1
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Kondiboyina V, Boyer TL, Mooney N, Bajpayee AG, Shefelbine SJ. Effect of dynamic loading on calcium signaling in In-Situ chondrocytes. J Biomech 2024; 174:112265. [PMID: 39137485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Chondrocytes respond to mechanical stimuli by increasing their intracellular calcium concentration. The response depends on the cellular environment. Previous studies have investigated chondrocytes under slow strain rates or cells embedded in hydrogels, but the response of chondrocytes in their native environment under physiologically relevant cyclic loads and dynamic hydrostatic pressure has not been studied. This study investigated the calcium signaling response of in-situ chondrocytes under physiological cyclic compressive loads and hydrostatic pressure with varying frequency and load rates. Bovine cartilage explants were stained with a fluorescent calcium indicator dye and subjected to physiologically relevant cyclic loads using a custom-built loading device secured on a confocal/multiphoton microscope. Calcium fluorescence intensities of the cells were tracked and analyzed. Loading groups were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test with Tukey correction (α = 0.05). The percentage of cells signaling increased in all compressive loading conditions compared to the no-load baseline. The percentage of cells responding under 1 Hz load was significantly greater than the slow ramp and 0.1 Hz group (p < 0.05). The number of compression cycles had no effect on the calcium signaling response (p > 0.05). The width and time between consecutive peaks were not different between different loading conditions (p > 0.05). Calcium signaling of in-situ chondrocytes did not increase under dynamic hydrostatic pressure of magnitudes up to 0.2 MPa at frequencies of 0.5 Hz and 0.05 Hz (p > 0.05). In conclusion, in-situ chondrocytes respond to physiological compressive loads in a strain rate-dependent manner with an increased number of responsive cells and unaltered temporal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy L Boyer
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Noah Mooney
- Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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van Mourik M, Tiemeijer BM, van Zon M, Abinzano F, Tel J, Foolen J, Ito K. Cartilage-derived cells display heterogeneous pericellular matrix synthesis in agarose microgels. Matrix Biol Plus 2024; 23:100157. [PMID: 39139760 PMCID: PMC11321428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2024.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes is essential for articular cartilage tissue engineering. As the current isolation methods to obtain chondrocytes with their PCM (chondrons) result in a heterogeneous mixture of chondrocytes and chondrons, regenerating the PCM using a tissue engineering approach could prove beneficial. In this study, we aimed to discern the behavior of articular chondrocytes (ACs) in regenerating the PCM in such an approach and whether this would also be true for articular cartilage-derived progenitor cells (ACPCs), as an alternative cell source. Bovine ACs and ACPCs were encapsulated in agarose microgels using droplet-based microfluidics. ACs were stimulated with TGF-β1 and dexamethasone and ACPCs were sequentially stimulated with BMP-9 followed by TGF-β1 and dexamethasone. After 0, 3, 5, and 10 days of culture, PCM components, type-VI collagen and perlecan, and ECM component, type-II collagen, were assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Both ACs and ACPCs synthesized the PCM before the ECM. It was seen for the first time that synthesis of type-VI collagen always preceded perlecan. While the PCM synthesized by ACs resembled native chondrons after only 5 days of culture, ACPCs often made less well-structured PCMs. Both cell types showed variations between individual cells and donors. On one hand, this was more prominent in ACPCs, but also a subset of ACPCs showed superior PCM and ECM regeneration, suggesting that isolating these cells may potentially improve cartilage repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Mourik
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bart M. Tiemeijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Zon
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Florencia Abinzano
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Foolen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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3
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Dejea H, Pierantoni M, Orozco GA, B Wrammerfors ET, Gstöhl SJ, Schlepütz CM, Isaksson H. In Situ Loading and Time-Resolved Synchrotron-Based Phase Contrast Tomography for the Mechanical Investigation of Connective Knee Tissues: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308811. [PMID: 38520713 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Articular cartilage and meniscus transfer and distribute mechanical loads in the knee joint. Degeneration of these connective tissues occurs during the progression of knee osteoarthritis, which affects their composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. A deeper understanding of disease progression can be obtained by studying them simultaneously. Time-resolved synchrotron-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography (SR-PhC-µCT) allows to capture the tissue dynamics. This proof-of-concept study presents a rheometer setup for simultaneous in situ unconfined compression and SR-PhC-µCT of connective knee tissues. The microstructural response of bovine cartilage (n = 16) and meniscus (n = 4) samples under axial continuously increased strain, or two steps of 15% strain (stress-relaxation) is studied. The chondrocyte distribution in cartilage and the collagen fiber orientation in the meniscus are assessed. Variations in chondrocyte density reveal an increase in the top 40% of the sample during loading, compared to the lower half. Meniscus collagen fibers reorient perpendicular to the loading direction during compression and partially redisperse during relaxation. Radiation damage, image repeatability, and image quality assessments show little to no effects on the results. In conclusion, this approach is highly promising for future studies of human knee tissues to understand their microstructure, mechanical response, and progression in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Dejea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 224 84, Sweden
| | - Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Gustavo A Orozco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan J Gstöhl
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
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4
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Otoo BS, Kuan Moo E, Komeili A, Hart DA, Herzog W. Chondrocyte deformation during the unloading phase of cyclic compression loading. J Biomech 2024; 171:112179. [PMID: 38852482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cell volume and shape changes play a pivotal role in cellular mechanotransduction, governing cellular responses to external loading. Understanding the dynamics of cell behavior under loading conditions is essential to elucidate cell adaptation mechanisms in physiological and pathological contexts. In this study, we investigated the effects of dynamic cyclic compression loading on cell volume and shape changes, comparing them with static conditions. Using a custom-designed platform which allowed for simultaneous loading and imaging of cartilage tissue, tissues were subjected to 100 cycles of mechanical loading while measuring cell volume and shape alterations during the unloading phase at specific time points. The findings revealed a transient decrease in cell volume (13%) during the early cycles, followed by a gradual recovery to baseline levels after approximately 20 cycles, despite the cartilage tissue not being fully recovered at the unloading phase. This observed pattern indicates a temporal cell volume response that may be associated with cellular adaptation to the mechanical stimulus through mechanisms related to active cell volume regulation. Additionally, this study demonstrated that cell volume and shape responses during dynamic loading were significantly distinct from those observed under static conditions. Such findings suggest that cells in their natural tissue environment perceive and respond differently to dynamic compared to static mechanical cues, highlighting the significance of considering dynamic loading environments in studies related to cellular mechanics. Overall, this research contributes to the broader understanding of cellular behavior under mechanical stimuli, providing valuable insights into their ability to adapt to dynamic mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baaba S Otoo
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Amin Komeili
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - David A Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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5
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Pratt SJP, Plunkett CM, Kuzu G, Trinh T, Barbara J, Choconta P, Quackenbush D, Huynh T, Smith A, Barnes SW, New J, Pierce J, Walker JR, Mainquist J, King FJ, Elliott J, Hammack S, Decker RS. A high throughput cell stretch device for investigating mechanobiology in vitro. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026129. [PMID: 38938688 PMCID: PMC11210978 DOI: 10.1063/5.0206852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology is a rapidly advancing field, with growing evidence that mechanical signaling plays key roles in health and disease. To accelerate mechanobiology-based drug discovery, novel in vitro systems are needed that enable mechanical perturbation of cells in a format amenable to high throughput screening. Here, both a mechanical stretch device and 192-well silicone flexible linear stretch plate were designed and fabricated to meet high throughput technology needs for cell stretch-based applications. To demonstrate the utility of the stretch plate in automation and screening, cell dispensing, liquid handling, high content imaging, and high throughput sequencing platforms were employed. Using this system, an assay was developed as a biological validation and proof-of-concept readout for screening. A mechano-transcriptional stretch response was characterized using focused gene expression profiling measured by RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation with Next-Gen sequencing. Using articular chondrocytes, a gene expression signature containing stretch responsive genes relevant to cartilage homeostasis and disease was identified. The possibility for integration of other stretch sensitive cell types (e.g., cardiovascular, airway, bladder, gut, and musculoskeletal), in combination with alternative phenotypic readouts (e.g., protein expression, proliferation, or spatial alignment), broadens the scope of high throughput stretch and allows for wider adoption by the research community. This high throughput mechanical stress device fills an unmet need in phenotypic screening technology to support drug discovery in mechanobiology-based disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. P. Pratt
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - Guray Kuzu
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ton Trinh
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Joshua Barbara
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Paula Choconta
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Doug Quackenbush
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Truc Huynh
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Anders Smith
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - S. Whitney Barnes
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Joel New
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - James Pierce
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John R. Walker
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - James Mainquist
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Frederick J. King
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jimmy Elliott
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Scott Hammack
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rebekah S. Decker
- Novartis, Biomedical Research 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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6
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De Mori A, Heyraud A, Tallia F, Blunn G, Jones JR, Roncada T, Cobb J, Al-Jabri T. Ovine Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis on a Novel 3D-Printed Hybrid Scaffold In Vitro. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:112. [PMID: 38391598 PMCID: PMC10886199 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of silica/poly(tetrahydrofuran)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH) 3D-printed scaffolds, with channel sizes of either 200 (SC-200) or 500 (SC-500) µm, as biomaterials to support the chondrogenesis of sheep bone marrow stem cells (oBMSC), under in vitro conditions. The objective was to validate the potential use of SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH for prospective in vivo ovine studies. The behaviour of oBMSC, with and without the use of exogenous growth factors, on SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH scaffolds was investigated by analysing cell attachment, viability, proliferation, morphology, expression of chondrogenic genes (RT-qPCR), deposition of aggrecan, collagen II, and collagen I (immunohistochemistry), and quantification of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The results showed that all the scaffolds supported cell attachment and proliferation with upregulation of chondrogenic markers and the deposition of a cartilage extracellular matrix (collagen II and aggrecan). Notably, SC-200 showed superior performance in terms of cartilage gene expression. These findings demonstrated that SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH with 200 µm pore size are optimal for promoting chondrogenic differentiation of oBMSC, even without the use of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Mori
