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Bauer C, Göçerler H, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Jeyakumar V, Stotter C, Klestil T, Franek F, Nehrer S. Biotribological Tests of Osteochondral Grafts after Treatment with Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Cartilage 2021; 13:496S-508S. [PMID: 33596661 PMCID: PMC8808939 DOI: 10.1177/1947603521994900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During osteoarthritis progression, cartilage degrades in a manner that influences its biomechanical and biotribological properties, while chondrocytes reduce the synthesis of extracellular matrix components and become apoptotic. This study investigates the effects of inflammation on cartilage under biomechanical stress using biotribological tests. METHODS Bovine osteochondral grafts from five animals were punched out from the medial condyle and treated with or without pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], IL-6) for 2 weeks. After incubation, biotribological tests were performed for 2 hours (alternating 10 minutes test and pause respectively at 39°C, 180 N, 1 Hz, and 2 mm stroke). Before and after testing, the cartilage surface was imaged with a 3-dimensional microscope. During testing, the coefficient of friction (COF) was measured, while gene expression analysis and investigation of metabolic activity of chondrocytes were carried out after testing. Histological sections of the tissue and wear debris from the test fluid were also analyzed. RESULTS After biotribological tests, surface cracks were found in both treated and untreated osteochondral grafts. In treated grafts, the COF increased, and the proteoglycan content in the cartilage tissue decreased, leading to structural changes. Chondrocytes from treated grafts showed increased expression of genes encoding for degradative enzymes, while cartilage-specific gene expression and metabolic activity exhibited no significant differences between treated and untreated groups. No measurable difference in the wear debris in the test fluid was found. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of osteochondral grafts with cytokines results in a significantly increased COF, while also leading to significant changes in cartilage proteoglycan content and cartilage matrix compression during biotribological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria,Christoph Bauer, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Danube
University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria.
| | | | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
| | - Christoph Stotter
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria,LK Baden-Mödling-Hainburg, Department of
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baden, Austria
| | - Thomas Klestil
- LK Baden-Mödling-Hainburg, Department of
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baden, Austria,Center for Medical Specializations,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Danube University Krems,
Krems, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Nehrer
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
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Chau AL, Rosas J, Degen GD, Månsson LK, Chen J, Valois E, Pitenis AA. Aqueous surface gels as low friction interfaces to mitigate implant-associated inflammation. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6782-6791. [PMID: 32364211 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous surface gels are fragile yet resilient biopolymer-based networks capable of sustaining extremely low friction coefficients despite tribologically-challenging environments. These superficial networks are ubiquitous in natural sliding interfaces and protect mechanosensitive cells from excessive contact pressures and frictional shear stresses from cell-fluid, cell-cell, or cell-solid interactions. Understanding these complex lubrication mechanisms may aid in the development of materials-based strategies for increasing biocompatibility in medical devices and implants. Equally as important is characterizing the interplay between soft and passive yet mobile implant materials and cellular reactions in response to direct contact and frictional shear stresses. Physically interrogating living biological systems without rupturing them in the process is nontrivial. To this end, custom biotribometers have been designed to precisely modulate contact pressures against living human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell layers using soft polyacrylamide membrane probes. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain-reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that increased duration and, to a much greater extent, the magnitude of frictional shear stress lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, MMP9) and pro-apoptotic (DDIT3, FAS) genes, which in clinical studies are linked to pathological pain. The hierarchical structure often found in biological systems has also been investigated through the fabrication of high-water content (polyacrylamide) hydrogels through free-radical polymerization inhibition. Nanoindentation experiments and friction coefficient measurements indicate that these "gradient surface gels" reduce contact pressures and frictional shear stresses at the surface of the material while still maintaining stiffness within the bulk. Reducing frictional shear stresses through informed materials and surface design may concomitantly increase lubricity and quiet the immune response, and thus provide bio-inspired routes to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Chau
- Materials Department University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Jonah Rosas
