1
|
Cortes PM, García-Hernández JP, Iribe-Burgos FA, Guevara MA, Hernández-González M. Effects of emotional congruency and task complexity on decision-making. Cogn Process 2023; 24:161-171. [PMID: 36862269 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-023-01129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The heuristic approach to decision-making holds that the selection process becomes more efficient when part of the information available is ignored. One element involved in selecting information is emotional valence. If emotional congruency is related to simplified decision-making strategies, then the interaction of this factor with task complexity should exist. The present study explored how factors of this nature influence decision-making efficiency. We hypothesized that emotional congruency would have a positive effect on task execution and that the magnitude of that effect would increase with greater task complexity because in that condition the amount of information to be processed is greater, meaning that a heuristic approach to the problem would be more efficient. We design a decision in browser decision-making task in which participants had to select emotional images to gain points. Depending on the correlation between emotional valence and in-task image value, we defined three emotional congruency conditions: direct, null, and inverse. Our results show that distinct types of emotional congruency have differential effects on behavior. While direct congruency-enhanced overall decision-making performance, inverse congruency interacted with task complexity to modify the pace at which task feedback affected behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Manuel Cortes
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta, 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo García-Hernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta, 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Alejandra Iribe-Burgos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta, 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Guevara
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta, 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela Hernández-González
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta, 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez-López MT, Fernández-Berrocal P, Gómez-Leal R, Megías-Robles A. Evidence on the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Risk Behavior: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:810012. [PMID: 35222197 PMCID: PMC8863602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to carry out a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the existing literature studying the relationship between emotional intelligence and risk behavior. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific evidence available relating both constructs. Particular attention was paid to identifying possible differences in this relationship as a function of the different conceptualizations of EI and the risk domain. The study was conducted following the Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. Our results revealed a significant negative relationship between EI and health-related risk behaviors. However, this relationship was not observed in other risk domains such as finance and gambling. The relationship between EI and risk behavior differed according to the risk domain studied, which supports the notion that risk is a domain-specific construct. The results associated with the health-related risk behaviors are consistent with existing literature about the positive impact of emotional abilities on the health domain. A more complete understanding of the emotional mechanisms that underlie risk behavior could help to establish action guidelines and improve programmes to prevent and reduce the negative effects of risk behavior on our society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María T Sánchez-López
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Gómez-Leal
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías-Robles
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hayakawa S, Pan Y, Marian V. Using a Foreign Language Changes Medical Judgments of Preventative Care. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1309. [PMID: 34679374 PMCID: PMC8534006 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, multilinguals around the world make important healthcare decisions while using a foreign language. The present study examined how the use of a native vs. non-native language shapes evaluations and decisions about preventative care. Bilinguals were randomly assigned to evaluate a series of medical scenarios in either their native or non-native language. Each scenario described potential adverse effects of a medical condition and a preventative treatment, as well as the population risk of disease- or treatment-related complications. Participants judged the perceived negativity and likelihood of experiencing adverse effects and indicated how willing they would be to accept the preventative treatment. We found that bilinguals using a foreign language perceived disease symptoms and treatment side effects to be less negative than those using their native tongue. Foreign language users were also more likely to account for the objective risks associated with medical conditions and treatments when making decisions about preventative care. We conclude that the use of a native vs. foreign language changes how people evaluate the consequences of accepting and declining preventative treatment, with potential implications for millions of providers and patients who routinely make medical choices in their non-native tongue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Hayakawa
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
| | - Yue Pan
- Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Viorica Marian
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bronfman NC, Cisternas PC, Repetto PB, Castañeda JV, Guic E. Understanding the Relationship Between Direct Experience and Risk Perception of Natural Hazards. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:2057-2070. [PMID: 32524656 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Risk perception has been largely examined in studies that have aimed to explain and predict preparedness behavior in the context of natural hazards. Findings from studies on the relationship between previous experience, preparedness, and risk perception in disaster situations have been inconsistent. Hence, the main goal of this work was to explore the influence of physical and emotional experience on risk perception regarding natural hazards. This study was conducted in a statistically representative sample of the city of Iquique, in northern Chile (n = 701), who completed a survey one month after the occurrence of an earthquake and tsunami (8.2 Mw). The survey assessed the experience and preparation actions of survivors in relation to this event. Using a structural equation model, we examined nine proposed relationships, six of which were significant. The final model had an adequate fit (χ² = 752.23, df = 283, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.90, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.049). Direct experience showed the greatest influence on risk perception: while direct physical experience (i.e., the physical and material consequences associated with the earthquake) maintained a direct positive effect on risk perception, direct emotional experience (i.e., the fear of experiencing an earthquake) produced an indirect positive effect (through worry). Emotional experience, however, did not directly influence current preparedness and risk perception. Implications for understanding the relationship between risk perception and direct experience are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás C Bronfman
- Engineering Sciences Department, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela C Cisternas
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
- Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula B Repetto
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera V Castañeda
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eliana Guic
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lacasse K, Jackson TE. Conformity to masculine norms predicts US men's decision-making regarding a new male contraceptive. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2020; 22:1128-1144. [PMID: 31580198 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2019.1658806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health decision-making is often explained by affective and cognitive processes, but this processing is rarely explored in relation to gender norms. We investigated how conformity to specific masculine norms is linked to the affective and cognitive processes that lead to US men's decisions regarding a new male contraceptive. US male college students (N = 151) completed an online survey. They read a description of a long-acting reversible contraceptive, then completed questionnaires measuring their affective and cognitive responses, their information-seeking and willingness-to-try the contraceptive, and their conformity to masculine norms. Participants reported less willingness-to-try the contraceptive when they endorsed masculine norms regarding men's Power Over Women and concern with Heterosexual Self-Presentation, and these effects were consistently mediated by beliefs about its negative impact on sex. Positive emotions predicted willingness-to-try and information-seeking but were unrelated to masculine norms. This broadens our understanding of how conformity to specific gender norms impacts health decision-making processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa E Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Girls' Borderline Personality Symptoms and Sexual Risk Behaviors. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1649-1658. [PMID: 32918189 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period during which youth tend to initiate sexual behavior, which may include sexual risk behavior. Symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are associated with increased rates of risky behaviors. However, little is known about longitudinal associations between BPD symptoms and sexual risk behaviors during adolescence. This study examines developmental trajectories of adolescent girls' BPD symptoms and sexual risk behaviors in a community sample of Black and White girls from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (n = 1620). Dual trajectory modeling provided insights into the temporal precedence and co-development of BPD symptoms and sexual risk behaviors from ages 14 to 18. In order to examine the unique association between BPD symptoms and sexual risk behaviors, analyses controlled for symptoms of depression and conduct disorder, as well as race, sexual orientation, and pubertal development. Girls with more BPD symptoms at age 14 showed steeper growth over time in sexual risk behaviors from ages 14 to 18. Additionally, adolescents who showed steeper increases in BPD symptoms over time also showed steeper increases in sexual risk behaviors across adolescence. Notably, however, sexual risk behavior at age 14 was not significantly associated with longitudinal trajectories of BPD symptoms. Results suggest that adolescent girls with early symptoms of BPD are at heightened risk for the development of sexual risk behaviors during adolescence, while the reverse association does not hold. Implications for adolescent development and sexual risk behavior are discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kolmes SK, Boerstler KR. Is There a Gender Self-Advocacy Gap? An Empiric Investigation Into the Gender Pain Gap. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2020; 17:383-393. [PMID: 32728800 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-020-09993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are documented differences in the efficacy of medical treatment for pain for men and women. Women are less likely to have their pain controlled and receive less treatment than men. We are investigating one possible explanation for this gender pain gap: that there is a difference in how women and men report their pain to physicians, and so there is a difference in how physicians understand their pain. This paper describes an exploratory study into gendered attitudes towards reporting uncontrolled pain to a physician. This exploratory study provided subjects with a vignette describing a situation in which their pain is not being treated adequately and asked them questions about their attitudes towards self-advocacy and the strategies they would likely use to express themselves. We found that women scored higher than men on measures of patient likelihood to self-advocate. Women also reported intending to use more varied self-advocacy strategies than men. This suggests it is unlikely that patient's communication styles are to blame for the gender pain gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Kolmes
- Georgetown University, 215 New North Hall, 37th and O, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Kyle R Boerstler
- Florida State University, 151 Dodd Hall, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Risky Sexual Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193666. [PMID: 31569567 PMCID: PMC6801672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with risky sexual behaviors (RSBs). Previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis focused only on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and RSBs, thus the association between childhood maltreatment and RSBs has yet to be systematically and quantitatively reviewed. We aimed to provide a systematic meta-analysis exploring the effect of childhood maltreatment and its subtypes on subsequent RSBs in adolescence and adulthood. PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Medline were searched for qualified articles up to April 2019. We calculated the pooled risk estimates using either the random-effect model or fixed-effect model. The potential heterogeneity moderators were identified by subgroup and sensitivity analysis. Overall, childhood maltreatment was significantly associated with an early sexual debut (odds ratio (OR) = 2.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64–3.00), multiple sexual partners (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.78–2.76), transactional sex (OR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.92–4.86) and unprotected sex (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.22-2.09). Additionally, different types of childhood maltreatment were also significantly associated with higher risk of RSBs. Relevant heterogeneity moderators have been identified by subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results. Childhood maltreatment is significantly associated with risky sexual behaviors. The current meta-analysis indicates it is vital to protect children from any types of maltreatment and provide health education and support for maltreated individuals.
Collapse
|
9
|
Goodman ML, Raimer-Goodman L, Chen CX, Grouls A, Gitari S, Keiser PH. Testing and testing positive: childhood adversities and later life HIV status among Kenyan women and their partners. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 39:720-729. [PMID: 27915258 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences are a critical feature of lifelong health. No research assesses whether childhood adversities predict HIV-testing behaviors, and little research analyzes childhood adversities and later life HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We use regression models with cross-sectional data from a representative sample (n = 1974) to analyze whether adverse childhood experiences, separately or as cumulative exposures, predict reports of later life HIV testing and testing HIV+ among semi-rural Kenyan women and their partners. Results No significant correlation was observed between thirteen cumulative childhood adversities and reporting prior HIV testing for respondent or partner. Separately, childhood sexual abuse and emotional neglect predicted lower odds of reporting having previously been tested for HIV. Witnessing household violence during one's childhood predicted significantly higher odds of reporting HIV+. Sexual abuse predicted higher odds of reporting a partner tested HIV+. Conclusions Preventing sexual abuse and household violence may improve HIV testing and test outcomes among Kenyan women. More research is required to understand pathways between adverse childhood experiences and partner selection within Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa, and data presented here suggest understanding pathways may help improve HIV outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Goodman
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip H Keiser
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Verschueren S, van Aalst J, Bangels AM, Toelen J, Allegaert K, Buffel C, Vander Stichele G. Development of CliniPup, a Serious Game Aimed at Reducing Perioperative Anxiety and Pain in Children: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Serious Games 2019; 7:e12429. [PMID: 31199333 PMCID: PMC6592492 DOI: 10.2196/12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of children undergo ambulatory surgery each year, and a significant proportion experience substantial preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain. The management of perioperative anxiety and pain remains challenging in children and is inadequate, which negatively impacts the physical, psychosocial, and economic outcomes. Existing nonpharmacological interventions are costly, time consuming, vary in availability, and lack benefits. Therefore, there is a need for an evidence-based, accessible, nonpharmacological intervention as an adjunct to existing pharmacological alternatives to reduce perioperative anxiety and pain in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Technology-enabled interventions have been proposed as a method to address the unmet need in this setting. In particular, serious games hold a unique potential to change health beliefs and behaviors in children. Objective The objective of this research was to describe the rationale, scientific evidence, design aspects, and features of CliniPup, a serious game aimed at reducing perioperative anxiety and pain in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Methods The SERES Framework for serious game development was used to create the serious game, CliniPup. In particular, we used a mixed methods approach that consisted of a structured literature review supplemented with ethnographic research, such as expert interviews and a time-motion exercise. The resulting scientific evidence base was leveraged to ensure that the resulting serious game was relevant, realistic, and theory driven. A participatory design approach was applied, wherein clinical experts qualitatively reviewed several versions of the serious game, and an iterative creative process was used to integrate the applicable feedback. Results CliniPup, a serious game, was developed to incorporate a scientific evidence base from a structured literature review, realistic content collected during ethnographic research such as expert interviews, explicit pedagogical objectives from scientific literature, and game mechanics and user interface design that address key aspects of the evidence. Conclusions This report details the systematic development of CliniPup, a serious game aimed at reducing perioperative anxiety and pain in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Clinical experts validated CliniPup’s underlying scientific evidence base and design foundations, suggesting that it was well designed for preliminary evaluation in the target population. An evaluation plan is proposed and briefly described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - June van Aalst
