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Kooiman V, van der Cruijsen J, Leijendekkers R, Verdonschot N, Solis-Escalante T, Weerdesteyn V. The influence of prosthetic suspension on gait and cortical modulations is persons with a transfemoral amputation: socket-suspended versus bone-anchored prosthesis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:35. [PMID: 38454427 PMCID: PMC10921721 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with a transfemoral amputation (TFA) often experience difficulties in daily-life ambulation, including an asymmetrical and less stable gait pattern and a greater cognitive demand of walking. However, it remains unclear whether this is effected by the prosthetic suspension, as eliminating the non-rigid prosthetic connection may influence stability and cortical activity during walking. Spatiotemporal and stability-related gait parameters, as well as cortical activity during walking, were evaluated between highly active individuals (MFC-level K3-4) with a TFA and able-bodied (AB) persons, and between persons with a bone-anchored prosthesis (BAP) and those with a socket-suspended prosthesis (SSP). METHODS 18 AB persons and 20 persons with a unilateral TFA (10 BAP-users, 10 SSP-users) walked on a treadmill at their preferred speed. Spatiotemporal and margin of stability parameters were extracted from three-dimensional movement recordings. In addition, 126-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Brain-related activity from several cortical areas was isolated using independent component analysis. Source-level data were divided into gait cycles and subjected to time-frequency analysis to determine gait-cycle dependent modulations of cortical activity. RESULTS Persons with TFA walked with smaller and wider steps and with greater variability in mediolateral foot placement than AB subjects; no significant differences were found between BAP- and SSP-users. The EEG analysis yielded four cortical clusters in frontal, central (both hemispheres), and parietal areas. No statistically significant between-group differences were found in the mean power over the entire gait cycle. The event-related spectral perturbation maps revealed differences in power modulations (theta, alpha, and beta bands) between TFA and AB groups, and between BAP- and SSP-users, with largest differences observed around heel strike of either leg. CONCLUSIONS The anticipated differences in gait parameters in persons with TFA were confirmed, however no significant effect of the fixed suspension of a BAP was found. The preliminary EEG findings may indicate more active monitoring and control of stability in persons with TFA, which appeared to be timed differently in SSP than in BAP-users. Future studies may focus on walking tasks that challenge stability to further investigate differences related to prosthetic suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kooiman
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris van der Cruijsen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Leijendekkers
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Verdonschot
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Teodoro Solis-Escalante
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Weerdesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Sint Maartenskliniek, Research & Rehabilitation, P.O. Box 9011, 6500 GM, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Eijking HM, Verlaan L, Emans P, Boymans T, Meijer K, Senden R. Patient with knee osteoarthritis demonstrates improved knee adduction moment after knee joint distraction: a case report. Acta Orthop Belg 2024; 90:147-153. [PMID: 38669666 DOI: 10.52628/90.1.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this article we report a case of a 53-year-old patient diagnosed with end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. The patient underwent treatment with knee joint distraction (KJD) with the aim to postpone total knee arthroplasty and prevent potential revision surgery. To assess the effect of KJD, a 3D gait analysis was performed preoperative and one year postoperative. In this patient, preoperative 3D gait analysis revealed an increased knee adduction moment (KAM) compared to healthy levels. Postoperative the KAM decreased, approaching healthy levels, suggesting potential improvements in disease status or in gait. Consequently, further investigation into the effectiveness of Knee Joint Distraction (KJD) as a treatment option for relatively young patients with knee OA is warranted. Gait analysis has emerged as an effective tool for assessing treatment outcomes of innovative treatment such as KJD at the individual level.
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Mizuta N, Hasui N, Kai T, Inui Y, Sato M, Ohnishi S, Taguchi J, Nakatani T. Characteristics of limb kinematics in the gait disorders of post-stroke patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3082. [PMID: 38321081 PMCID: PMC10847092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke gait disorders involve altered lower limb kinematics. Recently, the endpoint of the lower limb has been used as a control variable to understand gait kinematics better. In a cross-sectional study of sixty-seven post-stroke patients, the limb extension angle and effective limb length during gait were used as input variables with a mixed Gaussian model-based probabilistic clustering approach to identify five distinct clusters. Each cluster had unique characteristics related to motor paralysis, spasticity, balance ability, and gait strategy. Cluster 1 exhibited high limb extension angle and length values, indicating increased spasticity. Cluster 2 had moderate extension angles and high limb lengths, indicating increased spasticity and reduced balance ability. Cluster 3 had low limb extension angles and high limb length, indicating reduced balance ability, more severe motor paralysis, and increased spasticity. Cluster 4 demonstrated high extension angles and short limb lengths, with a gait strategy that prioritized stride length in the component of gait speed. Cluster 5 had moderate extension angles and short limb lengths, with a gait strategy that prioritized cadence in the component of gait speed. These findings provide valuable insights into post-stroke gait impairment and can guide the development of personalized and effective rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Mizuta
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, 26-2 Higashihaemi-cho, Handa-shi, Aichi, 475-0012, Japan.
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan.
