1
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Josephson TO, Morgan EF. Harnessing mechanical cues in the cellular microenvironment for bone regeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1232698. [PMID: 37877097 PMCID: PMC10591087 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1232698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
At the macroscale, bones experience a variety of compressive and tensile loads, and these loads cause deformations of the cortical and trabecular microstructure. These deformations produce a variety of stimuli in the cellular microenvironment that can influence the differentiation of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and the activity of cells of the MSC lineage, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Mechanotransduction, or conversion of mechanical stimuli to biochemical and biological signals, is thus part of a multiscale mechanobiological process that drives bone modeling, remodeling, fracture healing, and implant osseointegration. Despite strong evidence of the influence of a variety of mechanical cues, and multiple paradigms proposed to explain the influence of these cues on tissue growth and differentiation, even a working understanding of how skeletal cells respond to the complex combinations of stimuli in their microenvironments remains elusive. This review covers the current understanding of what types of microenvironmental mechanical cues MSCs respond to and what is known about how they respond in the presence of multiple such cues. We argue that in order to realize the vast potential for harnessing the cellular microenvironment for the enhancement of bone regeneration, additional investigations of how combinations of mechanical cues influence bone regeneration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O. Josephson
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elise F. Morgan
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Zhao C, Liu H, Tian C, Zhang C, Wang W. Multi-scale numerical simulation on mechano-transduction of osteocytes in different gravity fields. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:1419-1430. [PMID: 36048419 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional model for osteocyte was established to research the mechanisms of mechano-transduction and amplification of primary cilium and osteocyte process in every gravity field. The results showed that significant stress concentration was observed in the area of physical connection between TES and the osteocyte process, where the fluid shear stress (FSS) was around two orders of magnitude higher than that in other areas. Due to the significant amplification effect of the TES structure on mechanical stimulation, making osteocyte process the "optimal mechanical receptor". In microgravity, the mechanical signal conduction ability of the osteocyte decreased significantly.. HighlightsAt the micro-nano scale, a 3D model for single bone lacunae-osteocyte system is established.The stress amplification mechanism of the transverse element is verified.Compared with the primary cilium, osteocyte process is the 'optimal mechanical receptor'.In microgravity, the mechanical signal conduction ability of osteocyte system decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Congbiao Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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3
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Khatib NS, Monsen J, Ahmed S, Huang Y, Hoey DA, Nowlan NC. Mechanoregulatory role of TRPV4 in prenatal skeletal development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2155. [PMID: 36696489 PMCID: PMC9876556 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical cues are essential for guiding skeletal development, but the mechanisms underlying the mechanical regulation of cartilage and bone formation are unknown. TRPV4 is a mechanically sensitive ion channel involved in cartilage and bone cell mechanosensing, mutations of which lead to skeletal developmental pathologies. We tested the hypothesis that loading-driven prenatal skeletal development is dependent on TRPV4 activity. We first establish that mechanically stimulating mouse embryo hindlimbs cultured ex vivo stimulates knee cartilage growth, morphogenesis, and expression of TRPV4, which localizes to areas of high biophysical stimuli. We then demonstrate that loading-driven joint cartilage growth and shape are dependent on TRPV4 activity, mediated via control of cell proliferation and matrix biosynthesis, indicating a mechanism by which mechanical loading could direct growth and morphogenesis during joint formation. We conclude that mechanoregulatory pathways initiated by TRPV4 guide skeletal development; therefore, TRPV4 is a valuable target for the development of skeletal regenerative and repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal S. Khatib
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Monsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuming Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David A. Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Gabetti S, Masante B, Cochis A, Putame G, Sanginario A, Armando I, Fiume E, Scalia AC, Daou F, Baino F, Salati S, Morbiducci U, Rimondini L, Bignardi C, Massai D. An automated 3D-printed perfusion bioreactor combinable with pulsed electromagnetic field stimulators for bone tissue investigations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13859. [PMID: 35974079 PMCID: PMC9381575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering research, bioreactors designed for replicating the main features of the complex native environment represent powerful investigation tools. Moreover, when equipped with automation, their use allows reducing user intervention and dependence, increasing reproducibility and the overall quality of the culture process. In this study, an automated uni-/bi-directional perfusion bioreactor combinable with pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation for culturing 3D bone tissue models is proposed. A user-friendly control unit automates the perfusion, minimizing the user dependency. Computational fluid dynamics simulations supported the culture chamber design and allowed the estimation of the shear stress values within the construct. Electromagnetic field simulations demonstrated that, in case of