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Zhang T, Sawyer BD, Zhang W, Hancock PA. Angry Drivers Take Risky Decisions: Evidence from Neurophysiological Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101701. [PMID: 31096546 PMCID: PMC6572592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the risk-taking behaviors of angry drivers, which were coincidentally measured via behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. We manipulated a driving scenario that concerned a Go/No-Go decision at an intersection when the controlling traffic light was in its yellow phase. This protocol was based upon the underlying format of the Iowa gambling task. Variation in the anger level was induced through task frustration. The data of twenty-four drivers were analyzed via behavioral and neural recordings, and P300 was specifically extracted from EEG traces. In addition, the behavioral performance was indexed by the percentage of high-risk choices minus the number of the low-risk choices taken, which identified the risk-taking propensity. Results confirmed a significant main effect of anger on the decisions taken. The risk-taking propensity decreased across the sequence of trial blocks in baseline assessments. However, with anger, the risk-taking propensity increased across the trial regimen. Drivers in anger state also showed a higher mean amplitude of P300 than that in baseline state. Additionally, high-risk choices evoked larger P300 amplitude than low-risk choices during the anger state. Moreover, the P300 amplitude of high-risk choices was significantly larger in the anger state than the baseline state. The negative feedback induced larger P300 amplitude than that recorded in positive feedback trials. The results corroborated that the drivers exhibited higher risk-taking propensity when angry although they were sensitive to the inherent risk-reward evaluations within the scenario. To reduce this type of risk-taking, we proposed some effective/affective intervention methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tingru Zhang
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Ben D Sawyer
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Peter A Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petitta L, Probst TM, Ghezzi V, Barbaranelli C. Cognitive failures in response to emotional contagion: Their effects on workplace accidents. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 125:165-173. [PMID: 30763814 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine contagion of positive and negative emotions among employees as an antecedent of cognitive failures and subsequent workplace accidents. Using emotional contagion theory and the neural model of emotion and cognition, we tested the proposition that higher contagion of anger (i.e., a negative emotion accompanied by dysfunctional cognition) would be associated with greater cognitive failures, whereas higher contagion of joy (i.e., a positive emotion accompanied by pleasant information processing, attention and positive cognition) would be associated with fewer cognitive failures. In turn, cognitive failures were predicted to be related to higher rates of subsequent workplace accidents. Using a two-wave lagged design, anonymous survey data collected from N = 390 working adults in the U.S. supported the hypothesized mediation model. Specifically, emotional contagion of anger positively predicted cognitive failures, whereas emotional contagion of joy negatively predicted cognitive failures. Furthermore, cognitive failures positively predicted experienced accidents and fully mediated the relationship between contagion of joy/anger and experienced accidents. These findings suggest that lapses in cognitive functioning may be prevented by positive emotions (and enhanced by negative emotions) that employees absorb during social interactions at work and represent a more proximal source of accidents in comparison to emotions. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed in light of the globally rising rates of workplace accidents and related costs for safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Petitta
- Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tahira M Probst
- Washington State University Vancouver 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686-9600, USA.
| | - Valerio Ghezzi
- Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maaravi Y, Idan O, Hochman G. And sympathy is what we need my friend-Polite requests improve negotiation results. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212306. [PMID: 30865655 PMCID: PMC6415778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The wording negotiators use shapes the emotions of their counterparts. These emotions, in turn, influence their counterparts' economic decisions. Building on this rationale, we examined how the language used during negotiation affects discount rate and willingness to engage in future deals. In three studies, participants assumed the role of retailers. Alleged counterparts (actually a computerized program) asked for a discount under three conditions: request, want, and demand. Results show that less extreme language (request/want) resulted in better outcomes than demanding a discount. Moreover, while the language used by the customer had an effect on experienced emotions, the positive emotions (sympathy and empathy) participants felt toward the customer mediated the relationship between the linguistic cue and the negotiation outcome. Our results inform both psycholinguistic research and negotiation research by demonstrating the causal role of linguistic cues in activating concept-knowledge relevant to different emotional experiences, and point to the down-the-line impact on shaping negotiation preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Maaravi
- The Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Orly Idan
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Guy Hochman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tinga AM, de Back TT, Louwerse MM. Non-invasive neurophysiological measures of learning: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99:59-89. [PMID: 30735681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In a meta-analysis of 113 experiments we examined neurophysiological outcomes of learning, and the relationship between neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes of learning. Findings showed neurophysiology yielding large effect sizes, with the majority of studies examining electroencephalography and eye-related outcome measures. Effect sizes on neurophysiological outcomes were smaller than effect sizes on behavioral outcomes, however. Neurophysiological outcomes were, but behavioral outcomes were not, influenced by several modulating factors. These factors included the sensory system in which learning took place, number of learning days, whether feedback on performance was provided, and age of participants. Controlling for these factors resulted in the effect size differences between behavior and neurophysiology to disappear. The findings of the current meta-analysis demonstrate that neurophysiology is an appropriate measure in assessing learning, particularly when taking into account factors that could have an influence on neurophysiology. We propose a first model to aid further studies that are needed to examine the exact interplay between learning, neurophysiology, behavior, individual differences, and task-related aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Tinga
- Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Dante Building, Room D 330, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Tycho T de Back
- Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Dante Building, Room D 330, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Max M Louwerse
- Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Dante Building, Room D 330, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu K, Chen C, Greenberger E. A Rosier Reality: Incongruency in Stated and Revealed Ingroup Preferences among Young Asian American Speed Daters. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272518788860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified inconsistencies between “stated” interpersonal attitudes and those “revealed” after an interaction. The authors used the speed-dating paradigm to examine stated and revealed attitudes in ingroup preferences among Asian American subgroups (Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Filipino Americans). Young single Asian Americans ( n = 198) reported preferences for dating different ethnicities and went on speed dates, after which they could offer second dates to their partners. As expected, all four ethnic subgroups showed clear ingroup biases in stated preferences. Ingroup bias in revealed preferences (measured through date offers and ratings of partners’ mate desirability), however, were minimal. At the individual level, stated ingroup preferences did not significantly predict revealed ingroup preferences. In summary, among young Asian Americans, ingroup preferences may not hold in an interactive scenario. The findings suggest that in the presence of personal cues provided through a brief interaction, people may be less prone to make judgments on the basis of ethnicity, even when consequences extend beyond the laboratory. Furthermore, mechanisms for selecting a partner may differ in “hot” (affective) versus “cold” (cognitive) states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wu