- Department of Therapy, Takarazuka Rehabilitation Hospital, 22-2 Tsurunoso, Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo, 665-0833, Japan.
| | - Naruhito Hasui
- Department of Therapy, Takarazuka Rehabilitation Hospital, 22-2 Tsurunoso, Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo, 665-0833, Japan
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Takumi Kai
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hatsudai Rehabilitation Hospital, 3-53-3 Honmachi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0071, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inui
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nara Prefecture General Rehabilitation Center, 722 Oo, Tawaramoto, Shiki-gun, Nara, 636-0393, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nakazuyagi Hospital, 1-31, Nakazu, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 770-0856, Japan
| | - Sora Ohnishi
- Department of Therapy, Takarazuka Rehabilitation Hospital, 22-2 Tsurunoso, Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo, 665-0833, Japan
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Junji Taguchi
- Department of Medical, Takarazuka Rehabilitation Hospital, 22-2 Tsurunoso, Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo, 665-0833, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakatani
- Department of Therapy, Takarazuka Rehabilitation Hospital, 22-2 Tsurunoso, Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo, 665-0833, Japan
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Cutisque LP, Moreira NB, Silveira CC, Morozowski FW, Rodacki ALF. The role of ankle and knee muscle characteristics in spatiotemporal gait parameters at different walking speeds: A cross-sectional study. Gait Posture 2024; 108:77-83. [PMID: 38008035 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the intricate interplay between ankle and knee muscle characteristics and their impact on gait parameters is crucial for enhancing our comprehension of human locomotion, particularly in the context of varying walking speeds among healthy young adults. RESEARCH QUESTION The study aimed to identify the relative importance of ankle and knee flexor and extensor muscle characteristics (e.g., strength estimated by peak torque [PT] and rate of torque development [RTD]) in the spatiotemporal gait parameters and variability in self-selected (SSWS) and fast walking speeds (FWS) in healthy young adults. METHODS One hundred and thirty-nine adults (75 men - 54% and 64 women - 46%; 29.04 ± 9.55 years) were assessed about their muscle characteristics (PT and RTD by an isokinetic dynamometer) and spatiotemporal gait parameters at different walking speeds (SSWS and FWS by an instrumented walkway). RESULTS Data analysis indicated a weak relationship between the PT and RTD of the ankle and knee and spatiotemporal gait parameters and variability in both walking conditions (SSWS: R2 0.14-0.05; FWS: R2 0.40-0.05). The strength of the knee muscles was more relevant when walking at a self-selected speed, while the strength of the ankle muscles played a more prominent role when walking at a fast pace. SIGNIFICANCE The findings underscore the critical role of ankle muscles (plantar and dorsiflexors) at fast walking speeds. Therefore, targeted interventions for strength and optimization of these muscles are paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natália Boneti Moreira
- Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation in Physical Therapy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caio Corso Silveira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Bisele M, Bencsik M, Lewis MGC, Barnett CT. Attempted symmetry affects dynamic gait stability in individuals with lower-limb amputation. Gait Posture 2024; 107:182-188. [PMID: 37949725 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait in people with lower limb amputation (LLA) is typically asymmetrical. Reducing this asymmetry is often attempted to minimise the impact of secondary health issues. However, temporal-spatial asymmetry in gait of people with LLA has also been shown to underpin dynamic stability. RESEARCH QUESTION The current study aimed to identify the effects of acute attempts to achieve temporal-spatial symmetry on the dynamic stability of people with unilateral transtibial amputation (UTA). The secondary aim of this study was to identify the corresponding biomechanical adaptations during attempted symmetrical gait. METHODS Eleven people with UTA walked along a 15 m walkway in four different conditions: normal (NORM), attempted symmetrical step length and step frequency (SYMSL+SF) attempted symmetrical step length (SYMSL) and attempted symmetrical step frequency (SYMSF). Dynamic stability was measured using the backward (BW) and medio-lateral (ML) margins of stability (MoS). RESULTS Results indicate that attempting SYMSF had a positive effect on gait stability in BW and ML directions, while attempting SYMSL had a potentially negative effect, although these results did not appear to be significant. The absence of clustering in principal component analysis, supported the lack of significant results, indicating no features differentiating between conditions of attempted symmetry. Conversely, there was clustering by limbs which were associated with differences in knee and ankle joint angles between the prosthetic and non-prosthetic limbs, and clustering by individuals highlighting the importance of patient-specific analysis. CONCLUSION The data suggests that attempted symmetrical gait reduces asymmetry but also affects dynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bisele
- BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Martin Bencsik
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Bucklin MA, Deol J, Brown G, Perreault EJ, Gordon KE. Optimism persists when walking in unpredictable environments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6853. [PMID: 37100839 PMCID: PMC10133317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans continuously modulate their control strategies during walking based on their ability to anticipate disturbances. However, how people adapt and use motor plans to create stable walking in unpredictable environments is not well understood. Our purpose was to investigate how people adapt motor plans when walking in a novel and unpredictable environment. We evaluated the whole-body center of mass (COM) trajectory of participants as they performed repetitions of a discrete goal-directed walking task during which a laterally-directed force field was applied to the COM. The force field was proportional in magnitude to forward walking velocity and randomly directed towards either the right or left each trial. We hypothesized that people would adapt a control strategy to reduce the COM lateral deviations created by the unpredictable force field. In support of our hypothesis, we found that with practice the magnitude of COM lateral deviation was reduced by 28% (force field left) and 44% (force field right). Participants adapted two distinct unilateral strategies, implemented regardless of if the force field was applied to the right or to the left, that collectively created a bilateral resistance to the unpredictable force field. These strategies included an anticipatory postural adjustment to resist against forces applied to the left, and a more lateral first step to resist against forces applied to the right. In addition, during catch trials when the force field was unexpectedly removed, participants exhibited trajectories similar to baseline trials. These findings were consistent with an impedance control strategy that provides a robust resistance to unpredictable perturbations. However, we also found evidence that participants made predictive adaptations in response to their immediate experience that persisted for three trials. Due to the unpredictable nature of the force field, this predictive strategy would sometimes result in greater lateral deviations when the prediction was incorrect. The presence of these competing control strategies may have long term benefits by allowing the nervous system to identify the best overall control strategy to use in a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Bucklin