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St Micheal's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Agathe Heyraud
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Francesca Tallia
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St Micheal's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Julian R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tosca Roncada
- Trinity Center for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, DO2 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justin Cobb
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Talal Al-Jabri
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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7
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Moo EK, Sibole SC, Federico S, Korhonen RK, Herzog W. Microscale investigation of the anisotropic swelling of cartilage tissue and cells in response to hypo-osmotic challenges. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:54-65. [PMID: 37415557 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue swelling represents an early sign of osteoarthritis, reflecting osmolarity changes from iso- to hypo-osmotic in the diseased joints. Increased tissue hydration may drive cell swelling. The opposing cartilages in a joint may swell differently, thereby predisposing the more swollen cartilage and cells to mechanical injuries. However, our understanding of the tissue-cell interdependence in osmotically loaded joints is limited as tissue and cell swellings have been studied separately. Here, we measured tissue and cell responses of opposing patellar (PAT) and femoral groove (FG) cartilages in lapine knees exposed to an extreme hypo-osmotic challenge. We found that the tissue matrix and most cells swelled during the hypo-osmotic challenge, but to a different extent (tissue: <3%, cells: 11%-15%). Swelling-induced tissue strains were anisotropic, showing 2%-4% stretch and 1%-2% compression along the first and third principal directions, respectively. These strains were amplified by 5-8 times in the cells. Interestingly, the first principal strains of tissue and cells occurred in different directions (60-61° for tissue vs. 8-13° for cells), suggesting different mechanisms causing volume expansion in the tissue and the cells. Instead of the continuous swelling observed in the tissue matrix, >88% of cells underwent regulatory volume decrease to return to their pre-osmotic challenge volumes. Cell shapes changed in the early phase of swelling but stayed constant thereafter. Kinematic changes to tissue and cells were larger for PAT cartilage than for FG cartilage. We conclude that the swelling-induced deformation of tissue and cells is anisotropic. Cells actively restored volume independent of the surrounding tissues and seemed to prioritize volume restoration over shape restoration. Our findings shed light on tissue-cell interdependence in changing osmotic environments that is crucial for cell mechano-transduction in swollen/diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott C Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Salvatore Federico
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Jia Y, Le H, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ding J, Zheng C, Chang F. Double-edged role of mechanical stimuli and underlying mechanisms in cartilage tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1271762. [PMID: 38053849 PMCID: PMC10694366 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli regulate the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the homeostasis of chondrocytes, thus affecting implant success in cartilage tissue engineering. The mechanical microenvironment plays fundamental roles in the maturation and maintenance of natural articular cartilage, and the progression of osteoarthritis Hence, cartilage tissue engineering attempts to mimic this environment in vivo to obtain implants that enable a superior regeneration process. However, the specific type of mechanical loading, its optimal regime, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still under investigation. First, this review delineates the composition and structure of articular cartilage, indicating that the morphology of chondrocytes and components of the extracellular matrix differ from each other to resist forces in three top-to-bottom overlapping zones. Moreover, results from research experiments and clinical trials focusing on the effect of compression, fluid shear stress, hydrostatic pressure, and osmotic pressure are presented and critically evaluated. As a key direction, the latest advances in mechanisms involved in the transduction of external mechanical signals into biological signals are discussed. These mechanical signals are sensed by receptors in the cell membrane, such as primary cilia, integrins, and ion channels, which next activate downstream pathways. Finally, biomaterials with various modifications to mimic the mechanical properties of natural cartilage and the self-designed bioreactors for experiment in vitro are outlined. An improved understanding of biomechanically driven cartilage tissue engineering and the underlying mechanisms is expected to lead to efficient articular cartilage repair for cartilage degeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- The Second Bethune Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hanxiang Le
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- The Fourth Treatment Area of Trauma Hip Joint Surgery Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianggang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Second Bethune Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiacheng Ding
- The Second Bethune Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Changjun Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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9
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Paul S, Schrobback K, Tran PA, Meinert C, Davern JW, Weekes A, Nedunchezhiyan U, Klein TJ. GelMA-glycol chitosan hydrogels for cartilage regeneration: The role of uniaxial mechanical stimulation in enhancing mechanical, adhesive, and biochemical properties. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036114. [PMID: 37692373 PMCID: PMC10492648 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Untreated osteochondral defects are a leading cause of osteoarthritis, a condition that places a heavy burden on both patients and orthopedic surgeons. Although tissue engineering has shown promise for creating mechanically similar cartilage-like constructs, their integration with cartilage remains elusive. Therefore, a formulation of biodegradable, biocompatible biomaterial with sufficient mechanical and adhesive properties for cartilage repair is required. To accomplish this, we prepared biocompatible, photo-curable, mechanically robust, and highly adhesive GelMA-glycol chitosan (GelMA-GC) hydrogels. GelMA-GC hydrogels had a modulus of 283 kPa and provided a biocompatible environment (>70% viability of embedded chondrocytes) in long-term culture within a bovine cartilage ring. The adhesive strength of bovine chondrocyte-laden GelMA-GC hydrogel to bovine cartilage increased from 38 to 52 kPa over four weeks of culture. Moreover, intermittent uniaxial mechanical stimulation enhanced the adhesive strength to ∼60 kPa, indicating that the cartilage-hydrogel integration could remain secure and functional under dynamic loading conditions. Furthermore, gene expression data and immunofluorescence staining revealed the capacity of chondrocytes in GelMA-GC hydrogel to synthesize chondrogenic markers (COL2A1 and ACAN), suggesting the potential for tissue regeneration. The promising in vitro results of this work motivate further exploration of the potential of photo-curable GelMA-GC bioadhesive hydrogels for cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Schrobback
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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10
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Zhu Y, Zhang M, Sun Q, Wang X, Li X, Li Q. Advanced Mechanical Testing Technologies at the Cellular Level: The Mechanisms and Application in Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3255. [PMID: 37571149 PMCID: PMC10422338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanics, as a key physical factor which affects cell function and tissue regeneration, is attracting the attention of researchers in the fields of biomaterials, biomechanics, and tissue engineering. The macroscopic mechanical properties of tissue engineering scaffolds have been studied and optimized based on different applications. However, the mechanical properties of the overall scaffold materials are not enough to reveal the mechanical mechanism of the cell-matrix interaction. Hence, the mechanical detection of cell mechanics and cellular-scale microenvironments has become crucial for unraveling the mechanisms which underly cell activities and which are affected by physical factors. This review mainly focuses on the advanced technologies and applications of cell-scale mechanical detection. It summarizes the techniques used in micromechanical performance analysis, including atomic force microscope (AFM), optical tweezer (OT), magnetic tweezer (MT), and traction force microscope (TFM), and analyzes their testing mechanisms. In addition, the application of mechanical testing techniques to cell mechanics and tissue engineering scaffolds, such as hydrogels and porous scaffolds, is summarized and discussed. Finally, it highlights the challenges and prospects of this field. This review is believed to provide valuable insights into micromechanics in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Zhu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Moulding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Jin YJ, Park DY, Noh S, Kwon H, Shin DI, Park JH, Min BH. Effects of glycosaminoglycan content in extracellular matrix of donor cartilage on the functional properties of osteochondral allografts evaluated by micro-CT non-destructive analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285733. [PMID: 37220126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral allograft (OCA) is an important surgical procedure used to repair extensive articular cartilage damage. It is known that chondrocyte viability is crucial for maintaining the biochemical and biomechanical properties of OCA, which is directly related to the clinical success of the operation and is the only standard for preoperative evaluation of OCA. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the effect of the content of cellular matrix in OCA cartilage tissue on the efficacy of transplantation. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of different GAG contents on the success of OCA transplantation in a rabbit animal model. Each rabbit OCA was treated with chondroitinase to regulate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the tissue. Due to the different action times of chondroitinase, they were divided into 4 experimental groups (including control group, 2h, 4h, and 8h groups). The treated OCAs of each group were used for transplantation. In this study, transplant surgery effects were assessed using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histological analysis. Our results showed that tissue integration at the graft site was poorer in the 4h and 8h groups compared to the control group at 4 and 12 weeks in vivo, as were the compressive modulus, GAG content, and cell density reduced. In conclusion, we evaluated the biochemical composition of OCAs before and after surgery using μCT analysis and demonstrated that the GAG content of the graft decreased, it also decreased during implantation; this resulted in decreased chondrocyte viability after transplantation and ultimately affected the functional success of OCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jun Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Noh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeonJae Kwon
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Shin