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Greenberger
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Duinkerken E, Farme J, Landeira-Fernandez J, Dourado MC, Laks J, Mograbi DC. Medical and Research Consent Decision-Making Capacity in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:917-930. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eelco van Duinkerken
- Center for Epilepsy, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center / Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juliana Farme
- Department of Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jesus Landeira-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia C. Dourado
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center / Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson Laks
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center / Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Translational Biomedicine- Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel C. Mograbi
- Department of Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vitoria-Estruch S, Romero-Martínez A, Lila M, Moya-Albiol L. Differential cognitive profiles of intimate partner violence perpetrators based on alcohol consumption. Alcohol 2018; 70:61-71. [PMID: 29800781 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive evidence of heterogeneity in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrator profiles, there has been little research into neuropsychological deficits that might help us understand differences within this violent population. Moreover, studies on this topic have not paid much attention to the role of alcohol abuse in neuropsychological domains of IPV perpetrators. Hence, the current study was designed to examine neuropsychological differences among individuals who have committed domestic violence with high (n = 28, HA) and low (n = 35, LA) levels of alcohol consumption, and non-violent individuals (n = 37) to establish differential neuropsychological profiles. An exhaustive neuropsychological assessment battery was employed which combined the computer-based Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery with pencil-and-paper measures. Compared to controls, HA IPV perpetrators had slower processing speed and significantly more impairments in attentional set-shifting or switch attention, working and long-term memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, decision-making, emotion decoding skills, and perspective taking. Furthermore, there were differences between IPV perpetrator subgroups in attentional set-shifting or switch attention and cognitive empathy, with HA IPV perpetrators displaying more severe impairments in both cognitive domains than LA IPV perpetrators. Finally, the LA IPV perpetrators had significantly more impairments in working and long-term memory, executive functioning, and emotion decoding skills than controls, but they did not differ in processing speed, attentional set-shifting or switch attention, decision making, or perspective taking. Thus, the current findings suggest that IPV perpetrators with neuropsychological difficulties, especially those who are heavy drinkers, may have the greatest need for cognitive interventions. These cognitive deficits could be employed as targets for developing specific cognitive rehabilitation programs adjuvant to psychotherapeutic intervention for IPV perpetrators.
Collapse
|
18
|
College Students' Knowledge Concerning Oropharyngeal Cancer, Human Papillomavirus, and Intent Toward Being Examined. Health Care Manag (Frederick) 2018; 37:250-261. [PMID: 29933253 DOI: 10.1097/hcm.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess college students' knowledge of oral/oropharyngeal cancer and the relationship of human papillomavirus (HPV) to oropharyngeal cancer. Data were also collected to determine their perceived susceptibility to oropharyngeal cancer and awareness of emotions toward and intentions to receive an oral cancer examination in order to design tailored messages for promoting oropharyngeal cancer prevention on college campuses. Two hundred ten baccalaureate students in nonhealth majors from a public southeastern university were surveyed. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of knowledge of oral/oropharyngeal cancer and the HPV and intentions to be examined. Results indicated most were unaware of oropharyngeal cancer, did not understand the purpose of an oral cancer examination, and could not affirm they had received one or had one explained to them. Results also indicated poor understanding of some of the signs and risk factors of oropharyngeal cancer, especially HPV. In addition, oral/oropharyngeal cancer knowledge and negative emotions were predictors of examination intentions, confirming current behavioral theories that postulate rational decisions require collaboration from both cognitive and affective systems. Recommendations are offered for tailored educational communications and strategies about oropharyngeal cancer on college campuses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hidano A, Enticott G, Christley RM, Gates MC. Modeling Dynamic Human Behavioral Changes in Animal Disease Models: Challenges and Opportunities for Addressing Bias. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:137. [PMID: 29977897 PMCID: PMC6021519 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, infectious disease modeling has become an essential tool for creating counterfactual scenarios that allow the effectiveness of different disease control policies to be evaluated prior to implementation in the real world. For livestock diseases, these models have become increasingly sophisticated as researchers have gained access to rich national livestock traceability databases, which enables inclusion of explicit spatial and temporal patterns in animal movements through network-based approaches. However, there are still many limitations in how we currently model animal disease dynamics. Critical among these is that many models make the assumption that human behaviors remain constant over time. As many studies have shown, livestock owners change their behaviors around trading, on-farm biosecurity, and disease management in response to complex factors such as increased awareness of disease risks, pressure to conform with social expectations, and the direct imposition of new national animal health regulations; all of which may significantly influence how a disease spreads within and between farms. Failing to account for these dynamics may produce a substantial layer of bias in infectious disease models, yet surprisingly little is currently known about the effects on model inferences. Here, we review the growing evidence on why these assumptions matter. We summarize the current knowledge about farmers' behavioral change in on-farm biosecurity and livestock trading practices and highlight the knowledge gaps that prohibit these behavioral changes from being incorporated into disease modeling frameworks. We suggest this knowledge gap can be filled only by more empirical longitudinal studies on farmers' behavioral change as well as theoretical modeling studies that can help to identify human behavioral changes that are important in disease transmission dynamics. Moreover, we contend it is time to shift our research approach: from modeling a single disease to modeling interactions between multiple diseases and from modeling a single farmer behavior to modeling interdependencies between multiple behaviors. In order to solve these challenges, there is a strong need for interdisciplinary collaboration across a wide range of fields including animal health, epidemiology, sociology, and animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arata Hidano
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gareth Enticott
- Cardiff School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Christley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - M. Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Muñoz S, Araque O, Sánchez-Rada JF, Iglesias CA. An Emotion Aware Task Automation Architecture Based on Semantic Technologies for Smart Offices. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051499. [PMID: 29748468 PMCID: PMC5982594 DOI: 10.3390/s18051499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the Internet of Things leads to new opportunities for the contemporary notion of smart offices, where employees can benefit from automation to maximize their productivity and performance. However, although extensive research has been dedicated to analyze the impact of workers’ emotions on their job performance, there is still a lack of pervasive environments that take into account emotional behaviour. In addition, integrating new components in smart environments is not straightforward. To face these challenges, this article proposes an architecture for emotion aware automation platforms based on semantic event-driven rules to automate the adaptation of the workplace to the employee’s needs. The main contributions of this paper are: (i) the design of an emotion aware automation platform architecture for smart offices; (ii) the semantic modelling of the system; and (iii) the implementation and evaluation of the proposed architecture in a real scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz