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Jasjit Deol
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Eric J Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keith E Gordon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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Cano Porras D, Heimler B, Jacobs JV, Naor SK, Inzelberg R, Zeilig G, Plotnik M. Upward perturbations trigger a stumbling effect. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 88:103069. [PMID: 36871477 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical perturbations are one major cause of falling. Incidentally, while conducting a comprehensive study comparing effects of vertical versus horizontal perturbations, we commonly observed a stumbling-like response induced by upward perturbations. The present study describes and characterizes this stumbling effect. METHODS Fourteen individuals (10 male; 27 ± 4 yr) walked self-paced on a treadmill embedded in a moveable platform and synchronized to a virtual reality system. Participants experienced 36 perturbations (12 types). Here, we report only on upward perturbations. We determined stumbling based on visual inspection of recorded videos, and calculated stride time and anteroposterior, whole-body center of mass (COM) distance relative to the heel, i.e., COM-to-heel distance, extrapolated COM (xCOM) and margin of stability (MOS) before and after perturbation. RESULTS From 68 upward perturbations across 14 participants, 75% provoked stumbling. During the first gait cycle post-perturbation, stride time decreased in the perturbed foot and the unperturbed foot (perturbed = 1.004 s vs. baseline = 1.119 s and unperturbed = 1.017 s vs. baseline = 1.125 s, p < 0.001). In the perturbed foot, the difference was larger in stumbling-provoking perturbations (stumbling: 0.15 s vs. non-stumbling: 0.020 s, p = 0.004). In addition, the COM-to-heel distance decreased during the first and second gait cycles after perturbation in both feet (first cycle: 0.58 m, second cycle: 0.665 m vs. baseline: 0.72 m, p-values<0.001). During the first gait cycle, COM-to-heel distance was larger in the perturbed foot compared to the unperturbed foot (perturbed foot: 0.61 m vs. unperturbed foot: 0.55 m, p < 0.001). MOS decreased during the first gait cycle, whereas the xCOM increased during the second through fourth gait cycles post-perturbation (maximal xCOM at baseline: 0.5 m, second cycle: 0.63 m, third cycle: 0.66 m, fourth cycle: 0.64 m, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that upward perturbations can induce a stumbling effect, which - with further testing - has the potential to be translated into balance training to reduce fall risk, and for method standardization in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiderio Cano Porras
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Brightlands Institute for Smart Society-BISS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Heimler
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jesse V Jacobs
- Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Shani Kimel Naor
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rivka Inzelberg
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriel Zeilig
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Meir Plotnik
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Kreter N, Lybbert C, Gordon KE, Fino PC. The effects of physical and temporal certainty on human locomotion with discrete underfoot perturbations. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb244509. [PMID: 36124619 PMCID: PMC9659331 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot placement can be selected to anticipate upcoming perturbations, but it is unclear how this anticipatory strategy is influenced by available response time or precise knowledge of the perturbation's characteristics. This study investigates anticipatory and reactive locomotor strategies for repeated underfoot perturbations with varying levels of temporal certainty, physical certainty, and available response time. Thirteen healthy adults walked with random underfoot perturbations from a mechanized shoe. Temporal certainty was challenged by presenting the perturbations with or without warning. Available response time was challenged by adjusting the timing of the warning before the perturbation. Physical certainty was challenged by making perturbation direction (inversion or eversion) unpredictable for certain conditions. Linear-mixed effects models assessed the effect of each condition on the percentage change of margin of stability and step width. For perturbations with one stride or less of response time, we observed few changes to step width or margin of stability. As response time increased to two strides, participants adopted wider steps in anticipation of the perturbation (P=0.001). Physical certainty had little effect on gait for the step of the perturbation, but participants recovered normal gait sooner when the physical nature of the perturbation was predictable (P<0.001). Despite having information about the timing and direction of upcoming perturbations, individuals do not develop perturbation-specific feedforward strategies. Instead, they use feedback control to recover normal gait after a perturbation. However, physical certainty appears to make the feedback controller more efficient and allows individuals to recover normal gait sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kreter
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carter Lybbert
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Keith E. Gordon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite. 1100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter C. Fino
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Ren X, Lutter C, Kebbach M, Bruhn S, Bader R, Tischer T. Lower extremity joint compensatory effects during the first recovery step following slipping and stumbling perturbations in young and older subjects. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:656. [PMID: 35948887 PMCID: PMC9367084 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower extremity may play a crucial role in compensating for gait perturbations. The study aimed to explore the mechanism of perturbation compensation by investigating the gait characteristics and lower extremity joint moment effects in young (YS) and older subjects (OS) during the first recovery gait following slipping (slipping_Rec1) and stumbling (stumbling_Rec1). METHOD An automatic perturbation-triggered program was developed using D-Flow software based on the Gait Real-time Analysis Interactive Lab to induce the two aforementioned perturbations. Marker trajectories and ground reaction forces were recorded from 15 healthy YS (age: 26.53 ± 3.04 years; body height: 1.73 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 66.81 ± 11.44 kg) and 15 healthy OS (age: 68.33 ± 3.29 years; body height: 1.76 ± 0.10 m; body mass: 81.13 ± 13.99 kg). The Human Body Model was used to compute the variables of interest. One-way analysis of variance and independent samples t-test statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS In slipping_Rec1 and stumbling_Rec1, the change in gait pattern was mainly reflected in a significant increase in step width, no alterations in step length and stance/swing ratio were revealed. Based on perturbed task specificity, lower extremity joint moments increased or decreased at specific phases of the gait cycle in both YS and OS in slipping_Rec1 and stumbling_Rec1 compared to normal gait. The two perturbed gaits reflected the respective compensatory requirements for the lower extremity joints, with both sagittal and frontal joint moments producing compensatory effects. The aging effect was not reflected in the gait pattern, but rather in the hip extension moment during the initial stance of slipping_Rec1. CONCLUSIONS Slipping appears to be more demanding for gait recovery than stumbling. Gait perturbation compensatory mechanisms for OS should concentrate on ankle strategy in the frontal plane and counter-rotation strategy around the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Ren
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, China.