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Steinecker-Frohnwieser B, Lohberger B, Toegel S, Windhager R, Glanz V, Kratschmann C, Leithner A, Weigl L. Activation of the Mechanosensitive Ion Channels Piezo1 and TRPV4 in Primary Human Healthy and Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes Exhibits Ion Channel Crosstalk and Modulates Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097868. [PMID: 37175575 PMCID: PMC10178441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease causing pain and functional limitations. Physical activity as a clinically relevant, effective intervention alleviates pain and promotes joint function. In chondrocytes, perception and transmission of mechanical signals are controlled by mechanosensitive ion channels, whose dysfunction in OA chondrocytes is leading to disease progression. Signaling of mechanosensitive ion channels Piezo/TRPV4 was analyzed by Yoda1/GSK1016790A application and calcium-imaging of Fura-2-loaded chondrocytes. Expression analysis was determined by qPCR and immunofluorescence in healthy vs. OA chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were mechanically stimulated using the Flexcell™ technique. Yoda1 and GSK1016790A caused an increase in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i for Yoda1, depending on extracellularly available Ca2+. When used concomitantly, the agonist applied first inhibited the effect of subsequent agonist application, indicating mutual interference between Piezo/TRPV4. Yoda1 increased the expression of metalloproteinases, bone-morphogenic protein, and interleukins in healthy and OA chondrocytes to a different extent. Flexcell™-induced changes in the expression of MMPs and ILs differed from changes induced by Yoda1. We conclude that Piezo1/TRPV4 communicate with each other, an interference that may be impaired in OA chondrocytes. It is important to consider that mechanical stimulation may have different effects on OA depending on its intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiane Steinecker-Frohnwieser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Thorerstraße 26, 5760 Saalfelden, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Glanz
- Department of Special Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kratschmann
- Department of Special Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Weigl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Special Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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van Mourik M, Schuiringa GH, Varion-Verhagen LP, Vonk LA, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K, Foolen J. Enzymatic Isolation of Articular Chondrons: Is It Much Different Than That of Chondrocytes? Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:30-40. [PMID: 36576016 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In native articular cartilage, chondrocytes (Chy) are completely capsulated by a pericellular matrix (PCM), together called the chondron (Chn). Due to its unique properties (w.r.t. territorial matrix) and importance in mechanotransduction, the PCM and Chn may be important in regenerative strategies. The current gold standard for the isolation of Chns from cartilage dates from 1997. Although previous research already showed the low cell yield and the heterogeneity of the isolated populations, their compositions and properties have never been thoroughly characterized. This study aimed to compare enzymatic isolation methods for Chy and Chns and characterizes the isolation efficiency and quality of the PCM. Bovine articular cartilage was digested according to the 5-h (5H) gold standard Chn isolation method (0.3% dispase +0.2% collagenase II), an overnight (ON) Chn isolation (0.15% dispase +0.1% collagenase II), and an ON Chy isolation (0.15% collagenase II +0.01% hyaluronidase). Type VI collagen staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, specific cell sorting, and immunohistochemistry were performed using a type VI collagen staining, to study their isolation efficiency and quality of the PCM. These analyses showed a heterogeneous mixture of Chy and Chns for all three methods. Although the 5H Chn isolation resulted in the highest percentage of Chns, the cell yield was significantly lower compared to the other isolation methods. FACS, based on the type VI collagen staining, successfully sorted the three identified cell populations. To maximize Chn yield and homogeneity, the ON Chn enzymatic digestion method should be combined with type VI collagen staining and specific cell sorting. Impact statement Since chondrocytes are highly dependent on their microenvironment for maintaining phenotypic stability, it is hypothesized that using chondrons results in superior outcomes in cartilage tissue engineering. This study reveals the constitution of cell populations obtained after enzymatic digestion of articular cartilage tissue and presents an alternative method to obtain a homogeneous population of chondrons. These data can improve the impact of studies investigating the effect of the pericellular matrix on neocartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Mourik
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerke H Schuiringa
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth P Varion-Verhagen
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Foolen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Höflsauer S, Bonnaire FC, Bamberger CE, Danalache M, Feierabend M, Hofmann UK. Changes in stiffness of the extracellular and pericellular matrix in the anulus fibrosus of lumbar intervertebral discs over the course of degeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1006615. [PMID: 36619385 PMCID: PMC9816436 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1006615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogous to articular cartilage, changes in spatial chondrocyte organisation have been proposed to be a strong indicator for local tissue degeneration in the intervertebral disc (IVD). While a progressive structural and functional degradation of the extracellular (ECM) and pericellular (PCM) matrix occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage, these processes have not yet been biomechanically elucidated in the IVD. We aimed to evaluate the local stiffness of the ECM and PCM in the anulus fibrosus of the IVD on the basis of local chondrocyte spatial organisation. Using atomic force microscopy, we measured the Young's modulus of the local ECM and PCM in human and bovine disc samples using the spatial chondrocyte patterns as an image-based biomarker. By measuring tissue from 31 patients and six bovine samples, we found a significant difference in the elastic moduli (E) of the PCM in clusters when compared to the healthy patterns single cells (p = 0.029), pairs (p = 0.016), and string-formations (p = 0.010). The ECM/PCM ratio ranged from 0.62-0.89. Interestingly, in the bovine IVD, the ECM/PCM ratio of the E significantly varied (p = 0.002) depending on the tissue origin. Overall the reduced E in clusters demonstrates that cluster formation is not only a morphological phenomenon describing disc degeneration, but it marks a compromised biomechanical functioning. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that collagen type III degradation might be involved. This study is the first to describe and quantify the differences in the E of the ECM in relation to the PCM in the anulus fibrosus of the IVD by means of atomic force microscopy on the basis of spatial chondrocyte organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höflsauer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Christof Bonnaire
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Emma Bamberger
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Danalache
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Feierabend
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Science of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Martina Feierabend,
| | - Ulf Krister Hofmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Al-Maslamani NA, Oldershaw R, Tew S, Curran J, D’Hooghe P, Yamamoto K, Horn HF. Chondrocyte De-Differentiation: Biophysical Cues to Nuclear Alterations. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244011. [PMID: 36552775 PMCID: PMC9777101 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a cell therapy to repair cartilage defects. In ACI a biopsy is taken from a non-load bearing area of the knee and expanded in-vitro. The expansion process provides the benefit of generating a large number of cells required for implantation; however, during the expansion these cells de-differentiate and lose their chondrocyte phenotype. In this review we focus on examining the de-differentiation phenotype from a mechanobiology and biophysical perspective, highlighting some of the nuclear mechanics and chromatin changes in chondrocytes seen during the expansion process and how this relates to the gene expression profile. We propose that manipulating chondrocyte nuclear architecture and chromatin organization will highlight mechanisms that will help to preserve the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A. Al-Maslamani
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachel Oldershaw
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Simon Tew
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jude Curran
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Pieter D’Hooghe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha P.O. Box 29222, Qatar
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Henning F. Horn
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
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16
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Krull CM, Rife J, Klamer B, Purmessur D, Walter BA. Pericellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Role in regulating the biosynthetic response of nucleus pulposus cells to osmotic loading. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1209. [PMID: 35783912 PMCID: PMC9238280 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Daily physiologic loading causes fluctuations in hydration of the intervertebral disc (IVD); thus, the embedded cells experience cyclic alterations to their osmotic environment. These osmotic fluctuations have been described as a mechanism linking mechanics and biology, and have previously been shown to promote biosynthesis in chondrocytes. However, this phenomenon has yet to be fully interrogated in the IVD. Additionally, the specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the cells, the pericellular matrix (PCM), transduces the biophysical signals that cells ultimately experience. While it is known that the PCM is altered in disc degeneration, whether it disrupts normal osmotic mechanotransduction has yet to be determined. Thus, our objectives were to assess: (1) whether dynamic osmotic conditions stimulate biosynthesis in nucleus pulposus cells, and (2) whether pericellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) modulate the biosynthetic response to osmotic loading. Methods Bovine nucleus pulposus cells isolated with retained PCM were encapsulated in 1.5% alginate beads and treated with or without heparinase III, an enzyme that degrades the pericellular HSPGs. Beads were subjected to 1 h of daily iso-osmotic, hyper-osmotic, or hypo-osmotic loading for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. At each timepoint the total amount of extracellular and pericellular sGAG/DNA were quantified. Additionally, whether osmotic loading triggered alterations to HSPG sulfation was assessed via immunohistochemistry for the heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfertransferase 1 (HS6ST1) enzyme. Results Osmotic loading significantly influenced sGAG/DNA accumulation with a hyper-osmotic change promoting the greatest sGAG/DNA accumulation in the pericellular region compared with iso-osmotic conditions. Heparanase-III treatment significantly reduced extracellular sGAG/DNA but pericellular sGAG was not affected. HS6ST1 expression was not affected by osmotic loading. Conclusion Results suggest that hyper-osmotic loading promotes matrix synthesis and that modifications to HSPGs directly influence the metabolic responses of cells to osmotic fluctuations. Collectively, results suggest degeneration-associated modifications to pericellular HSPGs may contribute to the altered mechanobiology observed in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M. Krull
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jordan Rife
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Brett Klamer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
- Spine Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Benjamin A. Walter
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
- Spine Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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17
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Fischenich KM, Schneider SE, Neu CP, Payne KA, Ferguson VL. Material properties and strain distribution patterns of bovine growth plate cartilage vary with anatomic location and depth. J Biomech 2022; 134:111013. [PMID: 35245713 PMCID: PMC9651143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the bulk material properties and depth-dependent strain distribution of bovine growth plate cartilage. We hypothesized that both moduli and strain distribution are highly depth-, orientation-, and location-dependent. Bovine proximal tibiae (1-month-old) were sliced along the sagittal and coronal planes to create ∼ 4 mm2 samples. Digital image correlation (DIC) was combined with stress relaxation tests for evaluation of bulk modulus (tangent and equilibrium) and depth-dependent strain distribution. A subset of samples was imaged after Col-F staining as well as histological staining (Safranin-O/Fast Green) to evaluate zonal organization and matrix composition. The mean tangent modulus was 4.25 ± 2.46 MPa while the equilibrium modulus was 0.86 ± 0.46 MPa. No significant differences in moduli were found with respect to orientation (sagittal vs coronal face), but sagittal location within the joint was a significant predictor for tangent modulus. Overall moduli values decreased from the periphery to the midline of the joint. Depth-dependent cellular organization, determined by cell density and shape, was highly variable. This heterogeneity may be a biological toughening mechanism. Peak normalized strains were observed most often in the hypertrophic zone. Modulus was significantly lower in the hypertrophic zone as compared to the resting and proliferative zones. This study is the first to evaluate moduli and strain distribution in intact growth plates as a function of depth, orientation, and anatomic location. Future work with growth plate tissue engineering should consider the location- and depth-dependent nature of the native tissue mechanical properties when designing mimetic constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Fischenich