- Intelligent Systems Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oscar Araque
- Intelligent Systems Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Carlos A Iglesias
- Intelligent Systems Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim B, Dvorak AL. Music therapy and intimacy behaviors of hospice family caregivers in South Korea: A randomized crossover clinical trial. NORDIC JOURNAL OF MUSIC THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08098131.2018.1427783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borin Kim
- Department of Music Education and Music Therapy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Abbey L. Dvorak
- Department of Music Education and Music Therapy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Matera C, Nerini A, Baroni D, Stefanile C. What messages can foster safer sex among young women? Experimental evidence concerning the role of emotions and moral norms. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2018; 23:741-751. [PMID: 29384697 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1434213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Through a 2 × 2 × 2 quasi experimental design (N = 254), this research investigated if a social campaign eliciting positive emotions and activating moral norms might enhance condom negotiation skills, intended and estimated condom among young women with or without past sexual experience with casual partners. Emotions had a main effect on one of the six condom negotiation strategies we considered; for most of the other variables an interaction effect with moral norms and/or past behaviour emerged. Concerning estimated condom use, positive emotions worked better than negative ones when moral norms were salient. With respect to negotiations skills, positive rather than negative emotions seemed more effective for women with past causal sexual experience. In women without this kind of experience, positive emotions seemed to work better when moral norms were salient. Moral norms had a main effect on negotiation self-efficacy, but not in the predicted direction: when moral norms were more salient women were found to be less confident about their negotiation ability. These results suggest that a message which makes moral norms salient should at the same time elicit positive emotions in order to be effective; moreover, messages should be carefully tailored according to women's past behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Matera
- a Department of Education and Psychology , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Amanda Nerini
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Duccio Baroni
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Cristina Stefanile
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
History of Suicide Attempt Is Associated with Reduced Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Emotional Decision-Making among Men with Schizophrenia: An Exploratory fMRI Study. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 2018:9898654. [PMID: 29686902 PMCID: PMC5852894 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9898654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of suicidal ideas/attempts in schizophrenia, only a handful of neuroimaging studies have examined the neurobiological differences associated with suicide risk in this population. The main objective of the current exploratory study is to examine the neurofunctional correlates associated with a history of suicide attempt in schizophrenia, using a risky decision-making task, in order to show alterations in brain reward regions in this population. Thirty-two male outpatients with schizophrenia were recruited: 13 patients with (SCZ + S) and 19 without a history of suicidal attempt (SCZ - S). Twenty-one healthy men with no history of mental disorders or suicidal attempt/idea were also recruited. Participants were scanned using fMRI while performing the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. A rapid event-related fMRI paradigm was used, separating decision and outcome events, and the explosion probabilities were included as parametric modulators. The most important finding of this study is that SCZ + S patients had reduced activations of the medial prefrontal cortex during the success outcome event (with parametric modulation), relative to both SCZ - S patients and controls, as illustrated by a spatial conjunction analysis. These exploratory results suggest that a history of suicidal attempt in schizophrenia is associated with blunted brain reward activity during emotional decision-making.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wong JYH, Choi EPH, Chan CKY, Fong DYT. Controlling Anxiety Mediates the Influence of Childhood Adversities on Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:1018-1025. [PMID: 28276939 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1278569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little research has assessed the exposure-response relationship of childhood adversities on engaging in risky sexual behaviors. Also, no previous research has examined the interrelationship among childhood adversities, adult anxiety and depressive symptoms, and risky sexual behaviors. This study aimed to investigate their interrelationships. We used data from a multisite survey of emerging adults aged 18 to 29 studying at four universities in Hong Kong between September and December 2015. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the pathways from childhood adversities to risky sexual behaviors. Participants who had higher childhood adversity scores reported more severe adult anxiety symptoms (β = 0.20, p = 0.002); and adult anxiety symptoms were associated with significantly more risky sexual behaviors (β = 0.46, p < 0.0001). The model with adult anxiety symptoms as the mediator between childhood adversities and risky sexual behaviors showed good fit (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.04, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.96, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.94 and standardized root mean square residual [SRMSR] = 0.04). However, adult depressive symptoms failed to mediate between childhood adversities and risky sexual behaviors. This study demonstrates the link between childhood adversities and risky sexual behaviors via adult anxiety but not adult depressive symptoms. It is essential to reduce anxious symptoms in dealing with emerging adults who have risky sexual behaviors to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Yuen-Ha Wong
- a School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong
| | - Edmond Pui-Hang Choi
- a School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong
| | - Claudia Kor-Yee Chan
- a School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Yee-Tak Fong
- a School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shahrabadi R, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Dashti S, Soltanian A, Garmaroudi G. Predictors of intention to marriage based on theory of planned behavior among university students in Iran. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4090-4095. [PMID: 28607640 PMCID: PMC5459277 DOI: 10.19082/4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Marriage is a social capital in society, so that makes the behavioral and social stability of parents and children in a generation, productive. Various factors can affect the intention of marriage, including individual, economic, social and cultural factors. The present study aimed to determine predictors of university students’ intention to marriage based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods This cross-sectional study was performed among 192 single students (Master and PhD students with five to seven years of dentistry and medicine) in Hamadan, in 2014. The samples in this study were selected through convenient sampling. The data collection tools were demographic and TPB questionnaires. A questionnaire based on the TPB model was used in order to assess attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Data were analyzed by using SPSS16 and descriptive indexes, independent-samples t-test, One-way ANOVA and multivariate linear regression at 95% significant level. Results The results showed that attitudes toward marriage (β=0.217; p=0.001), subjective norms (β=0.366; p<0.001), and perceived behavioral control (β=0.279; p<0.001) significantly predicted students’ intention to marriage. The TPB constructs explained 44% of the variance of intention. Conclusion Results indicated that strategies to improve the intention of marriage can include: expression of psychological needs such as having a companion, the importance of responsibility, society attitude of marriage, parents and marriage, the importance of the decision-making power and job position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahrabadi
- Ph.D. Student in Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Karimi-Shahanjarini
- Associate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Dashti
- Ph.D. Student in Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Soltanian
- Associate Professor, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center & Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Garmaroudi
- Associate Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Haque M, Liu L, TitiAmayah A. The role of patience as a decision-making heuristic in leadership. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONS AND MANAGEMENT: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/qrom-01-2015-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address the gap in the literature by providing a precise conceptualization of the concept of patience in the context of leadership.