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lutter
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maeruan Kebbach
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Bruhn
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Choi J, Knarr BA, Gwon Y, Youn JH. Prediction of Stability during Walking at Simulated Ship's Rolling Motion Using Accelerometers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5416. [PMID: 35891095 PMCID: PMC9320816 DOI: 10.3390/s22145416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to a ship's extreme motion, there is a risk of injuries and accidents as people may become unbalanced and be injured or fall from the ship. Thus, individuals must adjust their movements when walking in an unstable environment to avoid falling or losing balance. A person's ability to control their center of mass (COM) during lateral motion is critical to maintaining balance when walking. Dynamic balancing is also crucial to maintain stability while walking. The margin of stability (MOS) is used to define this dynamic balancing. This study aimed to develop a model for predicting balance control and stability in walking on ships by estimating the peak COM excursion and MOS variability using accelerometers. We recruited 30 healthy individuals for this study. During the experiment, participants walked for two minutes at self-selected speeds, and we used a computer-assisted rehabilitation environment (CAREN) system to simulate the roll motion. The proposed prediction models in this study successfully predicted the peak COM excursion and MOS variability. This study may be used to protect and save seafarers or passengers by assessing the risk of balance loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeon Choi
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA;
| | - Brian A. Knarr
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA;
| | - Yeongjin Gwon
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Jong-Hoon Youn
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA;
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Tuijtelaars J, Jeukens-Visser M, Nollet F, Brehm MA. Factors associated with walking adaptability and its association with falling in polio survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:1983-1991. [PMID: 35644215 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tuijtelaars
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Jeukens-Visser
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans Nollet
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel-Anne Brehm
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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12
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MacDonald ME, Siragy T, Hill A, Nantel J. Walking on Mild Slopes and Altering Arm Swing Each Induce Specific Strategies in Healthy Young Adults. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:805147. [PMID: 35146424 PMCID: PMC8821106 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.805147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Slopes are present in everyday environments and require specific postural strategies for successful navigation; different arm strategies may be used to manage external perturbations while walking. It has yet to be determined what impact arm swing has on postural strategies and gait stability during sloped walking. We investigated the potentially interacting effects of surface slope and arm motion on gait stability and postural strategies in healthy young adults. We tested 15 healthy adults, using the CAREN-Extended system to simulate a rolling-hills environment which imparted both incline (uphill) and decline (downhill) slopes (± 3°). This protocol was completed under three imposed arm swing conditions: held, normal, active. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, mediolateral margin of stability, and postural kinematics in anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML), and vertical (VT) directions were assessed. Main effects of conditions and interactions were evaluated by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Our results showed no interactions between arm swing and slope; however, we found main effects of arm swing and main effects of slope. As expected, uphill and downhill sections of the rolling-hills yielded opposite stepping and postural strategies compared to level walking, and active and held arm swings led to opposite postural strategies compared to normal arm swing. Arm swing effects were consistent across slope conditions. Walking with arms held decreased gait speed, indicating a level of caution, but maintained stability comparable to that of walking with normal arm swing. Active arm swing increased both step width variability and ML-MoS during downhill sections. Alternately, ML-MoS was larger with increased step width and double support time during uphill sections compared to level, which demonstrates that distinct base of support strategies are used to manage arm swing compared to slope. The variability of the rolling-hills also required proactive base of support changes despite the mild slopes to maintain balance.
