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Percival KM, Paul V, Husseini GA. Recent Advancements in Bone Tissue Engineering: Integrating Smart Scaffold Technologies and Bio-Responsive Systems for Enhanced Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6012. [PMID: 38892199 PMCID: PMC11172494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In exploring the challenges of bone repair and regeneration, this review evaluates the potential of bone tissue engineering (BTE) as a viable alternative to traditional methods, such as autografts and allografts. Key developments in biomaterials and scaffold fabrication techniques, such as additive manufacturing and cell and bioactive molecule-laden scaffolds, are discussed, along with the integration of bio-responsive scaffolds, which can respond to physical and chemical stimuli. These advancements collectively aim to mimic the natural microenvironment of bone, thereby enhancing osteogenesis and facilitating the formation of new tissue. Through a comprehensive combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we scrutinize the biocompatibility, osteoinductivity, and osteoconductivity of these engineered scaffolds, as well as their interactions with critical cellular players in bone healing processes. Findings from scaffold fabrication techniques and bio-responsive scaffolds indicate that incorporating nanostructured materials and bioactive compounds is particularly effective in promoting the recruitment and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. The therapeutic potential of these advanced biomaterials in clinical settings is widely recognized and the paper advocates continued research into multi-responsive scaffold systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Percival
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (K.M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Vinod Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (K.M.P.); (V.P.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates; (K.M.P.); (V.P.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Zappalà A, Romano IR, D’Angeli F, Musumeci G, Lo Furno D, Giuffrida R, Mannino G. Functional Roles of Connexins and Gap Junctions in Osteo-Chondral Cellular Components. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044156. [PMID: 36835567 PMCID: PMC9967557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) formed by connexins (Cxs) play an important role in the intercellular communication within most body tissues. In this paper, we focus on GJs and Cxs present in skeletal tissues. Cx43 is the most expressed connexin, participating in the formation of both GJs for intercellular communication and hemichannels (HCs) for communication with the external environment. Through GJs in long dendritic-like cytoplasmic processes, osteocytes embedded in deep lacunae are able to form a functional syncytium not only with neighboring osteocytes but also with bone cells located at the bone surface, despite the surrounding mineralized matrix. The functional syncytium allows a coordinated cell activity through the wide propagation of calcium waves, nutrients and anabolic and/or catabolic factors. Acting as mechanosensors, osteocytes are able to transduce mechanical stimuli into biological signals that spread through the syncytium to orchestrate bone remodeling. The fundamental role of Cxs and GJs is confirmed by a plethora of investigations that have highlighted how up- and downregulation of Cxs and GJs critically influence skeletal development and cartilage functions. A better knowledge of GJ and Cx mechanisms in physiological and pathological conditions might help in developing therapeutic approaches aimed at the treatment of human skeletal system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ivana Roberta Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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Stacchi C, Lamazza L, Rapani A, Troiano G, Messina M, Antonelli A, Giudice A, Lombardi T. Marginal bone changes around platform-switched conical connection implants placed 1 or 2 mm subcrestally: A multicenter crossover randomized controlled trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2023; 25:398-408. [PMID: 36725016 DOI: 10.1111/cid.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study analyzes early marginal bone modifications occurring around platform-switched implants with conical connection placed 1 or 2 mm subcrestally. METHODS This crossover randomized controlled trial enrolled partially edentulous patients needing two implants in either the posterior maxilla or mandible. Each patient received two platform-switched implants with conical connection inserted 2 mm (Test) and 1 mm (Control) subcrestally. Definitive abutments were immediately connected and, after 4 months of unsubmerged healing, screwed metal-ceramic crowns were delivered. Radiographs were taken at implant placement (T0), prosthesis delivery (T1), and after 1 year of prosthetic loading (T2). RESULTS Fifty-one patients (25 males and 26 females; mean age 61.2 ± 12.1 years) totaling 102 implants were included in the final analysis. Mean peri-implant bone level (PBL) reduction from T0 to T2 was not significantly different around Test (0.49 ± 0.32 mm) and Control implants (0.46 ± 0.35 mm; p = 0.66). Multivariate