Design/methodology/approach
The current study was conducted using a qualitative approach as it aimed to explore leaders’ perceptions and experiences with patience and eventually build a theoretical model in relation to the role of patience in leadership. Because the aim of the study was to obtain insight into the experiences of the participants in their own words, this study adopted a grounded theory research design.
Findings
The grounded theory study resulted in an emergent theoretical model for understanding the decision-making process of leaders who exhibit patience as a character strength and how those leaders promote organizational success. Through an inductive approach, this grounded theory study identified the behaviors that participating leaders viewed as patient, as well as the outcomes and the contextual conditions for the effectiveness of such behaviors.
Research limitations/implications
A major contribution of this study is that leaders epitomized by patience are guided by a decision-making framework that can contribute to more favorable decision making outcomes.
Practical implications
The proposed model for patience leadership has implications for developing the leadership capacity.
Originality/value
Patience, as a leadership quality, has been overlooked virtue in the social and psychological sciences. In order to explore the potential nexus between patience and leadership, the study has offered an emergent theoretical model and indicated the specific ways in which leaders may effectively practice patience.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ballester-Arnal R, Ruiz-Palomino E, Gil-Llario MD. Structural Equation Modeling Test of an Integrated Model of Spanish Youth's Condom Use. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1407-1416. [PMID: 27217037 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterosexual transmission represents 26 % of newly diagnosed infection in Spanish youth. Behavioral change models have emphasized the influence of multiple variables to predict condom use behavior. The aim of this study is to examine how those variables are organized and which theory explains the condom use behavior better. A sample of 424 young heterosexuals (M age = 20.62; SD = 2.16) filled out a battery of self-report questionnaires for assessing AIDS-related variables, personality traits and clinical variables (general, sexuality-related and health-related). A structural model was specified that included perceived pleasure and condom use self-efficacy as predictive variables. Depression and sexual compulsivity indirectly influence behavior. The final model accounted for 65.9 % of the variance in behavior. These results highlight the importance of cognitive and emotional variables as predictors of behavior (ex. expectations of pleasure and self-efficacy beliefs). This is important information for designing effective psychological interventions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Brawner BM, Fannin EF, Reason JL, Weissinger G. Addressing Unmet Sexual Health Needs among Black Adolescents with Mental Illnesses. JOURNAL OF BLACK SEXUALITY AND RELATIONSHIPS 2016; 3:75-91. [PMID: 29119132 PMCID: PMC5672943 DOI: 10.1353/bsr.2016.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in HIV epidemiologic and prevention research, adolescents with mental illnesses remain a historically underserved group with respect to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention resources. Black adolescents with mental illnesses in particular are a relatively underserved, hidden population in the field of sexual health. Strategies and guidelines are needed to account for underlying psychopathology among Black adolescents with mental illnesses in ways that current models have yet to address. In this paper, we propose several actionable mechanisms to better integrate HIV/STI and mental health related services and activities for sexual health promotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M Brawner
- Assistant Professor of Nursing, Center for Health Equity Research, Center for Global Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 419, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ehriel F Fannin
- Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Predoctoral Fellow (T32NR007100), Center for Health Equity Research, Center for Global Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
| | - Janaiya L Reason
- Research Coordinator, Center for Health Equity Research, Center for Global Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
| | - Guy Weissinger
- BSN-to-PhD Hillman Scholar, Center for Health Equity Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morrison DM, Masters NT, Wells EA, Casey E, Beadnell B, Hoppe MJ. "He enjoys giving her pleasure": diversity and complexity in young men's sexual scripts. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:655-68. [PMID: 25287971 PMCID: PMC4359028 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on heterosexual men's sexual expectations has focused on self-described personal traits and culturally dominant models of masculinity. In a pair of studies, we used a sexual scripts perspective to explore the range and diversity of young men's thoughts about sex and relationships with women and to develop measures for assessing these scripts. In the first study, we conducted semi-structured interviews to elicit young men's accounts of their sexual relationships. We used these narratives to produce brief sexual script scenarios describing typical sexual situations, as well as conventional survey items assessing sexual behavior themes. In the second study, we administered the scenarios and theme items to an ethnically diverse, national sample of 648 heterosexually active young men in an online survey. Using exploratory factor analysis, we delineated sets of sexual scripts and sexual behavior themes. In the scenarios, we found both a traditional masculine "player" script and a script that emphasized mutual sexual pleasure. Analysis of theme items produced scales of Drinking and Courtship, Monogamy and Emotion, and Sexual Focus and Variety. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding heterosexual men's thinking about sexuality and how cultural change in sexual thinking may arise. We also discuss the need for measures of sexual thinking that better integrate perceptions and expectations about the partner as well as the self in relation to the partner, rather than solely self-assessed traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Morrison
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98105-6299, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Potvin S, Tikàsz A, Dinh-Williams LLA, Bourque J, Mendrek A. Cigarette Cravings, Impulsivity, and the Brain. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:125. [PMID: 26441686 PMCID: PMC4562259 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Craving is a core feature of tobacco use disorder as well as a significant predictor of smoking relapse. Studies have shown that appetitive smoking-related stimuli (e.g., someone smoking) trigger significant cravings in smokers impede their self-control capacities and promote drug seeking behavior. In this review, we begin by an overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the neural correlates of smokers to appetitive smoking cues. The literature reveals a complex and vastly distributed neuronal network underlying smokers' craving response that recruits regions involved in self-referential processing, planning/regulatory processes, emotional responding, attentional biases, and automatic conducts. We then selectively review important factors contributing to the heterogeneity of results that significantly limit the implications of these findings, namely between- (abstinence, smoking expectancies, and self-regulation) and within-studies factors (severity of smoking dependence, sex-differences, motivation to quit, and genetic factors). Remarkably, we found that little to no attention has been devoted to examine the influence of personality traits on the neural correlates of cigarette cravings in fMRI studies. Impulsivity has been linked with craving and relapse in substance and tobacco use, which prompted our research team to examine the influence of impulsivity on cigarette cravings in an fMRI study. We found that the influence of impulsivity on cigarette cravings was mediated by fronto-cingulate mechanisms. Given the high prevalence of cigarette smoking in several psychiatric disorders that are characterized by significant levels of impulsivity, we conclude by identifying psychiatric patients as a target population whose tobacco-smoking habits deserve further behavioral and neuro-imaging investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Andràs Tikàsz