combination with a PEMF stimulator, the construct can be exposed to uniform magnetic fields. Preliminary biological tests on 3D bone tissue models showed that perfusion promotes the release of the early differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase. The histological analysis confirmed that perfusion favors cells to deposit more extracellular matrix (ECM) with respect to the static culture and revealed that bi-directional perfusion better promotes ECM deposition across the construct with respect to uni-directional perfusion. Lastly, the Real-time PCR results of 3D bone tissue models cultured under bi-directional perfusion without and with PEMF stimulation revealed that the only perfusion induced a ~ 40-fold up-regulation of the expression of the osteogenic gene collagen type I with respect to the static control, while a ~ 80-fold up-regulation was measured when perfusion was combined with PEMF stimulation, indicating a positive synergic pro-osteogenic effect of combined physical stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gabetti
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Beatrice Masante
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Putame
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sanginario
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ileana Armando
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Fiume
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Calogero Scalia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Farah Daou
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Baino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Morbiducci
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bignardi
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Diana Massai
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy. .,Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy.
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6
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Özkale B, Lou J, Özelçi E, Elosegui-Artola A, Tringides CM, Mao AS, Sakar MS, Mooney DJ. Actuated 3D microgels for single cell mechanobiology. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1962-1970. [PMID: 35437554 PMCID: PMC10116575 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new cell culture technology for large-scale mechanobiology studies capable of generating and applying optically controlled uniform compression on single cells in 3D. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are individually encapsulated inside an optically triggered nanoactuator-alginate hybrid biomaterial using microfluidics, and the encapsulating network isotropically compresses the cell upon activation by light. The favorable biomolecular properties of alginate allow cell culture in vitro up to a week. The mechanically active microgels are capable of generating up to 15% compressive strain and forces reaching 400 nN. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the use of the mechanically active cell culture system in mechanobiology by subjecting singly encapsulated MSCs to optically generated isotropic compression and monitoring changes in intracellular calcium intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Özkale
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Junzhe Lou
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ece Özelçi
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alberto Elosegui-Artola
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christina M Tringides
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Angelo S Mao
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mahmut Selman Sakar
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - David J Mooney
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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7
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Tang J, Li H, Guo M, Zhao Z, Liu H, Ren Y, Wang J, Cui X, Shen Y, Jin H, Zhao Y, Xiong T. Enhanced spreading, migration and osteodifferentiation of HBMSCs on macroporous CS-Ta - A biocompatible macroporous coating for hard tissue repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112411. [PMID: 34579920 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous tantalum (Ta) coating was produced on titanium alloy implant for bone repair by cold spray (CS) technology, which is a promising technology for oxygen sensitive materials. The surface characteristics as well as in vitro cytocompatibility were systematically evaluated. The results showed that a rough and macroporous CS-Ta coating was formed on the Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy surfaces. The surface roughness showed a significant enhancement from 17.06 μm (CS-Ta-S), 27.48 μm (CS-Ta-M) to 39.21 μm (CS-Ta-L) with the increase of the average pore diameter of CS-Ta coatings from 138.25 μm, 198.25 μm to 355.56 μm. In vitro results showed that macroporous CS-Ta structure with tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) was more favorable to induce human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs) spreading, migration and osteodifferentiation than TC4. Compared with the micro-scaled structure outside the macropores, the surface micro-nano structure inside the macropores was more favorable to promote osteodifferentiation with enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. In particular, CS-Ta-L with the largest pore size showed significantly enhanced integrin-α5 expression, cell migration, ALP activity, ECM mineralization as well as osteogenic-related genes including ALP, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) expression. Our results indicated that macroporous Ta coatings by CS, especially CS-Ta-L, may be promising for hard tissue repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Tang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Mingxiao Guo
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhipo Zhao
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hanhui Liu
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jiqiang Wang
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yanfang Shen
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Huazi Jin
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Tianying Xiong
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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8