linear regression models highlighted a significant positive correlation between history of periodontitis and PBL reduction. At T2, no Test group implant and 6 Control group implants exhibited PBL below the implant platform (11.8% of Control group implants). CONCLUSION No significant differences in peri-implant marginal bone changes were demonstrated after 1 year of prosthetic loading between platform-switched implants with conical connection inserted either 1 or 2 mm subcrestally. However, 2 mm subcrestal placement resulted in deeper implant positioning at T2, with no exposure of treated implant surface and potential preventive effect against subsequent peri-implant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Stacchi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Lamazza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapani
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Amerigo Giudice
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Lombardi
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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The Spatial Distribution of Cellular Voids in the Human Otic Capsule: An Unbiased Quantification of Osteocyte-Depleted Areas. Otol Neurotol 2022; 43:e804-e809. [PMID: 35941668 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of osteocyte-depleted areas, so-called cellular voids, in the human otic capsule and compare it with that of otosclerosis. BACKGROUND Systematic histological studies of the bony otic capsule have revealed an osteoprotegerin (OPG)-mediated inhibition of normal bone remodeling around the inner ear. The resulting accumulation of bony degeneration and dead osteocytes has been thoroughly documented, and the spatial distribution of dead osteocytes and matrix microcracks resembles that of the human ear disease otosclerosis. Clusters of dead osteocytes that may interfere with osteocyte connectivity and thereby the OPG signaling pathway have been described in human temporal bones. It is possible that these cellular voids create disruptions in the antiresorptive OPG signal that may give rise to local pathological remodeling. METHODS Recently, a method of detecting cellular voids was developed. This study uses unbiased stereology to document the spatial distribution of cellular voids in bulk-stained undecalcified human temporal bone. RESULTS Cellular voids accumulate around the inner ear and increase in number and size with age. Furthermore, cellular voids are more frequently found in the anterior and lateral regions of the otic capsule, which are known predilection sites of otosclerosis. CONCLUSION This colocalization of cellular voids and otosclerosis suggests a causal relationship between focal degeneration and otosclerotic remodeling.
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van Gemert LN, Campbell PM, Opperman LA, Buschang PH. Localizing the osseous boundaries of micro-osteoperforations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 155:779-790. [PMID: 31153498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this work was to determine how far the effects of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) extend within bone by quantifying the damage caused and the short-term bony adaptations that occur in and around the injury site. METHODS With the use of a split-mouth design, 34 MOPs (Propel) were randomly placed in the mandibular furcal bone of 13 beagle dogs either 2 or 4 weeks before killing them. The control side received no treatment. Vickers hardness microindentation, microscopic computed tomography, and histologic analyses were performed to evaluate the bone surrounding the MOPs. RESULTS Microfractures produced during insertion extended ∼0.6 mm from the MOP sites. Cortical and trabecular bone were significantly less dense on the experimental than on the control side up to 4.2 mm from the edge of the MOP, but side differences were small (<5%) beyond 1.5 mm from the MOP. Experimental cortical bone was significantly softer than the control bone up to 0.8 mm from the MOP after 2 weeks of healing, and up to 0.5 mm from the MOP after 4 weeks of healing. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of cortical and trabecular bone showed small areas of woven bone within the MOP sites after 2 weeks, and acellular areas of bone extending ∼0.5 mm from the MOP. After 4 weeks of healing, there were greater amounts of woven bone, as well as early signs of lamellar bone, in and around the MOP sites. Markedly increased TRAP activity extending up to 2.5 mm from the MOP was evident after 2 weeks, but not after 4 weeks. Vital fluorescence staining showed diffuse bone deposition on the experimental side up to 1.5 mm from the MOP margin. CONCLUSIONS When MOPs are performed in beagle dogs, demineralization is transient and healing of the injured area, as well as remineralization of bone affected by MOP placement, begins during the first 2 weeks. Although the transient effects extend farther, the principal effects extend only ∼1.5 mm from the MOP site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip M Campbell
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex
| | - Lynne A Opperman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex
| | - Peter H Buschang
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex.