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Department University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - George D Degen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lisa K Månsson
- Department of Physics Chalmers, University of Technology, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eric Valois
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Angela A Pitenis
- Materials Department University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Schätti OR, Colombo V, Torzilli PA, Gallo LM. Articular cartilage response to a sliding load using two different-sized spherical indenters1. Biorheology 2018; 54:109-126. [PMID: 29376845 DOI: 10.3233/bir-16110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage surface contact geometry influences the deformational behavior and stress distribution throughout the extracellular matrix (ECM) under load. OBJECTIVE To test the correlation between the mechanical and cellular response of articular cartilage when loaded with two different-sized spherical indenters under dynamic reciprocating sliding motion. METHODS Articular cartilage explants were subjected to a reciprocating sliding load using a 17.6 mm or 30.2 mm spherical ball for 2000 cycles at 10 mm/s and 4 kg axial load. Deformation of the cartilage was recorded and contact parameters were calculated according to Hertzian theory. After mechanical loading cartilage samples were collected and analyzed for ECM collagen damage, gene regulation and proteoglycan (PG) loss. RESULTS Significantly higher ECM deformation and strain and lower dynamic effective modulus were found for explants loaded with the smaller diameter indenter whereas contact radius and stress remained unaffected. Also, the 17.6 mm indenter increased PG loss and significantly upregulated genes for ECM proteins and enzymes as compared to the 30.2 mm indenter. CONCLUSION Sliding loads that increase ECM deformation/strain were found to induce enzyme-mediated catabolic processes in articular cartilage explants. These observations provide further understanding of how changes in cartilage contact mechanics under dynamic conditions can affect the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Schätti
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, Street, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Colombo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter A Torzilli
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi M Gallo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Schätti OR, Gallo LM, Torzilli PA. A Model to Study Articular Cartilage Mechanical and Biological Responses to Sliding Loads. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:2577-2588. [PMID: 26698580 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In physiological conditions, joint function involves continuously moving contact areas over the tissue surface. Such moving contacts play an important role for the durability of the tissue. It is known that in pathological joints these motion paths and contact mechanics change. Nevertheless, limited information exists on the impact of such physiological and pathophysiological dynamic loads on cartilage mechanics and its subsequent biological response. We designed and validated a mechanical device capable of applying simultaneous compression and sliding forces onto cartilage explants to simulate moving joint contact. Tests with varying axial loads (1-4 kg) and sliding speeds (1-20 mm/s) were performed on mature viable bovine femoral condyles to investigate cartilage mechanobiological responses. High loads and slow sliding speeds resulted in highest cartilage deformations. Contact stress and effective cartilage moduli increased with increasing load and increasing speed. In a pilot study, changes in gene expression of extracellular matrix proteins were correlated with strain, contact stress and dynamic effective modulus. This study describes a mechanical test system to study the cartilage response to reciprocating sliding motion and will be helpful in identifying mechanical and biological mechanisms leading to the initiation and development of cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Schätti
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zentrum, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Luigi M Gallo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter A Torzilli
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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5
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Correro-Shahgaldian MR, Introvigne J, Ghayor C, Weber FE, Gallo LM, Colombo V. Properties and Mechanobiological Behavior of Bovine Nasal Septum Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:1821-31. [PMID: 26502171 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine nasal septum (BNS) is a source of non-load bearing hyaline cartilage. Little information is available on its mechanical and biological properties. The aim of this work was to assess the characteristics of BNS cartilage and investigate its behavior in in vitro mechanobiological experiments. Mechanical tests, biochemical assays, and microscopic assessment were performed for tissue characterization. Compressions tests showed that the tissue is viscoelastic, although values of elastic moduli differ from the ones of other cartilaginous tissues. Water content was 78 ± 1.4%; glycosaminoglycans and collagen contents-measured by spectrophotometric assay and hydroxyproline assay-were 39 ± 5% and 25 ± 2.5% of dry weight, respectively. Goldner's Trichrome staining and transmission electron microscopy proved isotropic cells distribution and results of earlier cell division. Furthermore, gene expression was measured after uniaxial compression, showing variations depending on compression time as well as trends depending on equilibration time. In conclusion, BNS has been characterized at several levels, revealing that bovine nasal tissue is regionally homogeneous. Results suggest that, under certain conditions, BNS could be used to perform in vitro cartilage loading experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Correro-Shahgaldian