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | | | - Josiane Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Adrianna Mendrek
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychology, Bishop's University , Lennoxville, QC , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel VL, Kannampallil TG. Cognitive informatics in biomedicine and healthcare. J Biomed Inform 2014; 53:3-14. [PMID: 25541081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive Informatics (CI) is a burgeoning interdisciplinary domain comprising of the cognitive and information sciences that focuses on human information processing, mechanisms and processes within the context of computing and computer applications. Based on a review of articles published in the Journal of Biomedical Informatics (JBI) between January 2001 and March 2014, we identified 57 articles that focused on topics related to cognitive informatics. We found that while the acceptance of CI into the mainstream informatics research literature is relatively recent, its impact has been significant - from characterizing the limits of clinician problem-solving and reasoning behavior, to describing coordination and communication patterns of distributed clinical teams, to developing sustainable and cognitively-plausible interventions for supporting clinician activities. Additionally, we found that most research contributions fell under the topics of decision-making, usability and distributed team activities with a focus on studying behavioral and cognitive aspects of clinical personnel, as they performed their activities or interacted with health information systems. We summarize our findings within the context of the current areas of CI research, future research directions and current and future challenges for CI researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimla L Patel
- Center for Cognitive Studies in Medicine and Public Health, The New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Thomas G Kannampallil
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St (M/C 663), Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brink AJW, Wissing MP. Towards a theory-based positive youth development programme. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2013; 25:7-22. [DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2013.802869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
33
|
Motaze NV, Okwundu CI, Temfack E, Mboudou E. Male versus female condoms for contraception. Hippokratia 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nkengafac V Motaze
- Yaoundé Central Hospital; Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH); Henri Dunant Avenue PO Box 87 Yaoundé Centre Province Cameroon
| | - Charles I Okwundu
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Tygerberg South Africa
| | | | - Emile Mboudou
- University of Yaounde; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yaounde Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abed Saeedi Z, Ghazi Tabatabaie M, Moudi Z, Vedadhir AA, Navidian A. Childbirth at home: A qualitative study exploring perceptions of risk and risk management among Baloch women in Iran. Midwifery 2013; 29:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
35
|
Luhmann CC, Ishida K, Hajcak G. Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards. Behav Ther 2011; 42:378-86. [PMID: 21658521 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Worry is the inflated concern about potential future threats and is a hallmark feature of generalized anxiety disorder. Previous theoretical work has suggested that worry may be a consequence of intolerance of uncertainty (IU). The current study seeks to explore the behavioral consequences of IU. Specifically, we examine how IU might be associated with aspects of reward-based decision making. We utilized a simple laboratory gambling task in which participants chose between small, low-probability rewards available immediately at the beginning of each trial and large, high-probability rewards only available after some variable delay. Results demonstrate that higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty were associated with a tendency to select the immediately available, but less valuable and less probable rewards. IU also predicted decision-makers' sensitivity to outcomes. We discuss the cognitive and affective mechanisms that are likely to underlie the observed decision-making behavior and the implications for anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Luhmann
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In this article, the authors review issues that affect the sexual safety of adolescents. First and foremost, these issues include risks for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Clinicians also need to understand other critical issues that affect sexual safety. These include adolescent dating patterns, decision making, communication and negotiation skills, social and environmental influences, and risks related to violence. Suggestions for clinical interventions to promote sexual safety are discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Golub SA, Operario D, Gorbach PM. Pre-exposure prophylaxis state of the science: empirical analogies for research and implementation. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2010; 7:201-9. [PMID: 20809218 PMCID: PMC2938422 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-010-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to become a powerful biomedical approach to HIV prevention; however, its success depends on behavioral and social factors that may determine its appropriate use. This article is designed to facilitate interdisciplinary empirical analogies relevant to PrEP implementation, reviewing behavioral and social science findings that may provide lessons critical to the success of PrEP as a biomedical-behavioral prevention strategy. As we prepare for the dissemination of new biomedical approaches to HIV prevention, integrating the state of the science across disciplines may result in innovative strategies for implementation that can enhance their success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarit A. Golub
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, Center for HIV Educational Studies and Training, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Don Operario
- Program in Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Pamina M. Gorbach
- Behavioral Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 957353, CHS 71-235, 10880 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7353 USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