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Stephanie E Schneider
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Karin A Payne
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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18
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Hodgkinson T, Amado IN, O'Brien FJ, Kennedy OD. The role of mechanobiology in bone and cartilage model systems in characterizing initiation and progression of osteoarthritis. APL Bioeng 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0068277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabel N. Amado
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Franklin M, Sperry M, Phillips E, Granquist E, Marcolongo M, Winkelstein BA. Painful temporomandibular joint overloading induces structural remodeling in the pericellular matrix of that joint's chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:348-358. [PMID: 33830541 PMCID: PMC8497636 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important factor in cartilage degeneration, with both clinical and preclinical studies suggesting that repeated TMJ overloading could contribute to pain, inflammation, and/or structural damage in the joint. However, the relationship between pain severity and early signs of cartilage matrix microstructural dysregulation is not understood, limiting the advancement of diagnoses and treatments for temporomandibular joint-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). Changes in the pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes may be early indicators of OA. A rat model of TMJ pain induced by repeated jaw loading (1 h/day for 7 days) was used to compare the extent of PCM modulation for different loading magnitudes with distinct pain profiles (3.5N-persistent pain, 2N-resolving pain, or unloaded controls-no pain) and macrostructural changes previously indicated by Mankin scoring. Expression of PCM structural molecules, collagen VI and aggrecan NITEGE neo-epitope, were evaluated at Day 15 by immunohistochemistry within TMJ fibrocartilage and compared between pain conditions. Pericellular collagen VI levels increased at Day 15 in both the 2N (p = 0.003) and 3.5N (p = 0.042) conditions compared to unloaded controls. PCM width expanded to a similar extent for both loading conditions at Day 15 (2N, p < 0.001; 3.5N, p = 0.002). Neo-epitope expression increased in the 3.5N group over levels in the 2N group (p = 0.041), indicating pericellular changes that were not identified in the same groups by Mankin scoring of the pericellular region. Although remodeling occurs in both pain conditions, the presence of pericellular catabolic neo-epitopes may be involved in the macrostructural changes and behavioral sensitivity observed in persistent TMJ pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Franklin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Megan Sperry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104,Corresponding Author(s): Megan Sperry, PhD, Wyss Institute at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, , 978-387-3763
| | - Evan Phillips
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eric Granquist
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michele Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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20
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Sibole SC, Moo EK, Federico S, Herzog W. The Protective Function of Directed Asymmetry in the Pericellular Matrix Enveloping Chondrocytes. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:39-55. [PMID: 34993700 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The specialized pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes within articular cartilage is critical to the tissue's health and longevity. Growing evidence suggests that PCM alterations are ubiquitous across all trajectories of osteoarthritis, a crippling and prevalent joint disease. The PCM geometry is of particular interest as it influences the cellular mechanical environment. Observations of asymmetrical PCM thickness have been reported, but a quantified characterization is lacking. To this end, a novel microscopy protocol was developed and applied to acquire images of the PCM surrounding live cells. Morphometric analysis indicated a statistical bias towards thicker PCM on the inferior cellular surface. The mechanical effects of this bias were investigated with multiscale modelling, which revealed potentially damaging, high tensile strains in the direction perpendicular to the membrane and localized on the inferior surface. These strains varied substantially between PCM asymmetry cases. Simulations with a thicker inferior PCM, representative of the observed geometry, resulted in strain magnitudes approximately half of those calculated for a symmetric geometry, and a third of those with a thin inferior PCM. This strain attenuation suggests that synthesis of a thicker inferior PCM may be a protective adaptation. PCM asymmetry may thus be important in cartilage development, pathology, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Salvatore Federico
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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21
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Singh M, Becker M, Godwin AR, Baldock C. Structural studies of elastic fibre and microfibrillar proteins. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100078. [PMID: 34355160 PMCID: PMC8322146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic tissues owe their functional properties to the composition of their extracellular matrices, particularly the range of extracellular, multidomain extensible elastic fibre and microfibrillar proteins. These proteins include elastin, fibrillin, latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) and collagens, where their biophysical and biochemical properties not only give the matrix structural integrity, but also play a vital role in the mechanisms that underlie tissue homeostasis. Thus far structural information regarding the structure and hierarchical assembly of these molecules has been challenging and the resolution has been limited due to post-translational modification and their multidomain nature leading to flexibility, which together result in conformational and structural heterogeneity. In this review, we describe some of the matrix proteins found in elastic fibres and the new emerging techniques that can shed light on their structure and dynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti Singh
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Becker
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alan R.F. Godwin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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22
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Clark JN, Tavana S, Clark B, Briggs T, Jeffers JRT, Hansen U. High resolution three-dimensional strain measurements in human articular cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104806. [PMID: 34509906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An unresolved challenge in osteoarthritis research is characterising the localised intra-tissue mechanical response of articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to explore whether laboratory micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and digital volume correlation (DVC) permit non-destructive quantification of three-dimensional (3D) strain fields in human articular cartilage. Human articular cartilage specimens were harvested from the knee, mounted into a loading device and imaged in the unloaded and loaded states using a micro-CT scanner. Strain was measured throughout the cartilage volume using the micro-CT image data and DVC analysis. The volumetric DVC-measured strain was within 5% of the known applied strain. Variation in strain distribution between the superficial, middle and deep zones was observed, consistent with the different architecture of the material in these locations. These results indicate DVC method may be suitable for calculating strain in human articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Clark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Saman Tavana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brett Clark
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum London, London, UK
| | - Tom Briggs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ulrich Hansen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Statham P, Jones E, Jennings LM, Fermor HL. Reproducing the Biomechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:405-420. [PMID: 33726527 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the biomechanical and tribological performance of articular cartilage is inextricably linked to its extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and zonal heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is understood that the presence of native ECM components, such as collagen II and aggrecan, promote healthy homeostasis in the resident chondrocytes. What is less frequently discussed is how chondrocyte metabolism is related to the extracellular mechanical environment, at both the macro and microscale. The chondrocyte is in immediate contact with the pericellular matrix of the chondron, which acts as a mechanocoupler, transmitting external applied loads from the ECM to the chondrocyte. Therefore, components of the pericellular matrix also play essential roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and metabolism. Recreating the biomechanical environment through tuning material properties of a scaffold and/or the use of external cyclic loading can induce biosynthetic responses in chondrocytes. Decellularized scaffolds, which retain the native tissue macro- and microstructure also represent an effective means of recapitulating such an environment. The use of such techniques in tissue engineering applications can ensure the regeneration of skeletally mature articular cartilage with appropriate biomechanical and tribological properties to restore joint function. Despite the pivotal role in graft maturation and performance, biomechanical and tribological properties of such interventions is often underrepresented. This review outlines the role of biomechanics in relation to native cartilage performance and chondrocyte metabolism, and how application of this theory can enhance the future development and successful translation of biomechanically relevant tissue engineering interventions. Impact statement Physiological cartilage function is a key criterion in the success of a cartilage tissue engineering solution. The in situ performance is dependent on the initial scaffold design as well as extracellular matrix deposition by endogenous or exogenous cells. Both biological and biomechanical stimuli serve as key regulators of cartilage homeostasis and maturation of the resulting tissue-engineered graft. An improved understanding of the influence of biomechanics on cellular function and consideration of the final biomechanical and tribological performance will help in the successful development and translation of tissue-engineered grafts to restore natural joint function postcartilage trauma or osteoarthritic degeneration, delaying the requirement for prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Statham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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24
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Jiang W, Liu H, Wan R, Wu Y, Shi Z, Huang W. Mechanisms linking mitochondrial mechanotransduction and chondrocyte biology in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101315. [PMID: 33684550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is essential for chondrocyte health. Chondrocytes can sense and respond to various extracellular mechanical signals through an integrated set of mechanisms. Recently, it has been found that mitochondria, acting as critical mechanotransducers, are at the intersection between extracellular mechanical signals and chondrocyte biology. Much attention has been focused on identifying how mechanical loading-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In contrast, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying functional alterations in mitochondria induced by mechanical stimulation. In this review, we describe how chondrocytes perceive environmental mechanical signals. We discuss how mechanical load induces mitochondrial functional alterations and highlight the major unanswered questions in this field. We speculate that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, may play an important role in coupling force transmission to mitochondrial health and intracellular biological responses.