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Wang L, Zheng F, Song R, Zhuang L, Yang M, Suo J, Li L. Integrins in the Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation by Mechanical Signals. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:126-141. [PMID: 34536203 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can sense and convert mechanical stimuli signals into a chemical response. Integrins are involved in the mechanotransduction from inside to outside and from outside to inside, and ultimately affect the fate of MSCs responding to different mechanical signals. Different integrins participate in different signaling pathways to regulate MSCs multi-differentiation. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the effects of mechanical signals on the differentiation of MSCs, the importance of integrins in mechanotransduction, the relationship between integrin heterodimers and different mechanical signals, and the interaction among mechanical signals. We put forward our views on the prospect and challenges of developing mechanical biology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwen Zheng
- Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Song
- Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lequan Zhuang
- Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Suo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jilin University First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Yokoyama Y, Kameo Y, Kamioka H, Adachi T. High-resolution image-based simulation reveals membrane strain concentration on osteocyte processes caused by tethering elements. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2353-2360. [PMID: 34471950 PMCID: PMC8595188 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are vital for regulating bone remodeling by sensing the flow-induced mechanical stimuli applied to their cell processes. In this mechanosensing mechanism, tethering elements (TEs) connecting the osteocyte process with the canalicular wall potentially amplify the strain on the osteocyte processes. The ultrastructure of the osteocyte processes and canaliculi can be visualized at a nanometer scale using high-resolution imaging via ultra-high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM). Moreover, the irregular shapes of the osteocyte processes and the canaliculi, including the TEs in the canalicular space, should considerably influence the mechanical stimuli applied to the osteocytes. This study aims to characterize the roles of the ultrastructure of osteocyte processes and canaliculi in the mechanism of osteocyte mechanosensing. Thus, we constructed a high-resolution image-based model of an osteocyte process and a canaliculus using UHVEM tomography and investigated the distribution and magnitude of flow-induced local strain on the osteocyte process by performing fluid–structure interaction simulation. The analysis results reveal that local strain concentration in the osteocyte process was induced by a small number of TEs with high tension, which were inclined depending on the irregular shapes of osteocyte processes and canaliculi. Therefore, this study could provide meaningful insights into the effect of ultrastructure of osteocyte processes and canaliculi on the osteocyte mechanosensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yokoyama
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kameo
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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10
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Abusharkh HA, Mallah AH, Amr MM, Mendenhall J, Gozen BA, Tingstad EM, Abu-Lail NI, Van Wie BJ. Enhanced matrix production by cocultivated human stem cells and chondrocytes under concurrent mechanical strain. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:631-640. [PMID: 34129185 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatments of osteoarthritis have failed to re-build functional articular cartilage. Tissue engineering clinical treatments for osteoarthritis, including autologous chondrocyte implantation, provides an alternative approach by injecting a cell suspension to fill lesions within the cartilage in osteoarthritic knees. The success of chondrocyte implantation relies on the availability of chondrogenic cell lines, and their resilience to high mechanical loading. We hypothesize we can reduce the numbers of human articular chondrocytes necessary for a treatment by supplementing cultures with human adipose-derived stem cells, in which stem cells will have protective and stimulatory effects on mixed cultures when exposed to high mechanical loads, and in which coculture will enhance production of requisite extracellular matrix proteins over those produced by stretched chondrocytes alone. In this work, adipose-derived stem cells and articular chondrocytes were cultured separately or cocultivated at ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 in static plates or under excessive cyclic tensile strain of 10% and results were compared to culturing of both cell types alone with and without cyclic strain. Results indicate 75% of chondrocytes in engineered articular cartilage can be replaced with stem cells with enhanced collagen over all culture conditions and glycosaminoglycan content over stretched cultures of chondrocytes. This can be done without observing adverse effects on cell viability. Collagen and glycosaminoglycan secretion, when compared to chondrocyte alone under 10% strain, was enhanced 6.1- and 2-fold, respectively, by chondrocytes cocultivated with stem cells at a ratio of 1:3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen A Abusharkh
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 1505 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA
| | - Alia H Mallah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Amr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Juana Mendenhall
- Department of Chemistry, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Bulent A Gozen
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2920, USA
| | - Edwin M Tingstad
- Inland Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Clinic, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Nehal I Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Bernard J Van Wie
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 1505 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA.