St-Jacques S, Grenier S, Charland M, Forest JC, Rousseau F, Légaré F. Decisional needs assessment regarding Down syndrome prenatal testing: a systematic review of the perceptions of women, their partners and health professionals. Prenat Diagn 2009; 28:1183-203. [PMID: 19097031 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify decisional needs of women, their partners and health professionals regarding prenatal testing for Down syndrome through a systematic review. METHODS Articles reporting original data from real clinical situations on sources of difficulty and/or ease in making decisions regarding prenatal testing for Down syndrome were selected. Data were extracted using a taxonomy adapted from the Ottawa Decision-Support Framework and the quality of the studies was assessed using Qualsyst validated tools. RESULTS In all 40 publications covering 32 unique studies were included. The majority concerned women. The most often reported sources of difficulty for decision-making in women were pressure from others, emotions and lack of information; in partners, emotion; in health professionals, lack of information, length of consultation, and personal values. The most important sources of ease were, in women, personal values, understanding and confidence in the medical system; in partners, personal values, information from external sources, and income; in health professionals, peer support and scientific meetings. CONCLUSION Interventions regarding a decision about prenatal testing for Down syndrome should address many decisional needs, which may indeed vary among the parties involved, whether women, their partners or health professionals. Very little is known about the decisional needs of partners and health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie St-Jacques
- The CanGèneTest Research Consortium on Genetic Laboratory Services and Centre de recherche du CHUQ-HSFA, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shilling V, Young B. How do parents experience being asked to enter a child in a randomised controlled trial? BMC Med Ethics 2009; 10:1. [PMID: 19220889 PMCID: PMC2652490 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the number of randomised controlled trials of medicines for children increases, it becomes progressively more important to understand the experiences of parents who are asked to enrol their child in a trial. This paper presents a narrative review of research evidence on parents' experiences of trial recruitment focussing on qualitative research, which allows them to articulate their views in their own words. Discussion Parents want to do their best for their children, and socially and legally their role is to care for and protect them yet the complexities of the medical and research context can challenge their fulfilment of this role. Parents are simultaneously responsible for their child and cherish this role yet they are dependent on others when their child becomes sick. They are keen to exercise responsibility for deciding to enter a child in a trial yet can be fearful of making the 'wrong' decision. They make judgements about the threat of the child's condition as well as the risks of the trial yet their interpretations often differ from those of medical and research experts. Individual parents will experience these and other complexities to a greater or lesser degree depending on their personal experiences and values, the medical situation of their child and the nature of the trial. Interactions at the time of trial recruitment offer scope for negotiating these complexities if practitioners have the flexibility to tailor discussions to the needs and situation of individual parents. In this way, parents may be helped to retain a sense that they have acted as good parents to their child whatever decision they make. Summary Discussing randomised controlled trials and gaining and providing informed consent is challenging. The unique position of parents in giving proxy consent for their child adds to this challenge. Recognition of the complexities parents face in making decisions about trials suggests lines for future research on the conduct of trials, and ultimately, may help improve the experience of trial recruitment for all parties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Shilling
- Division of Clinical Psychology, School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pinsky I, Jundi SARJE. O impacto da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas sobre o consumo entre jovens: revisão da literatura internacional. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2008; 30:362-74. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008005000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Problemas relacionados ao consumo de álcool são freqüentes, especialmente entre a população jovem. A publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas é um dos fatores passíveis de modificação com impacto no aumento do consumo de álcool. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que investigaram de diversos pontos de vista o impacto da publicidade do álcool sobre o consumo. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo e Google Scholar no período entre 1990 e 2008 e utilizou-se a técnica de " bola de neve" para a indicação de autores mais profícuos na área. Obtiveram-se mais de uma centena de artigos. RESULTADOS: O conjunto de trabalhos aponta que fatores como exposição à publicidade e atratividade da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas estão relacionados com uma maior expectativa de consumo futuro e com um consumo maior e mais precoce, principalmente entre adolescentes e adultos jovens. Apesar das dificuldades metodológicas, estudos econométricos mais recentes consideram que a redução e/ou banimento de publicidade teria efeito de redução do consumo de álcool. Questões referentes às bases neurofisiológicas do processo de tomada de decisões e da liberdade de escolha no contexto da exposição à publicidade também são discutidas. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento atual sobre o tema indica que a redução da exposição à publicidade tem impacto sobre o consumo de álcool, principalmente entre os mais jovens.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kafaar Z, Kagee A, Lesch A, Swartz L. Is participation in HIV vaccine trials a health promoting behaviour? AIDS Care 2008; 19:1307-9. [PMID: 18071976 DOI: 10.1080/09540120701408126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Health behaviours are individual acts by which people aim to preserve or enhance their health. Theories commonly used to understand health behaviour include the Health Belief Model, the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour, the Transtheoretical Model of Change, Social Cognitive Theory and Problem-Behaviour Theory. Targets for health-promotion interventions include exercise, smoking cessation and condom use. Some behaviours that may contribute to changes in population health, however, are not health behaviours as traditionally understood. For example, participating in an HIV vaccine trial may have the potential to contribute long-term to lowering HIV incidence. To what extent, though, can or should we apply models of health behaviour to HIV vaccine trial participation? This article grapples with the theoretical challenges facing social scientists who conduct research related to HIV vaccine trial participation. We initially consider decision making regarding trial participation from both the participant and investigator perspectives, before considering how these alternate decision-making narratives might impact on the conduct of HIV vaccine trials. We conclude by arguing that social scientists need to move beyond a narrow focus on health promotion theory and to engage in the interrelated scientific activities of theory testing and theory building.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Kafaar
- Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
PURPOSE This papers aims to clarify and explore the topic of adolescent decision-making regarding sexual activity. SOURCES Published literature. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent decision-making regarding the initiation or continuation of sexual activity is influenced by desire for intimacy, perceived relationship safety, problem-solving ability, cognitive ability, family and peer relationships, and concern regarding pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Fantasia
- Boston College, William F. Connell School of Nursing, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|