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25
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Combination of chondrocytes and chondrons improves extracellular matrix production to promote the repairs of defective knee cartilage in rabbits. J Orthop Translat 2021; 28:47-54. [PMID: 33717981 PMCID: PMC7906883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrons are composed of chondrocytes and the surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM) and function to enhance chondrocyte-mediated cartilage tissue engineering. This study aimed at investigating the potential effect of combined chondrocytes with chondrons on the production of proteoglycan and collagen-II (Col-2) and the repair of defective knee cartilage in rabbits. Methods Chondrocytes and chondrons were isolated from the knee cartilage of rabbits, and cultured alone or co-cultured for varying periods in vitro. Their morphology was characterized by histology. The levels of aggrecan (AGG), Col-2 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression were quantified by qRT-PCR, Alcian blue-based precipitation and ELISA. The effect of combined chondrocytes with chondrons in alginate spheres on the repair of defective knee cartilage was examined in rabbits. Results The isolated chondrocytes and chondrons displayed unique morphology and began to proliferate on day 3 and 6 post culture, respectively, accompanied by completely degenerated PCM on day 6 post culture. Evidently, chondrocytes had stronger proliferation capacity than chondrons. Longitudinal analyses indicated that culture of chondrons, but not chondrocytes, increased AGG mRNA transcripts and GAG levels with time and Col-2 mRNA transcripts only on day 3 post culture. Compared with chondrocytes or chondrons alone, co-culture of chondrocytes and chondrons significantly up-regulated AGG and Col-2 expression and GAG production, particularly at a ratio of 1:1. Implantation with chondrocytes and chondrons at 1:1 significantly promoted the repair of defective knee cartilage in rabbits, accompanied by reduced the Wakiteni scores with time. Conclusion Combined chondrons with chondrocytes promoted the production of extracellular matrix and the repair of defective knee cartilage in rabbits. The translational potential of this article This study explores that the combination of chondrons and chondrocytes may be new therapeutic strategy for cartilage tissue engineering and repair of defective cartilage.
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26
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Han Y, Jia B, Lian M, Sun B, Wu Q, Sun B, Qiao Z, Dai K. High-precision, gelatin-based, hybrid, bilayer scaffolds using melt electro-writing to repair cartilage injury. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2173-2186. [PMID: 33511315 PMCID: PMC7814104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury is a common disease in the field of orthopedics. Because cartilage has poor self-repairing ability, medical intervention is needed. Using melt electro-writing (MEW) technology, tissue engineering scaffolds with high porosity and high precision can be prepared. However, ordinary materials, especially natural polymer materials, are difficult to print. In this study, gelatin was mixed with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) to prepare high-concentration and high-viscosity printer ink, which had good printability and formability. A composite scaffold with full-layer TGF-β1 loading mixed with hydroxyapatite was prepared, and the scaffold was implanted at the cartilage injury site; microfracture surgery was conducted to induce the mesenchyme in the bone marrow. Quality stem cells thereby promoted the repair of damaged cartilage. In summary, this study developed a novel printing method, explored the molding conditions based on MEW printing ink, and constructed a bioactive cartilage repair scaffold. The scaffold can use autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induce their differentiation to promote cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Meifei Lian
- Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Benlin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201112, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
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27
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Peng Z, Sun H, Bunpetch V, Koh Y, Wen Y, Wu D, Ouyang H. The regulation of cartilage extracellular matrix homeostasis in joint cartilage degeneration and regeneration. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120555. [PMID: 33285440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability and socioeconomic loss worldwide. However, the current pharmacological approaches used to treat OA are largely palliative. Being the hallmark of OA, the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction and abnormal homeostasis is gaining more attention as a therapeutic target in cartilage regeneration. Moreover, during the progression of OA, the cartilage ECM shows significant pathological alternations, which can be promising biomarkers in identifying the pathological stages of OA. In this review, we summarize the role of abnormal ECM homeostasis in the joint cartilage during OA. Furthermore, we provide an update on the cartilage ECM derived biomarkers and regenerative medicine therapies targeting cartilage ECM which includes preclinical animal models study and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Peng
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Varitsara Bunpetch
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Koh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, And Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
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28
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Komeili A, Otoo BS, Abusara Z, Sibole S, Federico S, Herzog W. Chondrocyte Deformations Under Mild Dynamic Loading Conditions. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 49:846-857. [PMID: 32959133 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic deformation of chondrocytes are associated with cell mechanotransduction and thus may offer a new understanding of the mechanobiology of articular cartilage. Despite extensive research on chondrocyte deformations for static conditions, work for dynamic conditions remains rare. However, it is these dynamic conditions that articular cartilage in joints are exposed to everyday, and that seem to promote biological signaling in chondrocytes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an experimental technique to determine the in situ deformations of chondrocytes when the cartilage is dynamically compressed. We hypothesized that dynamic deformations of chondrocytes vastly differ from those observed under steady-state static strain conditions. Real-time chondrocyte geometry was reconstructed at 10, 15, and 20% compression during ramp compressions with 20% ultimate strain, applied at a strain rate of 0.2% s-1, followed by stress relaxation. Dynamic compressive chondrocyte deformations were non-linear as a function of nominal strain, with large deformations in the early and small deformations in the late part of compression. Early compression (up to about 10%) was associated with chondrocyte volume loss, while late compression (> ~ 10%) was associated with cell deformation but minimal volume loss. Force continued to decrease for 5 min in the stress-relaxation phase, while chondrocyte shape/volume remained unaltered after the first minute of stress-relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Komeili
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Baaba Sekyiwaa Otoo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ziad Abusara
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Advanced Imaging and Histopathology Core, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Scott Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Salvatore Federico
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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29
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Ihnatouski M, Pauk J, Karev B, Karev D. Nanomechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage Due to the PRP Injection in Experimental Osteoarthritis in Rabbits. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163734. [PMID: 32824204 PMCID: PMC7463443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, we proposed a measurement protocol for the atomic force microscopy (AFM) method to determine the nanomechanical properties of articular cartilage in experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits. Then, we verified if mechanical properties can be evaluated with AFM shortly after platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection. We hypothesized that the modulus determined by AFM indentation experiments could be utilized as a progressive disease marker during the treatment of osteoarthritis. The rabbits were equally divided into three groups of six: control (group 1); injections of saline (0.5 mL) and 10% surgical talc (Talcum Pharmaceutical®, Minsk, Belarus) were delivered into the right knee under the patella (group 2 and 3); and PRP was injected into the right knee (group 3). In group 2, the arithmetic average of absolute values (Ra) change was a 25% increase; the maximum peak height (Rp) increased by over 102%, while the mean spacing between local peaks (S) increased by 28% (p < 0.05). In group 3, Ra increased by 14% and Rp increased by 32%, while S decreased by 75% (p < 0.05). The Young’s modulus of the surface layers decreased by 18% as a result of induced model of osteoarthritis (IMO) (p < 0.05), and it increased by 9% (p < 0.05) as a result of PRP therapy, which means that the mechanical properties of cartilage were partially recovered. This research demonstrates that Young’s modulus utilized on a nanometer scale has potential to be a progressive disease marker during the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Ihnatouski
- Scientific and Research Department, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Grodno, Ozheshko str., 22, 230023 Grodno, Belarus;
| | - Jolanta Pauk
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Bialystok University of Technology, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Boris Karev
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Grodno City Emergency Hospital, Sovietskih Pogranichnikov str., 115, 230027 Grodno, Belarus;
| | - Dmitrij Karev
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Field Surgery, Grodno State Medical University, Gorkogo str. 80, 230009 Grodno, Belarus;
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30
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Chery DR, Han B, Li Q, Zhou Y, Heo SJ, Kwok B, Chandrasekaran P, Wang C, Qin L, Lu XL, Kong D, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Mauck RL, Han L. Early changes in cartilage pericellular matrix micromechanobiology portend the onset of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:267-278. [PMID: 32428685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pericellular matrix (PCM) of cartilage is a structurally distinctive microdomain surrounding each chondrocyte, and is pivotal to cell homeostasis and cell-matrix interactions in healthy tissue. This study queried if the PCM is the initiation point for disease or a casualty of more widespread matrix degeneration. To address this question, we queried the mechanical properties of the PCM and chondrocyte mechanoresponsivity with the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). To do so, we integrated Kawamoto's film-assisted cryo-sectioning with immunofluorescence-guided AFM nanomechanical mapping, and quantified the microscale modulus of murine cartilage PCM and further-removed extracellular matrix. Using the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) murine model of PTOA, we show that decreases in PCM micromechanics are apparent as early as 3 days after injury, and that this precedes changes in the bulk ECM properties and overt indications of cartilage damage. We also show that, as a consequence of altered PCM properties, calcium mobilization by chondrocytes in response to mechanical challenge (hypo-osmotic stress) is significantly disrupted. These aberrant changes in chondrocyte micromechanobiology as a consequence of DMM could be partially blocked by early inhibition of PCM remodeling. Collectively, these results suggest that changes in PCM micromechanobiology are leading indicators of the initiation of PTOA, and that disease originates in the cartilage PCM. This insight will direct the development of early detection methods, as well as small molecule-based therapies that can stop early aberrant remodeling in this critical cartilage microdomain to slow or reverse disease progression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is one prevalent musculoskeletal disease that afflicts young adults, and there are no effective strategies for early detection or intervention. This study identifies that the reduction of cartilage pericellular matrix (PCM) micromodulus is one of the earliest events in the initiation of PTOA, which, in turn, impairs the mechanosensitive activities of chondrocytes, contributing to the vicious loop of cartilage degeneration. Rescuing the integrity of PCM has the potential to restore normal chondrocyte mechanosensitive homeostasis and to prevent further degradation of cartilage. Our findings enable the development of early OA detection methods targeting changes in the PCM, and treatment strategies that can stop early aberrant remodeling in this critical microdomain to slow or reverse disease progression.