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Paul GR, Malhotra A, Müller R. Mechanical Stimuli in the Local In Vivo Environment in Bone: Computational Approaches Linking Organ-Scale Loads to Cellular Signals. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:395-403. [PMID: 29915967 PMCID: PMC6579731 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Connecting organ-scale loads to cellular signals in their local in vivo environment is a current challenge in the field of bone (re)modelling. Understanding this critical missing link would greatly improve our ability to anticipate mechanotransduction during different modes of stimuli and the resultant cellular responses. This review characterises computational approaches that could enable coupling links across the multiple scales of bone. RECENT FINDINGS Current approaches using strain and fluid shear stress concepts have begun to link organ-scale loads to cellular signals; however, these approaches fail to capture localised micro-structural heterogeneities. Furthermore, models that incorporate downstream communication from osteocytes to osteoclasts, bone-lining cells and osteoblasts, will help improve the understanding of (re)modelling activities. Incorporating this potentially key information in the local in vivo environment will aid in developing multiscale models of mechanotransduction that can predict or help describe resultant biological events related to bone (re)modelling. Progress towards multiscale determination of the cell mechanical environment from organ-scale loads remains elusive. Construction of organ-, tissue- and cell-scale computational models that include localised environmental variation, strain amplification and intercellular communication mechanisms will ultimately help couple the hierarchal levels of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme R Paul
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angad Malhotra
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Insua A, Monje A, Wang HL, Miron RJ. Basis of bone metabolism around dental implants during osseointegration and peri-implant bone loss. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2075-2089. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Insua
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Alberto Monje
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Hom-Lay Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Richard J. Miron
- Department of Periodontology; Nova Southeastern University; Fort Lauderdale Florida
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review highlights recent developments into how intercellular communication through connexin43 facilitates bone modeling and remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS Connexin43 is required for both skeletal development and maintenance, particularly in cortical bone, where it carries out multiple functions, including preventing osteoclastogenesis, restraining osteoprogenitor proliferation, promoting osteoblast differentiation, coordinating organized collagen matrix deposition, and maintaining osteocyte survival. Emerging data shows that connexin43 regulates both the exchange of small molecules among osteoblast lineage cells and the docking of signaling proteins to the gap junction, affecting the efficiency of signal transduction. Understanding how and what connexin43 communicates to coordinate tissue remodeling has therapeutic implications in bone. Altering the information shared by intercellular communication and/or targeting the recruitment of signaling machinery to the gap junction could be used to impact the skeletal homeostatic set point, either driving osteogenesis or inhibiting resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Moorer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Allied Health Building, Room 540E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Allied Health Building, Room 540E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Verbruggen SW, Mc Garrigle MJ, Haugh MG, Voisin MC, McNamara LM. Altered mechanical environment of bone cells in an animal model of short- and long-term osteoporosis. Biophys J 2016; 108:1587-1598. [PMID: 25863050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in bone tissue composition during osteoporosis likely disrupt the mechanical environment of bone cells and may thereby initiate a mechanobiological response. It has proved challenging to characterize the mechanical environment of bone cells in vivo, and the mechanical environment of osteoporotic bone cells is not known. The objective of this research is to characterize the local mechanical environment of osteocytes and osteoblasts from healthy and osteoporotic bone in a rat model of osteoporosis. Using a custom-designed micromechanical loading device, we apply strains representative of a range of physical activity (up to 3000 με) to fluorescently stained femur samples from normal and ovariectomized rats. Confocal imaging was simultaneously performed, and digital image correlation techniques were applied to characterize cellular strains. In healthy bone tissue, osteocytes experience higher maximum strains (31,028 ± 4213 με) than osteoblasts (24,921 ± 3,832 με), whereas a larger proportion of the osteoblast experiences strains >10,000 με. Most interestingly, we show that osteoporotic bone cells experience similar or higher maximum strains than healthy bone cells after short durations of estrogen deficiency (5 weeks), and exceeded the osteogenic strain threshold (10,000 με) in a similar or significantly larger proportion of the cell (osteoblast, 12.68% vs. 13.68%; osteocyte, 15.74% vs. 5.37%). However, in long-term estrogen deficiency (34 weeks), there was no significant difference between bone cells in healthy and osteoporotic bone. These results suggest that the mechanical environment of bone cells is altered during early-stage osteoporosis, and that mechanobiological responses act to restore the mechanical environment of the bone tissue after it has been perturbed by ovariectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan W Verbruggen
- Biomechanics Research Centre, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Myles J Mc Garrigle