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13
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Maitland ME, Allyn KJ, Ficanha EM, Colvin JM, Wernke MM. Finite element simulation of frontal plane adaptation using full-foot, split-toe and cam-linkage designs in prosthetic feet. JOURNAL OF PROSTHETICS AND ORTHOTICS : JPO 2022; 34:14-21. [PMID: 35002181 PMCID: PMC8740950 DOI: 10.1097/jpo.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murray E. Maitland
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Wernke MM, Ficanha EM, Thomas Z, Maitland ME, Allyn KJ, Albury A, Colvin J. Mechanical testing of frontal plane adaptability of commercially available prosthetic feet. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2022; 9:20556683221123330. [PMID: 36093414 PMCID: PMC9459498 DOI: 10.1177/20556683221123330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prosthetic feet have limited adaptability in the frontal plane. Research
shows walking on uneven terrain is difficult for many prosthesis users. A
new prosthetic foot, the META Arc, was designed with a polycentric ankle
joint that allows relatively free movement in the frontal plane to address
this limitation. Previous simulations of the polycentric ankle mechanism
found potential benefits such as reduced lateral movement of a proximal mass
during forward progress and reduced forces being transferred upward from the
ground through the foot. Methods Standard mechanical testing protocols were used to evaluate the Meta Arc
prosthetic foot’s performance and six comparable feet commercially
available. Results The results found the META Arc prosthetic foot had increased frontal plane
adaptability as well as reduced lateral forces, and reduced inversion
eversion moment compared to the six comparison feet on 10-degree cross-slope
test conditions. All included prosthetic feet had similar results for the
percent of energy return and dynamic force in the sagittal plane. Conclusions These results suggest the inclusion of the polycentric ankle within the META
Arc foot will provide more stability without sacrificing forward walking
performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zac Thomas
- WillowWood Global LLC, Mount Sterling, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Alex Albury
- WillowWood Global LLC, Mount Sterling, OH, USA
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15
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Moorhead AP, Chadefaux D, Zago M, Marelli S, Marchetti E, Tarabini M. Spatiotemporal gait parameter changes due to exposure to vertical whole-body vibration. Gait Posture 2021; 89:31-37. [PMID: 34217951 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical whole-body vibration (vWBV) during work, recreation, and transportation can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Studies have shown that lateral vibration at low frequencies (<3 Hz) can result in changes to spatiotemporal gait parameters. There are few studies which explore spatiotemporal gait changes due to vertical vibration at higher frequencies (> 3 Hz). This study seeks to assess the effect of vWBV on spatiotemporal gait parameters at a greater range of frequencies (≤ 30 Hz). METHODS Stride Frequency (SF), Stride Length (SL), and Center of Pressure velocity (CoPv) was measured in seven male subjects (23 ± 4 years, 1.79 ± 0.05 m, 73.9 ± 9.7 kg) during In-Place Walking and nine male subjects (29 ± 7 years, 1.78 ± 0.07 m, 77.8 ± 9.9 kg; mean ± SD) during Treadmill Walking while exposed to vWBV. Load cells measured ground reaction forces during In-Place Walking and sensorized insoles acquired under-foot pressure during Treadmill Walking. Statistical tests included a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, post-hoc two way paired T-tests, statistical power (1-β), correlation (R2), and effect size (Cohen's d). RESULTS While statistical significance was not found for changes in SF, SL, or Mean CoPv, small to large effects were found in all measured spatiotemporal parameters of both setups. During Treadmill Walking, vWBV was correlated with a decrease in SF (R2 = 0.925), an increase in SL (R2 = 0.908), and an increase in Mean CoPv (R2 = 0.921) and Max CoPv (R2 = 0.952) with a significant increase (p < 0.0083) in Max CoPv at frequencies of 8 Hz and higher. SIGNIFICANCE Study results demonstrated that vWBV influences spatiotemporal gait parameters at frequencies greater than previously studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Moorhead
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe la Masa 1, 20156, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
| | - Delphine Chadefaux
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe la Masa 1, 20156, Milano, Italy; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, UR 4494, F-93000, Bobigny, France; Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, F-75013, Paris, France; Département STAPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Marelli
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe la Masa 1, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- INAIL, Via di fontana candida, 00040, Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - Marco Tarabini
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe la Masa 1, 20156, Milano, Italy; Laurentian University, Bharty School of Engineering, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
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16
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Kazemimoghadam M, Fey NP. Continuous Classification of Locomotion in Response to Task Complexity and Anticipatory State. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:628050. [PMID: 33968910 PMCID: PMC8100249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.628050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intent recognition in lower-extremity assistive devices (e.g., prostheses and exoskeletons) is typically limited to either recognition of steady-state locomotion or changes of terrain (e.g., level ground to stair) occurring in a straight-line path and under anticipated condition. Stability is highly affected during non-steady changes of direction such as cuts especially when they are unanticipated, posing high risk of fall-related injuries. Here, we studied the influence of changes of direction and user anticipation on task recognition, and accordingly introduced classification schemes accommodating such effects. Methods A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier continuously classified straight-line walking, sidestep/crossover cuts (single transitions), and cuts-to-stair locomotion (mixed transitions) performed under varied task anticipatory conditions. Training paradigms with varying levels of anticipated/unanticipated exposures and analysis windows of size 100–600 ms were examined. Results More accurate classification of anticipated relative to unanticipated tasks was observed. Including bouts of target task in the training data was necessary to improve generalization to unanticipated locomotion. Only up to two bouts of target task were sufficient to reduce errors to <20% in unanticipated mixed transitions, whereas, in single transitions and straight walking, substantial unanticipated information (i.e., five bouts) was necessary to achieve similar outcomes. Window size modifications did not have a significant influence on classification performance. Conclusion Adjusting the training paradigm helps to achieve classification schemes capable of adapting to changes of direction and task anticipatory state. Significance The findings could provide insight into developing classification schemes that can adapt to changes of direction and user anticipation. They could inform intent recognition strategies for controlling lower-limb assistive to robustly handle “unknown” circumstances, and thus deliver increased level of reliability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Kazemimoghadam
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas P Fey
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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17