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31
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McCreery KP, Calve S, Neu CP. Ontogeny informs regeneration: explant models to investigate the role of the extracellular matrix in cartilage tissue assembly and development. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:278-291. [PMID: 32186210 PMCID: PMC7190409 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1698556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is typically managed in late stages by replacement of the articular cartilage surface with a prosthesis as an effective, though undesirable outcome. As an alternative, hydrogel implants or growth factor treatments are currently of great interest in the tissue engineering community, and scaffold materials are often designed to emulate the mechanical and chemical composition of mature extracellular matrix (ECM) tissue. However, scaffolds frequently fail to capture the structure and organization of cartilage. Additionally, many current scaffold designs do not mimic processes by which structurally sound cartilage is formed during musculoskeletal development. The objective of this review is to highlight methods that investigate cartilage ontogenesis with native and model systems in the context of regenerative medicine. Specific emphasis is placed on the use of cartilage explant cultures that provide a physiologically relevant microenvironment to study tissue assembly and development. Ex vivo cartilage has proven to be a cost-effective and accessible model system that allows researchers to control the culture conditions and stimuli and perform proteomics and imaging studies that are not easily possible using in vivo experiments, while preserving native cell-matrix interactions. We anticipate our review will promote a developmental biology approach using explanted tissues to guide cartilage tissue engineering and inform new treatment methods for OA and joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Calve
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Corey P. Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
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32
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Zhao Z, Li Y, Wang M, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Fang J. Mechanotransduction pathways in the regulation of cartilage chondrocyte homoeostasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5408-5419. [PMID: 32237113 PMCID: PMC7214151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays a critical role in cartilage development and homoeostasis. Chondrocytes are surrounded by a narrow pericellular matrix (PCM), which absorbs dynamic and static forces and transmits them to the chondrocyte surface. Recent studies have demonstrated that molecular components, including perlecan, collagen and hyaluronan, provide distinct physical properties for the PCM and maintain the essential microenvironment of chondrocytes. These physical signals are sensed by receptors and molecules located in the cell membrane, such as Ca2+ channels, the primary cilium and integrins, and a series of downstream molecular pathways are involved in mechanotransduction in cartilage. All mechanoreceptors convert outside signals into chemical and biological signals, which then regulate transcription in chondrocytes in response to mechanical stresses. This review highlights recent progress and focuses on the function of the PCM and cell surface molecules in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Emerging understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mechanotransduction will provide new insights into osteoarthritis pathogenesis and precision strategies that could be used in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Diseases and Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang C, Brisson BK, Terajima M, Li Q, Hoxha K, Han B, Goldberg AM, Sherry Liu X, Marcolongo MS, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Yamauchi M, Volk SW, Han L. Type III collagen is a key regulator of the collagen fibrillar structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage and meniscus. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:47-67. [PMID: 31655293 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that type III collagen is the second most abundant collagen type in the body, its contribution to the physiologic maintenance and repair of skeletal tissues remains poorly understood. This study queried the role of type III collagen in the structure and biomechanical functions of two structurally distinctive tissues in the knee joint, type II collagen-rich articular cartilage and type I collagen-dominated meniscus. Integrating outcomes from atomic force microscopy-based nanomechanical tests, collagen fibril nanostructural analysis, collagen cross-link analysis and histology, we elucidated the impact of type III collagen haplodeficiency on the morphology, nanostructure and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage and meniscus in Col3a1+/- mice. Reduction of type III collagen leads to increased heterogeneity and mean thickness of collagen fibril diameter, as well as reduced modulus in both tissues, and these effects became more pronounced with skeletal maturation. These data suggest a crucial role of type III collagen in mediating fibril assembly and biomechanical functions of both articular cartilage and meniscus during post-natal growth. In articular cartilage, type III collagen has a marked contribution to the micromechanics of the pericellular matrix, indicating a potential role in mediating the early stage of type II collagen fibrillogenesis and chondrocyte mechanotransduction. In both tissues, reduction of type III collagen leads to decrease in tissue modulus despite the increase in collagen cross-linking. This suggests that the disruption of matrix structure due to type III collagen deficiency outweighs the stiffening of collagen fibrils by increased cross-linking, leading to a net negative impact on tissue modulus. Collectively, this study is the first to highlight the crucial structural role of type III collagen in both articular cartilage and meniscus extracellular matrices. We expect these results to expand our understanding of type III collagen across various tissue types, and to uncover critical molecular components of the microniche for regenerative strategies targeting articular cartilage and meniscus repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Becky K Brisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Masahiko Terajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kevt'her Hoxha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Abby M Goldberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Michele S Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Susan W Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Hassan CR, Qin YX, Komatsu DE, Uddin SMZ. Utilization of Finite Element Analysis for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3331. [PMID: 31614845 PMCID: PMC6829543 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold design plays an essential role in tissue engineering of articular cartilage by providing the appropriate mechanical and biological environment for chondrocytes to proliferate and function. Optimization of scaffold design to generate tissue-engineered cartilage has traditionally been conducted using in-vitro and in-vivo models. Recent advances in computational analysis allow us to significantly decrease the time and cost of scaffold optimization using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA is an in-silico analysis technique that allows for scaffold design optimization by predicting mechanical responses of cells and scaffolds under applied loads. Finite element analyses can potentially mimic the morphology of cartilage using mesh elements (tetrahedral, hexahedral), material properties (elastic, hyperelastic, poroelastic, composite), physiological loads by applying loading conditions (static, dynamic), and constitutive stress-strain equations (linear, porous-elastic, biphasic). Furthermore, FEA can be applied to the study of the effects of dynamic loading, material properties cell differentiation, cell activity, scaffold structure optimization, and interstitial fluid flow, in isolated or combined multi-scale models. This review covers recent studies and trends in the use of FEA for cartilage tissue engineering and scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaudhry R Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Sardar M Z Uddin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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35
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BOYANICH R, BECKER T, CHEN F, KIRK TB, ALLISON G, WU J. Application of confocal, SHG and atomic force microscopy for characterizing the structure of the most superficial layer of articular cartilage. J Microsc 2019; 275:159-171. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. BOYANICH
- School of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringCurtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - T. BECKER
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences/Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and InterfacesCurtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - F. CHEN
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen China
| | - T. B. KIRK
- School of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringCurtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - G. ALLISON
- Research Office at CurtinCurtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - J.‐P. WU
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen China
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36
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Effect of strain rate on transient local strain variations in articular cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 95:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fu S, Thompson C, Ali A, Wang W, Chapple J, Mitchison H, Beales P, Wann A, Knight M. Mechanical loading inhibits cartilage inflammatory signalling via an HDAC6 and IFT-dependent mechanism regulating primary cilia elongation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1064-1074. [PMID: 30922983 PMCID: PMC6593179 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physiological mechanical loading reduces inflammatory signalling in numerous cell types including articular chondrocytes however the mechanism responsible remains unclear. This study investigates the role of chondrocyte primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the mechanical regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signalling. DESIGN Isolated chondrocytes and cartilage explants were subjected to cyclic mechanical loading in the presence and absence of the cytokine IL-1β. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were used to monitor IL-1β signalling whilst Sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release provided measurement of cartilage degradation. Measurements were made of HDAC6 activity and tubulin polymerisation and acetylation. Effects on primary cilia were monitored by confocal and super resolution microscopy. Involvement of IFT was analysed using ORPK cells with hypomorphic mutation of IFT88. RESULTS Mechanical loading suppressed NO and PGE2 release and prevented cartilage degradation. Loading activated HDAC6 and disrupted tubulin acetylation and cilia elongation induced by IL-1β. HDAC6 inhibition with tubacin blocked the anti-inflammatory effects of loading and restored tubulin acetylation and cilia elongation. Hypomorphic mutation of IFT88 reduced IL-1β signalling and abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of loading indicating the mechanism is IFT-dependent. Loading reduced the pool of non-polymerised tubulin which was replicated by taxol which also mimicked the anti-inflammatory effects of mechanical loading and prevented cilia elongation. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that mechanical loading suppresses inflammatory signalling, partially dependent on IFT, by activation of HDAC6 and post transcriptional modulation of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fu
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - C.L. Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C. L. Thompson, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. Tel: 44-20-7882-3603.
| | - A. Ali
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - W. Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - J.P. Chapple
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H.M. Mitchison
- Institute of Child Health, University College of London, UK
| | - P.L. Beales
- Institute of Child Health, University College of London, UK
| | - A.K.T. Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - M.M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Occhetta P, Mainardi A, Votta E, Vallmajo-Martin Q, Ehrbar M, Martin I, Barbero A, Rasponi M. Hyperphysiological compression of articular cartilage induces an osteoarthritic phenotype in a cartilage-on-a-chip model. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:545-557. [PMID: 31160722 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to population aging, the social impact of osteoarthritis (OA)-the most common musculoskeletal disease-is expected to increase dramatically. Yet, therapy is still limited to palliative treatments or surgical intervention, and disease-modifying OA (DMOA) drugs are scarce, mainly because of the absence of relevant preclinical OA models. Therefore, in vitro models that can reliably predict the efficacy of DMOA drugs are needed. Here, we show, using a newly developed microphysiological cartilage-on-a-chip model that enables the application of strain-controlled compression to three-dimensional articular cartilage microtissue, that a 30% confined compression recapitulates the mechanical factors involved in OA pathogenesis and is sufficient to induce OA traits. Such hyperphysiological compression triggers a shift in cartilage homeostasis towards catabolism and inflammation, hypertrophy, and the acquisition of a gene expression profile akin to those seen in clinical osteoarthritic tissue. The cartilage on-a-chip model may enable the screening of DMOA candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Occhetta
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mainardi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Votta
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Queralt Vallmajo-Martin
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Phillips ER, Haislup BD, Bertha N, Lefchak M, Sincavage J, Prudnikova K, Shallop B, Mulcahey MK, Marcolongo MS. Biomimetic proteoglycans diffuse throughout articular cartilage and localize within the pericellular matrix. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1977-1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan R. Phillips
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nicholas Bertha
- College of Medicine Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Lefchak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Sincavage
- School of Biomedical Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Katsiaryna Prudnikova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Brandon Shallop
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Mary K. Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Michele S. Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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40
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Danalache M, Kleinert R, Schneider J, Erler AL, Schwitalle M, Riester R, Traub F, Hofmann UK. Changes in stiffness and biochemical composition of the pericellular matrix as a function of spatial chondrocyte organisation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:823-832. [PMID: 30711608 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During osteoarthritis (OA), chondrocytes seem to change their spatial arrangement from single to double strings, small and big clusters. Since the pericellular matrix (PCM) appears to degrade alongside this reorganisation, it has been suggested that spatial patterns act as an image-based biomarker for OA. The aim of this study was to establish the functional relevance of spatial organisation in articular cartilage. METHOD Cartilage samples were selected according to their predominant spatial cellular pattern. Young's modulus of their PCM was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) (∼500 measurements/pattern). The distribution of two major PCM components (collagen type VI and perlecan) was analysed by immunohistochemistry (8 patients) and protein content quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (58 patients). RESULTS PCM stiffness significantly decreased with the development from single to double strings (p = 0.030), from double strings to small clusters (p = 0.015), and from small clusters to big clusters (p < 0.001). At the same time, the initially compact collagen type VI and perlecan staining progressively weakened and was less focalised. The earliest point with a significant reduction in protein content as shown by ELISA was the transition from single strings to small clusters for collagen type VI (p = 0.016) and from double strings to small clusters for perlecan (p = 0.008), with the lowest amounts for both proteins seen in big clusters. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the functional relevance of spatial chondrocyte organisation as an image-based biomarker. At the transition from single to double strings PCM stiffness decreases, followed by protein degradation from double strings to small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Danalache
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - R Kleinert
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - J Schneider
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - A L Erler
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany; Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - M Schwitalle
- Winghofer Medicum, Röntgenstraße 38, D-72108 Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany.