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11
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Dey K, Roca E, Ramorino G, Sartore L. Progress in the mechanical modulation of cell functions in tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7033-7081. [PMID: 33150878 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, mechanics at multiple stages-nucleus to cell to ECM-underlie multiple physiological and pathological functions from its development to reproduction to death. Under this inspiration, substantial research has established the role of multiple aspects of mechanics in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including spreading, migration, growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, our understanding of how these mechanical mechanisms are orchestrated or tuned at different stages to maintain or restore the healthy environment at the tissue or organ level remains largely a mystery. Over the past few decades, research in the mechanical manipulation of the surrounding environment-known as substrate or matrix or scaffold on which, or within which, cells are seeded-has been exceptionally enriched in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To do so, traditional tissue engineering aims at recapitulating key mechanical milestones of native ECM into a substrate for guiding the cell fate and functions towards specific tissue regeneration. Despite tremendous progress, a big puzzle that remains is how the cells compute a host of mechanical cues, such as stiffness (elasticity), viscoelasticity, plasticity, non-linear elasticity, anisotropy, mechanical forces, and mechanical memory, into many biological functions in a cooperative, controlled, and safe manner. High throughput understanding of key cellular decisions as well as associated mechanosensitive downstream signaling pathway(s) for executing these decisions in response to mechanical cues, solo or combined, is essential to address this issue. While many reports have been made towards the progress and understanding of mechanical cues-particularly, substrate bulk stiffness and viscoelasticity-in regulating the cellular responses, a complete picture of mechanical cues is lacking. This review highlights a comprehensive view on the mechanical cues that are linked to modulate many cellular functions and consequent tissue functionality. For a very basic understanding, a brief discussion of the key mechanical players of ECM and the principle of mechanotransduction process is outlined. In addition, this review gathers together the most important data on the stiffness of various cells and ECM components as well as various tissues/organs and proposes an associated link from the mechanical perspective that is not yet reported. Finally, beyond addressing the challenges involved in tuning the interplaying mechanical cues in an independent manner, emerging advances in designing biomaterials for tissue engineering are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamol Dey
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
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12
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Zhou T, Gao B, Fan Y, Liu Y, Feng S, Cong Q, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yadav PS, Lin J, Wu N, Zhao L, Huang D, Zhou S, Su P, Yang Y. Piezo1/2 mediate mechanotransduction essential for bone formation through concerted activation of NFAT-YAP1-ß-catenin. eLife 2020; 9:52779. [PMID: 32186512 PMCID: PMC7112954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are fundamental regulators of cell behaviors. However, molecular regulation of mechanotransduction remain poorly understood. Here, we identified the mechanosensitive channels Piezo1 and Piezo2 as key force sensors required for bone development and osteoblast differentiation. Loss of Piezo1, or more severely Piezo1/2, in mesenchymal or osteoblast progenitor cells, led to multiple spontaneous bone fractures in newborn mice due to inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and increased bone resorption. In addition, loss of Piezo1/2 rendered resistant to further bone loss caused by unloading in both bone development and homeostasis. Mechanistically, Piezo1/2 relayed fluid shear stress and extracellular matrix stiffness signals to activate Ca2+ influx to stimulate Calcineurin, which promotes concerted activation of NFATc1, YAP1 and ß-catenin transcription factors by inducing their dephosphorylation as well as NFAT/YAP1/ß-catenin complex formation. Yap1 and ß-catenin activities were reduced in the Piezo1 and Piezo1/2 mutant bones and such defects were partially rescued by enhanced ß-catenin activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Shuhao Feng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Prem S Yadav
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, United States
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13
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Alfieri R, Vassalli M, Viti F. Flow-induced mechanotransduction in skeletal cells. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:729-743. [PMID: 31529361 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human body is subject to many and variegated mechanical stimuli, actuated in different ranges of force, frequency, and duration. The process through which cells "feel" forces and convert them into biochemical cascades is called mechanotransduction. In this review, the effects of fluid shear stress on bone cells will be presented. After an introduction to present the major players in bone system, we describe the mechanoreceptors in bone tissue that can feel and process fluid flow. In the second part of the review, we present an overview of the biological processes and biochemical cascades initiated by fluid shear stress in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Alfieri
- Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - National Research Council (IGM-CNR), Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Institute of Biophysics - National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Viti
- Institute of Biophysics - National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
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14
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Qin X, Li J, Sun J, Liu L, Chen D, Liu Y. Low shear stress induces ERK nuclear localization and YAP activation to control the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:219-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Steward AJ, Kelly DJ, Wagner DR. Purinergic Signaling Regulates the Transforming Growth Factor-β3-Induced Chondrogenic Response of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Hydrostatic Pressure. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 22:831-9. [PMID: 27137792 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hydrostatic pressure (HP) is known to regulate chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), improved insight into the mechanotransduction of HP may form the basis for novel tissue engineering strategies. Previously, we demonstrated that matrix stiffness and calcium ion (Ca(++)) mobility regulate the mechanotransduction of HP; however, the mechanisms, by which these Ca(++) signaling pathways are initiated, are currently unknown. The purinergic pathway, in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released and activates P-receptors to initiate Ca(++) signaling, plays a key role in the mechanotransduction of compression, but has yet to be investigated with regard to HP. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the interplay between purinergic signaling, matrix stiffness, and the chondrogenic response of MSCs to HP. Porcine bone marrow-derived MSCs were seeded into soft or stiff agarose hydrogels and subjected to HP (10 MPa at 1 Hz for 4 h/d for 21 days) or kept in free swelling conditions. Stiff constructs were incubated with pharmacological inhibitors of extracellular ATP, P2 receptors, or hemichannels, or without any inhibitors as a control. As with other loading modalities, HP significantly increased ATP release in the control group; however, inhibition of hemichannels completely abrogated this response. The increase in sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis and vimentin reorganization observed in the control group in response to HP was suppressed in the presence of all three inhibitors, suggesting that purinergic signaling is involved in the mechanoresponse of MSCs to HP. Interestingly, ATP was released from both soft and stiff hydrogels in response to HP, but HP only enhanced chondrogenesis in the stiff hydrogels, indicating that matrix stiffness may act downstream of purinergic signaling to regulate the mechanoresponse of MSCs to HP. Addition of exogenous ATP did not replicate the effects of HP on chondrogenesis, suggesting that mechanisms other than purinergic signaling also regulate the response of MSCs to HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Steward
- 1 Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana.,2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,3 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland .,4 Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Diane R Wagner
- 5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana.,6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana
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17
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Local calcium signalling is mediated by mechanosensitive ion channels in mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:563-568. [PMID: 27856251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are implicated in key physiological processes in stem cells, including proliferation, differentiation and lineage switching. To date, there is an evident lack of understanding of how external mechanical cues are coupled with calcium signalling in stem cells. Mechanical reactions are of particular interest in adult mesenchymal stem cells because of their promising potential for use in tissue remodelling and clinical therapy. Here, single channel patch-clamp technique was employed to search for cation channels involved in mechanosensitivity in mesenchymal endometrial-derived stem cells (hMESCs). Functional expression of native mechanosensitive stretch-activated channels (SACs) and calcium-sensitive potassium channels of different conductances in hMESCs was shown. Single current analysis of stretch-induced channel activity revealed functional coupling of SACs and BK channels in plasma membrane. The combination of cell-attached and inside-out experiments have indicated that highly localized Ca2+ entry via SACs triggers BK channel activity. At the same time, SK channels are not coupled with SACs despite of high calcium sensitivity as compared to BK. Our data demonstrate novel mechanism controlling BK channel activity in native cells. We conclude that SACs and BK channels are clusterized in functional mechanosensitive domains in the plasma membrane of hMESCs. Co-clustering of ion channels may significantly contribute to mechano-dependent calcium signalling in stem cells.