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Mokhtarzadeh H, Forte JD, Lee PVS. Biomechanical and cognitive interactions during Visuo Motor Targeting Task. Gait Posture 2021; 86:287-291. [PMID: 33831744 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomechanical analyses primarily focus on physical aspects of human movement; however, it is not understood how walking is affected while simultaneously performing a demanding cognitive task - a form of Cognitive-Motor Interference (CMI). CMI occurs when performance of a primary task (e.g. walking) is affected following the introduction of a cognitive task (e.g. visual search). RESEARCH QUESTION Would Visuo Motor Targeting Task (VMTT) impair visual search performance and reduce the margin of stability (MoS) at higher gait speeds? METHODS A protocol was developed to investigate responses of the neuromuscular system while performing a complex visual search task. The Computer Assisted Rehabilitation ENvironment (CAREN, Motekforce Link, Netherlands) system was used for the experimental design. Twenty male participants (Age = 24.2 ± 2.5yrs, Weight = 70.3 ± 10.6 kg, Height = 178.0 ± 9.1 cm) located and pointed towards targets in complex scenes while walking at different gait speeds (0.55, 1.11 and 1.67 m/s.) or while stationary. The cost of visual search during a Visuo Motor Targeting Task (VMTT) was based on the pointing accuracy during the visual search task. RESULTS A two-way repeated measure ANOVA showed that MoS in the ML direction significantly improved with increased gait speed and during the visual search task. There was also a significant interaction with MoS improvement being greater during the visual search task at high gait speeds. MoS in the AP was only affected by gait speed. Visual performance and cost of visual search were enhanced during walking versus standing up to 25 %. SIGNIFICANCE This study investigated CMI at different gait speeds, which may have implications in postural control, falls and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jason D Forte
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Vee-Sin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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18
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Herssens N, Saeys W, Vereeck L, Meijer K, van de Berg R, Van Rompaey V, McCrum C, Hallemans A. An exploratory investigation on spatiotemporal parameters, margins of stability, and their interaction in bilateral vestibulopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6427. [PMID: 33742071 PMCID: PMC7979710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of accurate vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive information is crucial in managing the centre of mass in relation to the base of support during gait. Therefore, bilateral loss of peripheral vestibular function can be highly debilitating when performing activities of daily life. To further investigate the influence of an impaired peripheral vestibular system on gait stability, spatiotemporal parameters, step-to-step variability, and mechanical stability parameters were examined in 20 patients with bilateral vestibulopathy and 20 matched healthy controls during preferred overground walking. Additionally, using a partial least squares analysis the relationship between spatiotemporal parameters of gait and the margins of stability was explored in both groups. Patients with bilateral vestibulopathy showed an increased cadence compared to healthy controls (121 ± 9 vs 115 ± 8 steps/min; p = 0.02; d = 0.77). In addition, although not significant (p = 0.07), a moderate effect size (d = 0.60) was found for step width variability (Coefficient of Variation (%); Bilateral vestibulopathy: 19 ± 11%; Healthy controls: 13 ± 5%). Results of the partial least squares analysis suggest that patients with peripheral vestibular failure implement a different balance control strategy. Instead of altering the step parameters, as is the case in healthy controls, they use the single and double support phases to control the state of the centre of mass to improve the mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Herssens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Gent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Building B3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M2OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Wim Saeys
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,RevArte Rehabilitation Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Luc Vereeck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M2OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond van de Berg
- Division of Balance Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Physics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vincent Van Rompaey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christopher McCrum
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Hallemans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M2OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Dasgupta P, VanSwearingen J, Godfrey A, Redfern M, Montero-Odasso M, Sejdic E. Acceleration Gait Measures as Proxies for Motor Skill of Walking: A Narrative Review. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:249-261. [PMID: 33315570 PMCID: PMC7995554 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3044260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In adults 65 years or older, falls or other neuromotor dysfunctions are often framed as walking-related declines in motor skill; the frequent occurrence of such decline in walking-related motor skill motivates the need for an improved understanding of the motor skill of walking. Simple gait measurements, such as speed, do not provide adequate information about the quality of the body motion's translation during walking. Gait measures from accelerometers can enrich measurements of walking and motor performance. This review article will categorize the aspects of the motor skill of walking and review how trunk-acceleration gait measures during walking can be mapped to motor skill aspects, satisfying a clinical need to understand how well accelerometer measures assess gait. We will clarify how to leverage more complicated acceleration measures to make accurate motor skill decline predictions, thus furthering fall research in older adults.
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20
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Hirata K, Kokubun T, Miyazawa T, Hanawa H, Kubota K, Sonoo M, Fujino T, Kanemura N. Relationship Between the Walking Velocity Relative to the Slip Velocity and the Corrective Response. J Med Biol Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-020-00527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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van Leeuwen AM, van Dieën JH, Daffertshofer A, Bruijn SM. Active foot placement control ensures stable gait: Effect of constraints on foot placement and ankle moments. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242215. [PMID: 33332421 PMCID: PMC7746185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Step-by-step foot placement control, relative to the center of mass (CoM) kinematic state, is generally considered a dominant mechanism for maintenance of gait stability. By adequate (mediolateral) positioning of the center of pressure with respect to the CoM, the ground reaction force generates a moment that prevents falling. In healthy individuals, foot placement is complemented mainly by ankle moment control ensuring stability. To evaluate possible compensatory relationships between step-by-step foot placement and complementary ankle moments, we investigated the degree of (active) foot placement control during steady-state walking, and under either foot placement-, or ankle moment constraints. Thirty healthy participants walked on a treadmill, while full-body kinematics, ground reaction forces and EMG activities were recorded. As a replication of earlier findings, we first showed step-by-step foot placement is associated with preceding CoM state and hip ab-/adductor activity during steady-state walking. Tight control of foot placement appears to be important at normal walking speed because there was a limited change in the degree of foot placement control despite the presence of a foot placement constraint. At slow speed, the degree of foot placement control decreased substantially, suggesting that tight control of foot placement is less essential when walking slowly. Step-by-step foot placement control was not tightened to compensate for constrained ankle moments. Instead compensation was achieved through increases in step width and stride frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. van Leeuwen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Daffertshofer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. M. Bruijn
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, PR China
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22