| | - R Riester
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - F Traub
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - U K Hofmann
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestraße 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Kestilä I, Thevenot J, Finnilä M, Karhula S, Hadjab I, Kauppinen S, Garon M, Quenneville E, Haapea M, Rieppo L, Pritzker K, Buschmann M, Nieminen H, Saarakkala S. In vitro method for 3D morphometry of human articular cartilage chondrons based on micro-computed tomography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1118-1126. [PMID: 29802974 PMCID: PMC6058088 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were: to 1) develop a novel sample processing protocol to visualize human articular cartilage (AC) chondrons using micro-computed tomography (μCT), 2) develop and validate an algorithm to quantify the chondron morphology in 3D, and 3) compare the differences in chondron morphology between intact and osteoarthritic AC. METHOD The developed protocol is based on the dehydration of samples with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), followed by imaging with a desktop μCT. Chondron density and depth, as well as volume and sphericity, were calculated in 3D with a custom-made and validated algorithm employing semi-automatic chondron selection and segmentation. The quantitative parameters were analyzed at three AC depth zones (zone 1: 0-10%; zone 2: 10-40%; zone 3: 40-100%) and grouped by the OARSI histological grades (OARSI grades 0-1.0, n = 6; OARSI grades 3.0-3.5, n = 6). RESULTS After semi-automatic chondron selection and segmentation, 1510 chondrons were approved for 3D morphometric analyses. The chondrons especially in the deeper tissue (zones 2 and 3) were significantly larger (P < 0.001) and less spherical (P < 0.001), respectively, in the OARSI grade 3-3.5 group compared to the OARSI grade 0-1.0 group. No statistically significant difference in chondron density between the OARSI grade groups was observed at different depths. CONCLUSION We have developed a novel sample processing protocol for chondron imaging in 3D, as well as a high-throughput algorithm to semi-automatically quantify chondron/chondrocyte 3D morphology in AC. Our results also suggest that 3D chondron morphology is affected by the progression of osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Kestilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: I. Kestilä, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, POB 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - J. Thevenot
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - M.A. Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - S.S. Karhula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - I. Hadjab
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada,Biomomentum Inc., 970 Michelin St., Suite 200, Laval, Quebec H7L 5C1, Canada
| | - S. Kauppinen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M. Garon
- Biomomentum Inc., 970 Michelin St., Suite 200, Laval, Quebec H7L 5C1, Canada
| | - E. Quenneville
- Biomomentum Inc., 970 Michelin St., Suite 200, Laval, Quebec H7L 5C1, Canada
| | - M. Haapea
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L. Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K.P. Pritzker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M.D. Buschmann
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada,Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales, Polytechnique Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - H.J. Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - S. Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Jacer S, Shafaei H, Soleimani Rad J. An Investigation on the Regenerative Effects of Intra Articular Injection of Co-Cultured Adipose Derived Stem Cells with Chondron for Treatment of Induced Osteoarthritis. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:297-306. [PMID: 30023332 PMCID: PMC6046423 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) and chondrocytes are best cells for articular cartilage regeneration. Chondrocyte with peri-cellular matrix (PCM) is called chondron provides ideal microenviroment than chondrocytes. We aimed to evaluate the regenerative effects of intra-articular injection of ASCs co-cultures with chondron in induced osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: ASC, from the peri-renal fat of male rat and chondron from primary newborn rat hyaline cartilage were isolated. ASCs were cultured for at least three passages in vitro. Six weeks after OA induction, rats were randomly distributed in five groups of control, osteoarthritic, ASC, chondron and co-cultured. ASCs (107), chondrons (107) and combination of chondrons and ASCs (107) were injected into intra-articular space of the rat knee. The effect of treatments was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic examinations. The expression levels of collagen type ΙΙ was studied by immunohistochemistry. Results: Macroscopic appearance of the co-cultured group, showed much enhanced articular cartilage regeneration compared to ASC and chondron groups. H&E showed evidence of repair site of articular surface without erosion and fibrillation versus OA group which showed thin layer of hyaline cartilage over tidemark and spontaneous fibrocartilage formation. Metachromatic regions stained with toluidine blue were larger in treatment groups versus OA group. Strong intensity of type ΙΙ collagen staining was observed in co-culture group compared to other groups. Conclusion: Co-culture of chondrons and ASCs increased articular hyaline cartilage formation and provides a useful tool to improve limitations of each of applied cells in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorayya Jacer
- Department of Anatomical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Anatomical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Department of Anatomical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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43
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Guilak F, Nims RJ, Dicks A, Wu CL, Meulenbelt I. Osteoarthritis as a disease of the cartilage pericellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:40-50. [PMID: 29800616 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a painful joint disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage as well as associated changes to the subchondral bone, synovium, and surrounding joint tissues. While the effects of osteoarthritis on the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) have been well recognized, it is now becoming apparent that in many cases, the onset of the disease may be initially reflected in the matrix region immediately surrounding the chondrocytes, termed the pericellular matrix (PCM). Growing evidence suggests that the PCM - which along with the enclosed chondrocytes are termed the "chondron" - acts as a critical transducer or "filter" of biochemical and biomechanical signals for the chondrocyte, serving to help regulate the homeostatic balance of chondrocyte metabolic activity in response to environmental signals. Indeed, it appears that alterations in PCM properties and cell-matrix interactions, secondary to genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, or biomechanical stimuli, could in fact serve as initiating or progressive factors for osteoarthritis. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the role of the PCM, with an emphasis on the reciprocity of changes that occur in this matrix region with disease, as well as how alterations in PCM properties could serve as a driver of ECM-based diseases such as osteoarthritis. Further study of the structure, function, and composition of the PCM in normal and diseased conditions may provide new insights into the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, and presumably new therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Robert J Nims
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Amanda Dicks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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44
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Vendra BB, Roan E, Williams JL. Chondron curvature mapping in growth plate cartilage under compressive loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 84:168-177. [PMID: 29783204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The physis, or growth plate, is a layer of cartilage responsible for long bone growth. It is organized into reserve, proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Unlike the reserve zone where chondrocytes are randomly arranged, either singly or in pairs, the proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes are arranged within tubular structures called chondrons. In previous studies, the strain patterns within the compressed growth plate have been reported to be nonuniform and inhomogeneous, with an apparent random pattern in compressive strains and a localized appearance of tensile strains. In this study we measured structural deformations along the entire lengths of chondrons when the physis was subjected to physiological (20%) and hyper-physiological (30% and 40%) levels of compression. This provided a means to interpret the apparent random strain patterns seen in texture correlation maps in terms of bending deformations of chondron structures and provided a physical explanation for the inhomogeneous and nonuniform strain patterns reported in previous studies. We observed relatively large bending deformations (kinking) of the chondron structures at the interface of the reserve and proliferative zones during compression. Bending in this region may induce dividing cells to align longitudinally to maintain column formation and drive longitudinal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya B Vendra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - Esra Roan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - John L Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States.