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18
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Brady MA, Waldman SD, Ethier CR. The Application of Multiple Biophysical Cues to Engineer Functional Neocartilage for Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Part I: Cellular Response. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariea A. Brady
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - C. Ross Ethier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Steward AJ, Kelly DJ. Mechanical regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. J Anat 2014; 227:717-31. [PMID: 25382217 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical cues play a key role in directing the lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), but the mechanotransductive mechanisms at play are still not fully understood. This review article first describes the roles of both substrate mechanics (e.g. stiffness and topography) and extrinsic mechanical cues (e.g. fluid flow, compression, hydrostatic pressure, tension) on the differentiation of MSCs. A specific focus is placed on the role of such factors in regulating the osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Next, the article focuses on the cellular components, specifically integrins, ion channels, focal adhesions and the cytoskeleton, hypothesized to be involved in MSC mechanotransduction. This review aims to illustrate the strides that have been made in elucidating how MSCs sense and respond to their mechanical environment, and also to identify areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Steward
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Murphy WL, McDevitt TC, Engler AJ. Materials as stem cell regulators. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:547-57. [PMID: 24845994 PMCID: PMC4163547 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell/material interface is a complex, dynamic microenvironment in which the cell and the material cooperatively dictate one another's fate: the cell by remodelling its surroundings, and the material through its inherent properties (such as adhesivity, stiffness, nanostructure or degradability). Stem cells in contact with materials are able to sense their properties, integrate cues via signal propagation and ultimately translate parallel signalling information into cell fate decisions. However, discovering the mechanisms by which stem cells respond to inherent material characteristics is challenging because of the highly complex, multicomponent signalling milieu present in the stem cell environment. In this Review, we discuss recent evidence that shows that inherent material properties may be engineered to dictate stem cell fate decisions, and overview a subset of the operative signal transduction mechanisms that have begun to emerge. Further developments in stem cell engineering and mechanotransduction are poised to have substantial implications for stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Murphy
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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21
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Shah N, Morsi Y, Manasseh R. From mechanical stimulation to biological pathways in the regulation of stem cell fate. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:309-25. [PMID: 24574137 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli are important in directing the fate of stem cells; the effects of mechanical stimuli reported in recent research are reviewed here. Stem cells normally undergo two fundamental processes: proliferation, in which their numbers multiply, and differentiation, in which they transform into the specialized cells needed by the adult organism. Mechanical stimuli are well known to affect both processes of proliferation and differentiation, although the complete pathways relating specific mechanical stimuli to stem cell fate remain to be elucidated. We identified two broad classes of research findings and organized them according to the type of mechanical stress (compressive, tensile or shear) of the stimulus. Firstly, mechanical stress of any type activates stretch-activated channels (SACs) on the cell membrane. Activation of SACs leads to cytoskeletal remodelling and to the expression of genes that regulate the basic growth, survival or apoptosis of the cells and thus regulates proliferation. Secondly, mechanical stress on cells that are physically attached to an extracellular matrix (ECM) initiates remodelling of cell membrane structures called integrins. This second process is highly dependent on the type of mechanical stress applied and result into various biological responses. A further process, the Wnt pathway, is also implicated: crosstalk between the integrin and Wnt pathways regulates the switch from proliferation to differentiation and finally regulates the type of differentiation. Therefore, the stem cell differentiation process involves different signalling molecules and their pathways and most likely depends upon the applied mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Shah
- Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Mechanical influences on morphogenesis of the knee joint revealed through morphological, molecular and computational analysis of immobilised embryos. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17526. [PMID: 21386908 PMCID: PMC3046254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the regulation of morphogenesis in synovial joints. Mechanical forces generated from muscle contractions are required for normal development of several aspects of normal skeletogenesis. Here we show that biophysical stimuli generated by muscle contractions impact multiple events during chick knee joint morphogenesis influencing differential growth of the skeletal rudiment epiphyses and patterning of the emerging tissues in the joint interzone. Immobilisation of chick embryos was achieved through treatment with the neuromuscular blocking agent Decamethonium Bromide. The effects on development of the knee joint were examined using a combination of computational modelling to predict alterations in biophysical stimuli, detailed morphometric analysis of 3D digital representations, cell proliferation assays and in situ hybridisation to examine the expression of a selected panel of genes known to regulate joint development. This work revealed the precise changes to shape, particularly in the distal femur, that occur in an altered mechanical environment, corresponding to predicted changes in the spatial and dynamic patterns of mechanical stimuli and region specific changes in cell proliferation rates. In addition, we show altered patterning of the emerging tissues of the joint interzone with the loss of clearly defined and organised cell territories revealed by loss of characteristic interzone gene expression and abnormal expression of cartilage markers. This work shows that local dynamic patterns of biophysical stimuli generated from muscle contractions in the embryo act as a source of positional information guiding patterning and morphogenesis of the developing knee joint.