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Siragy T, MacDonald ME, Nantel J. Restricted Arm Swing in People With Parkinson's Disease Decreases Step Length and Time on Destabilizing Surfaces. Front Neurol 2020; 11:873. [PMID: 33101159 PMCID: PMC7545030 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fall rates in people with Parkinson's Disease range between 35 and 68% with the majority of falls occurring while walking. Initial evidence suggests that when walking without arm swing, people with Parkinson's Disease adapt their stepping foot placement as a means to preserve dynamic stability. However, it remains unexamined what arm swing's effect has on dynamic stability when walking on destabilizing surfaces. Methods: Twenty people with Parkinson's Disease (63.78 ± 8.97 years) walked with restricted and unrestricted arm swing on unperturbed, rocky, rolling-hills, and mediolateral translational surfaces. Data were collected on a split-belt treadmill CAREN Extended-System (Motek Medical, Amsterdam, NL). Bilateral averages and coefficient of variations for step time, length, and width; and mediolateral margin of stability were calculated. Results: Results were examined in three separate analyses that included arm conditions during each of the destabilizing surfaces compared to unperturbed walking (arm-rolling hills, arm-rocky, and arm-mediolateral). Compared to unrestricted arm swing, restricted arm swing reduced average step length (arm-rolling hills) and time (arm-rocky), and increased COV step time (arm-rolling hills). The arm-rolling hills analysis revealed that the most affected leg had a shorter step length than the least affected. The destabilizing surface effects revealed that during the arm-rolling hills and arm-rocky analyses, step time decreased, step width increased, and the COV for step time, length and width increased. No main effects occurred for the arm-mediolateral analysis. Conclusion: Results indicate that foot placement in response to restricted arm swing, in people with Parkinson's Disease, depends on the encountered destabilizing surface. The arm-rolling hills analysis revealed that participants appropriately reduced step length as compensation to their restricted arm swing. However, the arm-rocky analysis revealed that individuals prioritized forward progression over dynamic stability as they decreased average step time. Additionally, the increased spatiotemporal variability in response to the rocky and rolling hills conditions indicate partial foot placement adaptation to maintain an already existing level of global dynamic stability as no changes in the Margin of Stability occurred. Adaptation is further corroborated by the decreased step time and increased step width. These responses reflect attempts to pass the destabilizing terrains faster while increasing their base of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Siragy
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Julie Nantel
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kazemimoghadam M, Fey NP. Biomechanical Signals of Varied Modality and Location Contribute Differently to Recognition of Transient Locomotion. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5390. [PMID: 32967072 PMCID: PMC7570574 DOI: 10.3390/s20185390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intent recognition in lower-limb assistive devices typically relies on neuromechanical sensing of an affected limb acquired through embedded device sensors. It remains unknown whether signals from more widespread sources such as the contralateral leg and torso positively influence intent recognition, and how specific locomotor tasks that place high demands on the neuromuscular system, such as changes of direction, contribute to intent recognition. In this study, we evaluated the performances of signals from varying mechanical modalities (accelerographic, gyroscopic, and joint angles) and locations (the trailing leg, leading leg and torso) during straight walking, changes of direction (cuts), and cuts to stair ascent with varying task anticipation. Biomechanical information from the torso demonstrated poor performance across all conditions. Unilateral (the trailing or leading leg) joint angle data provided the highest accuracy. Surprisingly, neither the fusion of unilateral and torso data nor the combination of multiple signal modalities improved recognition. For these fused modality data, similar trends but with diminished accuracy rates were reported during unanticipated conditions. Finally, for datasets that achieved a relatively accurate (≥90%) recognition of unanticipated tasks, these levels of recognition were achieved after the mid-swing of the trailing/transitioning leg, prior to a subsequent heel strike. These findings suggest that mechanical sensing of the legs and torso for the recognition of straight-line and transient locomotion can be implemented in a relatively flexible manner (i.e., signal modality, and from the leading or trailing legs) and, importantly, suggest that more widespread sensing is not always optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Kazemimoghadam
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - Nicholas P. Fey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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24
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Fitzgerald C, Thomson D, Zebib A, Clothier PJ, Gupta A. A comparison of gait stability between younger and older adults while head turning. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1871-1883. [PMID: 32529291 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Head turning while walking may challenge stability by altering visual and vestibular information. Whether there are age-related changes that affect gait stability while head turning during walking remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to compare gait stability between younger and older adults immediately following a head turn while walking. Ten younger [mean (SD)] [23.4 (3.3) years] and ten older [68.8 (6.0) years] healthy adults walked on a treadmill at their preferred gait velocity and performed head turns by responding to a visual cue. The margin of stability (MoS) in the mediolateral (MoSML), anterior (MoSA) and posterior (MoSP) directions, foot placement (mean step length and width) and rotation of the head, trunk and pelvis were calculated for the four steps immediately following a cue to head turn and compared to walking only. Older adults increased their MoSML and younger adults increased their MoSP immediately following a head turn. However, older adults had a significantly greater MoSP than younger adults during this time. Older adults also had greater pelvic rotation velocity and a trend towards smaller head-on-trunk rotation compared to younger adults. Age does not compromise the stability of healthy older compared to younger adults immediately following or when completing a head turn. However, older adults may use a different motor strategy to perform a head turn to limit isolated movement of the head and the effects of a changing sensory frame of reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Fitzgerald
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomson
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Adem Zebib
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter J Clothier
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Amitabh Gupta
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Interindividual Balance Adaptations in Response to Perturbation Treadmill Training in Persons With Parkinson Disease. J Neurol Phys Ther 2020; 43:224-232. [PMID: 31517749 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Perturbation training is a promising approach to reduce fall incidence in persons with Parkinson disease (PwPD). This study aimed to evaluate interindividual differences in balance adaptations in response to perturbation treadmill training (PTT) and identify potential outcome predictors. METHODS PwPD (n = 43, Hoehn & Yahr stage 1-3.5) were randomly assigned to either 8 weeks of PTT or conventional treadmill training (CTT) without perturbations. At baseline and following intervention, data from 4 domains of balance function (reactive, anticipatory, dynamic postural control, and quiet stance) were collected. Using responder analysis we investigated interindividual differences (responder rates and magnitude of change) and potential predictive factors. RESULTS PTT showed a significantly higher responder rate in the Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) subscore reactive postural control, compared with CTT (PTT = 44%; CTT = 10%; risk ratio = 4.22, confidence interval = 1.03-17.28). Additionally, while between-groups differences were not significant, the proportion of responders in the measures of dynamic postural control was higher for PTT compared with CTT (PTT: 22%-39%; CTT: 5%-10%). The magnitude of change in responders and nonresponders was similar in both groups. PTT responders showed significantly lower initial balance performance (4/8 measures) and cognitive function (3/8 measures), and were older and at a more advanced disease stage, based on descriptive evaluation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PTT is beneficial to improve reactive balance in PwPD. Further, PTT appeared to be effective only for a part of PwPD, especially for those with lower balance and cognitive function, which needs further attention.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A1).