- Clinic for Masticatory Disorders, Removable Prosthodontics and Special Care, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.,Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Introvigne
- Clinic for Masticatory Disorders, Removable Prosthodontics and Special Care, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E Weber
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi M Gallo
- Clinic for Masticatory Disorders, Removable Prosthodontics and Special Care, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Colombo
- Clinic for Masticatory Disorders, Removable Prosthodontics and Special Care, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schätti OR, Marková M, Torzilli PA, Gallo LM. Mechanical Loading of Cartilage Explants with Compression and Sliding Motion Modulates Gene Expression of Lubricin and Catabolic Enzymes. Cartilage 2015; 6:185-93. [PMID: 26175864 PMCID: PMC4481391 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515581680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translation of the contact zone in articulating joints is an important component of joint kinematics, yet rarely investigated in a biological context. This study was designed to investigate how sliding contact areas affect cartilage mechanobiology. We hypothesized that higher sliding speeds would lead to increased extracellular matrix mechanical stress and the expression of catabolic genes. DESIGN A cylindrical Teflon indenter was used to apply 50 or 100 N normal forces at 10, 40, or 70 mm/s sliding speed. Mechanical parameters were correlated with gene expressions using a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS In both loading groups there was no significant effect of sliding speed on any of the mechanical parameters (strain, stress, modulus, tangential force). However, an increase in vertical force (from 50 to 100 N) led to a significant increase in extracellular matrix strain and stress. For 100 N, significant correlations between gene expression and mechanical parameters were found for TIMP-3 (r(2) = 0.89), ADAMTS-5 (r(2) = 0.73), and lubricin (r(2) = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS The sliding speeds applied do not have an effect on the mechanical response of the cartilage, this could be explained by a partial attainment of the "elastic limit" at and above a sliding speed of 10 mm/s. Nevertheless, we still found a relationship between sliding speed and gene expression when the tissue was loaded with 100 N normal force. Thus despite the absence of speed-dependent mechanical changes (strain, stress, modulus, tangential force), the sliding speed had an influence on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Schätti
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland,Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland,Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michala Marková
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland,Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter A. Torzilli
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi M. Gallo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of the Masticatory System, Center for Oral Medicine, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Colombo V, Cadová M, Gallo LM. Mechanical behavior of bovine nasal cartilage under static and dynamic loading. J Biomech 2013; 46:2137-44. [PMID: 23915577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal mechanical loading may trigger cartilage degeneration associated with osteoarthritis. Tissue response to load has been the subject of several in vitro studies. However, simple stimuli were often applied, not fully mimicking the complex in vivo conditions. Therefore, a rolling/plowing explant test system (RPETS) was developed to replicate the combined in vivo loading patterns. In this work we investigated the mechanical behavior of bovine nasal septum (BNS) cartilage, selected as tissue approximation for experiments with RPETS, under static and dynamic loading. Biphasic material properties were determined and compared with those of other cartilaginous tissues. Furthermore, dynamic loading in plowing modality was performed to determine dynamic response and experimental results were compared with analytical models and Finite Elements (FE) computations. Results showed that BNS cartilage can be modeled as a biphasic material with Young's modulus E=2.03 ± 0.7 MPa, aggregate modulus HA=2.35 ± 0.7 MPa, Poisson's ratio ν=0.24 ± 0.07, and constant hydraulic permeability k0=3.0 ± 1.3 × 10(-15)m(4)(Ns)(-1). Furthermore, dynamic analysis showed that plowing induces macroscopic reactions in the tissue, proportionally to the applied loading force. The comparison among analytical, FE analysis and experimental results showed that predicted tangential forces and sample deformation lay in the range of variation of experimental results for one specific experimental condition. In conclusion, mechanical properties of BNS cartilage under both static and dynamic compression were assessed, showing that this tissue behave as a biphasic material and has a viscoelastic response to dynamic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Colombo
- Clinic of Masticatory Disorders, Removable Prosthodontics, Geriatric and Special Care Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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