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Hammerick KE, Huang Z, Sun N, Lam MT, Prinz FB, Wu JC, Commons GW, Longaker MT. Elastic properties of induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:495-502. [PMID: 20807017 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent technique of transducing key transcription factors into unipotent cells (fibroblasts) to generate pluripotent stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs]) has significantly changed the stem cell field. These cells have great promise for many clinical applications, including that of regenerative medicine. Our findings show that iPSCs can be derived from human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs), a notable advancement in the clinical applicability of these cells. To investigate differences between two iPS cell lines (fibroblast-iPSC and hASC-iPSC), and also the gold standard human embryonic stem cell, we looked at cell stiffness as a possible indicator of cell differentiation-potential differences. We used atomic force microscopy as a tool to determine stem cell stiffness, and hence differences in material properties between cells. Human fibroblast and hASC stiffness was also ascertained for comparison. Interestingly, cells exhibited a noticeable difference in stiffness. From least to most stiff, the order of cell stiffness was as follows: hASC-iPSC, human embryonic stem cell, fibroblast-iPSC, fibroblasts, and, lastly, as the stiffest cell, hASC. In comparing hASC-iPSCs to their origin cell, the hASC, the reprogrammed cell is significantly less stiff, indicating that greater differentiation potentials may correlate with a lower cellular modulus. The stiffness differences are not dependent on cell culture density; hence, material differences between cells cannot be attributed solely to cell-cell constraints. The change in mechanical properties of the cells in response to reprogramming offers insight into how the cell interacts with its environment and might lend clues to how to efficiently reprogram cell populations as well as how to maintain their pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Hammerick
- Rapid Prototyping Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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24
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Matthews BD, Thodeti CK, Tytell JD, Mammoto A, Overby DR, Ingber DE. Ultra-rapid activation of TRPV4 ion channels by mechanical forces applied to cell surface beta1 integrins. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:435-42. [PMID: 20725677 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are ubiquitous transmembrane mechanoreceptors that elicit changes in intracellular biochemistry in response to mechanical force application, but these alterations generally proceed over seconds to minutes. Stress-sensitive ion channels represent another class of mechanoreceptors that are activated much more rapidly (within msec), and recent findings suggest that calcium influx through Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) channels expressed in the plasma membrane of bovine capillary endothelial cells is required for mechanical strain-induced changes in focal adhesion assembly, cell orientation and directional migration. However, whether mechanically stretching a cell's extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions might directly activate cell surface ion channels remains unknown. Here we show that forces applied to beta1 integrins result in ultra-rapid (within 4 msec) activation of calcium influx through TRPV4 channels. The TRPV4 channels were specifically activated by mechanical strain in the cytoskeletal backbone of the focal adhesion, and not by deformation of the lipid bilayer or submembranous cortical cytoskeleton alone. This early-immediate calcium signaling response required the distal region of the beta1 integrin cytoplasmic tail that contains a binding site for the integrin-associated transmembrane CD98 protein, and external force application to CD98 within focal adhesions activated the same ultra-rapid calcium signaling response. Local direct strain-dependent activation of TRPV4 channels mediated by force transfer from integrins and CD98 may therefore enable compartmentalization of calcium signaling within focal adhesions that is critical for mechanical control of many cell behaviors that underlie cell and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Physicochemical control of adult stem cell differentiation: shedding light on potential molecular mechanisms. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:743476. [PMID: 20379388 PMCID: PMC2850549 DOI: 10.1155/2010/743476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Realization of the exciting potential for stem-cell-based biomedical and therapeutic applications, including tissue engineering, requires an understanding of the cell-cell and cell-environment interactions. To this end, recent efforts have been focused on the manipulation of adult stem cell differentiation using inductive soluble factors, designing suitable mechanical environments, and applying noninvasive physical forces. Although each of these different approaches has been successfully applied to regulate stem cell differentiation, it would be of great interest and importance to integrate and optimally combine a few or all of the physicochemical differentiation cues to induce synergistic stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, elucidation of molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of multiple differentiation cues will enable the researcher to better manipulate stem cell behavior and response.