- Biomechanics Research Centre, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew G Haugh
- Biomechanics Research Centre, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Muriel C Voisin
- Biomechanics Research Centre, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Biomechanics Research Centre, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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El Khassawna T, Böcker W, Brodsky K, Weisweiler D, Govindarajan P, Kampschulte M, Thormann U, Henss A, Rohnke M, Bauer N, Müller R, Deutsch A, Ignatius A, Dürselen L, Langheinrich A, Lips KS, Schnettler R, Heiss C. Impaired extracellular matrix structure resulting from malnutrition in ovariectomized mature rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26210855 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss is a symptom related to disease and age, which reflects on bone cells and ECM. Discrepant regulation affects cell proliferation and ECM localization. Rat model of osteoporosis (OVX) was investigated against control rats (Sham) at young and old ages. Biophysical, histological and molecular techniques were implemented to examine the underlying cellular and extracellular matrix changes and to assess the mechanisms contributing to bone loss in the context of aging and the widely used osteoporotic models in rats. Bone loss exhibited a compromised function of bone cells and infiltration of adipocytes into bone marrow. However, the expression of genes regulating collagen catabolic process and adipogenesis was chronologically shifted in diseased bone in comparison with aged bone. The data showed the involvement of Wnt signaling inhibition in adipogenesis and bone loss due to over-expression of SOST in both diseased and aged bone. Further, in the OVX animals, an integrin-mediated ERK activation indicated the role of MAPK in osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis. The increased PTH levels due to calcium and estrogen deficiency activated osteoblastogenesis. Thusly, RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis was initiated. Interestingly, the data show the role of MEPE regulating osteoclast-mediated resorption at late stages in osteoporotic bone. The interplay between ECM and bone cells change tissue microstructure and properties. The involvement of Wnt and MAPK pathways in activating cell proliferation has intriguing similarities to oncogenesis and myeloma. The study indicates the importance of targeting both pathways simultaneously to remedy metabolic bone diseases and age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaqif El Khassawna
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Böcker
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Brodsky
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - David Weisweiler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Marian Kampschulte
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Thormann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anja Henss
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Robert Müller
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andreas Deutsch
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Langheinrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, BG Trauma Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Heiss
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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A theory for bone resorption based on the local rupture of osteocytes cells connections: A finite element study. Math Biosci 2015; 262:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Buo AM, Stains JP. Gap junctional regulation of signal transduction in bone cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1315-21. [PMID: 24486014 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of gap junctions, particularly that of connexin43 (Cx43), has become an area of increasing interest in bone physiology. An abundance of studies have shown that Cx43 influences the function of osteoblasts and osteocytes, which ultimately impacts bone mass acquisition and skeletal homeostasis. However, the molecular details underlying how Cx43 regulates bone are only coming into focus and have proven to be more complex than originally thought. In this review, we focus on the diverse molecular mechanisms by which Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels regulate cell signaling pathways, gene expression, mechanotransduction and cell survival in bone cells. This review will highlight key signaling factors that have been identified as downstream effectors of Cx43 and the impact of these pathways on distinct osteoblast and osteocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atum M Buo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Bone adaptation to its mechanical environment, from embryonic through adult life, is thought to be the product of increased osteoblastic differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells. In parallel with tissue-scale loading, these heterogeneous populations of multipotent stem cells are subject to a variety of biophysical cues within their native microenvironments. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-the most broadly studied source of osteoblastic progenitors-undergo osteoblastic differentiation in vitro in response to biophysical signals, including hydrostatic pressure, fluid flow and accompanying shear stress, substrate strain and stiffness, substrate topography, and electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, stem cells may be subject to indirect regulation by mechano-sensing osteocytes positioned to more readily detect these same loading-induced signals within the bone matrix. Such paracrine and juxtacrine regulation of differentiation by osteocytes occurs in vitro. Further studies are needed to confirm both direct and indirect mechanisms of biophysical regulation within the in vivo stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Govey
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, MC: H089, Hershey, PA, USA
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