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45
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Hui Mingalone CK, Liu Z, Hollander JM, Garvey KD, Gibson AL, Banks RE, Zhang M, McAlindon TE, Nielsen HC, Georgakoudi I, Zeng L. Bioluminescence and second harmonic generation imaging reveal dynamic changes in the inflammatory and collagen landscape in early osteoarthritis. J Transl Med 2018; 98:656-669. [PMID: 29540857 PMCID: PMC7735372 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic disability whose mechanism of pathogenesis is largely elusive. Local inflammation is thought to play a key role in OA progression, especially in injury-associated OA. While multiple inflammatory cytokines are detected, the timing and extent of overall inflammatory activities in early OA and the manner by which joint inflammation correlates with cartilage structural damage are still unclear. We induced OA via destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in NFκB luciferase reporter mice, whose bioluminescent signal reflects the activity of NFκB, a central mediator of inflammation. Bioluminescence imaging data showed that DMM and sham control joints had a similar surge of inflammation at 1-week post-surgery, but the DMM joint exhibited a delay in resolution of inflammation in subsequent weeks. A similar trend was observed with synovitis, which we found to be mainly driven by synovial cell density and inflammatory infiltration rather than synovial lining thickness. Interestingly, an association between synovitis and collagen structural damage was observed in early OA. Using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging, we analyzed collagen fiber organization in articular cartilage. Zonal differences in collagen fiber thickness and organization were observed as soon as OA initiated after DMM surgery, and persisted over time. Even at 1-week post-surgery, the DMM joint showed a decrease in collagen fiber thickness in the deep zone and an increase in collagen fiber disorganization in the superficial zone. Since we were able detect and quantify collagen structural changes very early in OA development by SHG imaging, we concluded that SHG imaging is a highly sensitive tool to evaluate pathological changes in OA. In summary, this study uncovered a dynamic profile of inflammation and joint cartilage damage during OA initiation and development, providing novel insights into OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K. Hui Mingalone
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Judith M. Hollander
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kirsten D. Garvey
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Averi L. Gibson
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rose E. Banks
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Heber C. Nielsen
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Li Zeng
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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46
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Moo EK, Sibole SC, Han SK, Herzog W. Three-dimensional micro-scale strain mapping in living biological soft tissues. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:260-269. [PMID: 29425715 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive characterization of the mechanical micro-environment surrounding cells in biological tissues at multiple length scales is important for the understanding of the role of mechanics in regulating the biosynthesis and phenotype of cells. However, there is a lack of imaging methods that allow for characterization of the cell micro-environment in three-dimensional (3D) space. The aims of this study were (i) to develop a multi-photon laser microscopy protocol capable of imprinting 3D grid lines onto living tissue at a high spatial resolution, and (ii) to develop image processing software capable of analyzing the resulting microscopic images and performing high resolution 3D strain analyses. Using articular cartilage as the biological tissue of interest, we present a novel two-photon excitation imaging technique for measuring the internal 3D kinematics in intact cartilage at sub-micrometer resolution, spanning length scales from the tissue to the cell level. Using custom image processing software, we provide accurate and robust 3D micro-strain analysis that allows for detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the 3D tissue kinematics. This novel technique preserves tissue structural integrity post-scanning, therefore allowing for multiple strain measurements at different time points in the same specimen. The proposed technique is versatile and opens doors for experimental and theoretical investigations on the relationship between tissue deformation and cell biosynthesis. Studies of this nature may enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell mechano-transduction, and thus, adaptation and degeneration of soft connective tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We presented a novel two-photon excitation imaging technique for measuring the internal 3D kinematics in intact cartilage at sub-micrometer resolution, spanning from tissue length scale to cellular length scale. Using a custom image processing software (lsmgridtrack), we provide accurate and robust micro-strain analysis that allowed for detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the 3D tissue kinematics. The approach presented here can also be applied to other biological tissues such as meniscus and annulus fibrosus, as well as tissue-engineered tissues for the characterization of their mechanical properties. This imaging technique opens doors for experimental and theoretical investigation on the relationship between tissue deformation and cell biosynthesis. Studies of this nature may enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell mechano-transduction, and thus, adaptation and degeneration of soft connective tissues.
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47
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Servin-Vences MR, Richardson J, Lewin GR, Poole K. Mechanoelectrical transduction in chondrocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:481-488. [PMID: 29359488 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue lines the joints of mammals, helping to lubricate joint movement and distribute mechanical loads. This tissue is comprised of isolated cells known as chondrocytes which are embedded in an extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes produce and maintain the cartilage by sensing and responding to changing mechanical loads. Mechanosensitive ion channels have been implicated in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and recent studies have shown that both PIEZO1 and TRPV4 can be activated by mechanical stimuli in these cells. The 2 channels mediate separate but overlapping mechanoelectrical transduction pathways, PIEZO1 in response to stretch and substrate deflections and TRPV4 in response to substrate deflections alone. These distinct pathways of mechanoelectrical transduction suggest a mechanism by which chondrocytes can distinguish between different stimuli that arise in their complex mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Richardson
- School of Medical Sciences, EMBL Australia node for Single Molecule Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Department Neuroscience, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Kate Poole
- School of Medical Sciences, EMBL Australia node for Single Molecule Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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48
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Xia Y, Darling EM, Herzog W. Functional properties of chondrocytes and articular cartilage using optical imaging to scanning probe microscopy. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:620-631. [PMID: 28975657 PMCID: PMC5839958 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mature chondrocytes in adult articular cartilage vary in number, size, and shape, depending on their depth in the tissue, location in the joint, and source species. Chondrocytes are the primary structural, functional, and metabolic unit in articular cartilage, the loss of which will induce fatigue to the extracellular matrix (ECM), eventually leading to failure of the cartilage and impairment of the joint as a whole. This brief review focuses on the functional and biomechanical studies of chondrocytes and articular cartilage, using microscopic imaging from optical microscopies to scanning probe microscopy. Three topics are covered in this review, including the functional studies of chondrons by optical imaging (unpolarized and polarized light and infrared light, two-photon excitation microscopy), the probing of chondrocytes and cartilage directly using microscale measurement techniques, and different imaging approaches that can measure chondrocyte mechanics and chondrocyte biological signaling under in situ and in vivo environments. Technical advancement in chondrocyte research during recent years has enabled new ways to study the biomechanical and functional properties of these cells and cartilage. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:620-631, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Dept of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Eric M. Darling
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Dept of Orthopaedics, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculties of Kinesiology, Engineering and Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2T 1N4, Canada
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49
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Wahlquist JA, DelRio FW, Randolph MA, Aziz AH, Heveran CM, Bryant SJ, Neu CP, Ferguson VL. Indentation mapping revealed poroelastic, but not viscoelastic, properties spanning native zonal articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:41-49. [PMID: 29037894 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthrosis is a debilitating disease affecting millions, yet engineering materials for cartilage regeneration has proven difficult because of the complex microstructure of this tissue. Articular cartilage, like many biological tissues, produces a time-dependent response to mechanical load that is critical to cell's physiological function in part due to solid and fluid phase interactions and property variations across multiple length scales. Recreating the time-dependent strain and fluid flow may be critical for successfully engineering replacement tissues but thus far has largely been neglected. Here, microindentation is used to accomplish three objectives: (1) quantify a material's time-dependent mechanical response, (2) map material properties at a cellular relevant length scale throughout zonal articular cartilage and (3) elucidate the underlying viscoelastic, poroelastic, and nonlinear poroelastic causes of deformation in articular cartilage. Untreated and trypsin-treated cartilage was sectioned perpendicular to the articular surface and indentation was used to evaluate properties throughout zonal cartilage on the cut surface. The experimental results demonstrated that within all cartilage zones, the mechanical response was well represented by a model assuming nonlinear biphasic behavior and did not follow conventional viscoelastic or linear poroelastic models. Additionally, 10% (w/w) agarose was tested and, as anticipated, behaved as a linear poroelastic material. The approach outlined here provides a method, applicable to many tissues and biomaterials, which reveals and quantifies the underlying causes of time-dependent deformation, elucidates key aspects of material structure and function, and that can be used to provide important inputs for computational models and targets for tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating the time-dependent mechanical behavior of cartilage, and other biological materials, is critical to adequately recapitulate native mechanosensory cues for cells. We used microindentation to map the time-dependent properties of untreated and trypsin treated cartilage throughout each cartilage zone. Unlike conventional approaches that combine viscoelastic and poroelastic behaviors into a single framework, we deconvoluted the mechanical response into separate contributions to time-dependent behavior. Poroelastic effects in all cartilage zones dominated the time-dependent behavior of articular cartilage, and a model that incorporates tension-compression nonlinearity best represented cartilage mechanical behavior. These results can be used to assess the success of regeneration and repair approaches, as design targets for tissue engineering, and for development of accurate computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Wahlquist
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Frank W DelRio
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Mark A Randolph
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron H Aziz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Chelsea M Heveran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.
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50
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Szczesny SE, Mauck RL. The Nuclear Option: Evidence Implicating the Cell Nucleus in Mechanotransduction. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2592356. [PMID: 27918797 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical stimuli presented to cells via microenvironmental properties (e.g., alignment and stiffness) or external forces have a significant impact on cell function and behavior. Recently, the cell nucleus has been identified as a mechanosensitive organelle that contributes to the perception and response to mechanical stimuli. However, the specific mechanotransduction mechanisms that mediate these effects have not been clearly established. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of the evidence supporting (and refuting) three hypothetical nuclear mechanotransduction mechanisms: physical reorganization of chromatin, signaling at the nuclear envelope, and altered cytoskeletal structure/tension due to nuclear remodeling. Our goal is to provide a reference detailing the progress that has been made and the areas that still require investigation regarding the role of nuclear mechanotransduction in cell biology. Additionally, we will briefly discuss the role that mathematical models of cell mechanics can play in testing these hypotheses and in elucidating how biophysical stimulation of the nucleus drives changes in cell behavior. While force-induced alterations in signaling pathways involving lamina-associated polypeptides (LAPs) (e.g., emerin and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3)) and transcription factors (TFs) located at the nuclear envelope currently appear to be the most clearly supported mechanism of nuclear mechanotransduction, additional work is required to examine this process in detail and to more fully test alternative mechanisms. The combination of sophisticated experimental techniques and advanced mathematical models is necessary to enhance our understanding of the role of the nucleus in the mechanotransduction processes driving numerous critical cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E Szczesny
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104;Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 e-mail:
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