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26
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Mechanisms for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells induced by fluid shear stress. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 9:659-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Kelly DJ, Jacobs CR. The role of mechanical signals in regulating chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2010; 90:75-85. [PMID: 20301221 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is regulated by mechanical signals. Mechanical forces generated intrinsically within the cell in response to its extracellular environment, and extrinsic mechanical signals imposed upon the cell by the extracellular environment, play a central role in determining MSC fate. This article reviews chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during skeletogenesis, and then considers the role of mechanics in regulating limb development and regenerative events such as fracture repair. However, observing skeletal changes under altered loading conditions can only partially explain the role of mechanics in controlling MSC differentiation. Increasingly, understanding how epigenetic factors, such as the mechanical environment, regulate stem cell fate is undertaken using tightly controlled in vitro models. Factors such as bioengineered surfaces, substrates, and bioreactor systems are used to control the mechanical forces imposed upon, and generated within, MSCs. From these studies, a clearer picture of how osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of MSCs is regulated by mechanical signals is beginning to emerge. Understanding the response of MSCs to such regulatory factors is a key step towards understanding their role in development, disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Center for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Potier E, Noailly J, Ito K. Directing bone marrow-derived stromal cell function with mechanics. J Biomech 2009; 43:807-17. [PMID: 19962149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) are able to generate many cell types, they are envisioned as source of regenerative cells to repair numerous tissues, including bone, cartilage, and ligaments. Success of BMSC-based therapies, however, relies on a number of methodological improvements, among which better understanding and control of the BMSC differentiation pathways. Since many years, the biochemical environment is known to govern BMSC differentiation, but more recent evidences show that the biomechanical environment is also directing cell functions. Using in vitro systems that aim to reproduce selected components of the in vivo mechanical environment, it was demonstrated that mechanical loadings can affect BMSC proliferation and improve the osteogenic, chondrogenic, or myogenic phenotype of BMSCs. These effects, however, seem to be modulated by parameters other than mechanics, such as substrate nature or soluble biochemical environment. This paper reviews and discusses recent experimental data showing that despite some knowledge limitation, mechanical stimulation already constitutes an additional and efficient tool to drive BMSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Potier
- Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Huang AH, Farrell MJ, Mauck RL. Mechanics and mechanobiology of mesenchymal stem cell-based engineered cartilage. J Biomech 2009; 43:128-36. [PMID: 19828149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we outline seminal and recent work highlighting the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in producing cartilage-like tissue equivalents. Specific focus is placed on the mechanical properties of engineered MSC-based cartilage and how these properties relate to that of engineered cartilage based on primary chondrocytes and to native tissue properties. We discuss current limitations and/or concerns that must be addressed for the clinical realization of MSC-based cartilage therapeutics, and provide some insight into potential underpinnings for the observed deviations from chondrocyte-based engineered constructs. We posit that these differences reveal specific deficits in terms of our description of chondrogenesis, and suggest that new benchmarks must be developed towards this end. Further, we describe the growing body of literature on the mechanobiology of MSC-based cartilage, highlighting positive findings with regards to the furtherance of the chondrogenic phenotype. We likewise discuss the failure of early molecular changes to translate directly into engineered constructs with improved mechanical properties. Finally, we highlight recent work from our group and others that may point to new strategies for enhancing the formation of engineered cartilage based on MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Huang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA
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McCullen SD, Haslauer CM, Loboa EG. Musculoskeletal mechanobiology: interpretation by external force and engineered substratum. J Biomech 2009; 43:119-27. [PMID: 19815216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanobiology aims to discover how the mechanical environment affects the biological activity of cells and how cells' ability to sense these mechanical cues is converted into elicited cellular responses. Musculoskeletal mechanobiology is of particular interest given the high mechanical loads that musculoskeletal tissues experience on a daily basis. How do cells within these mechanically active tissues interpret external loads imposed on their extracellular environment, and, how are cell-substrate interactions converted into biochemical signals? This review outlines many of the main mechanotransduction mechanisms known to date, and describes recent literature examining effects of both external forces and cell-substrate interactions on musculoskeletal cells. Whether via application of external forces and/or cell-substrate interactions, our understanding and regulation of musculoskeletal mechanobiology can benefit by expanding upon traditional models, and shedding new light through novel investigative approaches. Current and future work in this field is focused on identifying specific forces, stresses, and strains at the cellular and tissue level through both experimental and computational approaches, and analyzing the role of specific proteins through fluorescence-based investigations and knockdown models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D McCullen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, 2142 Burlington Laboratories, Campus Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA
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