasore inhibitor showed the highest affinity for the protein's GTP binding sites and can be used for further drug trials to inhibit growth of mycobacteria.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Agarwal
- AID, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDG, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ajit Kumar
- AID, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDG, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Laxman S Meena
- AID, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDG, Ghaziabad, India
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Mirabelli C, Bragazzi Cunha J, Wotring JW, Sherman EJ, El Saghir J, Harder J, Kretzler M, Sexton JZ, Emmer BT, Wobus CE. ARF6 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001868. [PMID: 37342971 PMCID: PMC10397720 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged beta-coronavirus that enter cells via two routes, direct fusion at the plasma membrane or endocytosis followed by fusion with the late endosome/lysosome. While the viral receptor, ACE2, multiple entry factors and the mechanism of fusion of the virus at the plasma membrane have been investigated extensively, viral entry via the endocytic pathway is less understood. By using a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, Huh-7, which is resistant to the antiviral action of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat, we discovered that SARS-CoV-2 entry is not dependent on dynamin but on cholesterol. ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) has been described as a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 replication and is involved in the entry and infection of several pathogenic viruses. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genetic deletion, a modest reduction in SARS-CoV-2 uptake and infection in Huh-7 was observed. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of ARF6 with the small molecule NAV-2729 showed a dose-dependent reduction of viral infection. Importantly, NAV-2729 also reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in more physiological models of infection: Calu-3 cells and kidney organoids. This highlighted a role for ARF6 in multiple cell contexts. Together, these experiments point to ARF6 as a putative target to develop antiviral strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Present address: Institut für Virologie und Zellbiologie, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J. Bragazzi Cunha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. W. Wotring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E. J. Sherman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Present address: Territory Manager at Takara Bio, Inc., MI, MN, IN, KY, USA
| | - J. El Saghir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Harder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M. Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - B. T. Emmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - C. E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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