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26
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Herssens N, van Criekinge T, Saeys W, Truijen S, Vereeck L, van Rompaey V, Hallemans A. An investigation of the spatio-temporal parameters of gait and margins of stability throughout adulthood. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200194. [PMID: 32429825 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in the way of walking may induce changes in dynamic stability. Therefore, the relationship between age, spatio-temporal characteristics and margins of stability was examined. One hundred and five healthy adults aged between 20 and 89 years old were analysed on spatio-temporal characteristics and margins of stability using three-dimensional motion analysis. Subjects walked barefoot over a 12-m-long walkway at their preferred walking speed. Covariance among gait characteristics was reduced using a factor analysis, identifying domains of gait. The influence of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and leg length on domains of gait and margins of stability was investigated using linear mixed models. A stepwise linear regression identified domains of gait predicting the variance in margins of stability. Four domains of gait explaining 74.17% of the variance were identified. Age had a significant influence on the medio-lateral margin of stability and the 'variability', 'pace' and 'base of support' domain. BMI significantly influenced the medio-lateral margin of stability; gender and leg length had no influence on either of the margins of stability. The 'base of support' domain predicted 26% of the variance in the medio-lateral margin of stability. When considering the margins of stability, especially when comparing multiple groups, age, BMI and spatio-temporal parameters should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Herssens
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M²OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tamaya van Criekinge
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M²OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Saeys
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M²OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Truijen
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M²OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luc Vereeck
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M²OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Rompaey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ann Hallemans
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M²OCEAN), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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27
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Influence of sampling frequency and number of strides on recurrence quantifiers extracted from gait data. Comput Biol Med 2020; 119:103673. [PMID: 32339118 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of the sampling frequency and number of strides on recurrence quantifiers extracted from gait data was investigated in order to provide baseline values and preserve the system's non-linear dynamical characteristics expressed by these recurrence quantifiers. Recurrence quantifiers were extracted from a recurrence plot (RP), which required the reconstruction of a high-dimensional state space capable of reproducing the dynamical characteristics of the analyzed system. In this study, the following quantifiers were extracted: rate of recurrence (RR), determinism (DET), average diagonal lines length (AVG), maximum diagonal lines length (MaxL), Shannon entropy (EntD), and measure of trend (TREND). Data collected during treadmill walking were statistically analyzed to compare the distribution characteristics (mean, median, and standard deviation) and the quantifiers' correlation with those obtained from a control time series with an acquisition time corresponding to 150 strides and a 100-Hz sampling frequency, which are common values used in gait studies. It was not possible to reduce the number of strides for the MaxL or TREND. However, for the RR, DET, AVG, and EntD, it was possible to reduce the number of strides by 60% when analyzed together. The minimum sampling frequency required to extract all quantifiers simultaneously was 100 Hz. This potential reduction in the number of strides is appropriate for evaluating fast gait events, with short temporal localization in the RP, by applying the sliding window method to the recurrence plot.
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28
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Tokur D, Grimmer M, Seyfarth A. Review of balance recovery in response to external perturbations during daily activities. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 69:102546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Wu M, Brown GL, Woodward JL, Bruijn SM, Gordon KE. A novel Movement Amplification environment reveals effects of controlling lateral centre of mass motion on gait stability and metabolic cost. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:190889. [PMID: 32218932 PMCID: PMC7029926 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During human walking, the centre of mass (COM) laterally oscillates, regularly transitioning its position above the two alternating support limbs. To maintain upright forward-directed walking, lateral COM excursion should remain within the base of support, on average. As necessary, humans can modify COM motion through various methods, including foot placement. How the nervous system controls these oscillations and the costs associated with control are not fully understood. To examine how lateral COM motions are controlled, healthy participants walked in a 'Movement Amplification' force field that increased lateral COM momentum in a manner dependent on the participant's own motion (forces were applied to the pelvis proportional to and in the same direction as lateral COM velocity). We hypothesized that metabolic cost to control lateral COM motion would increase with the gain of the field. In the Movement Amplification field, participants were significantly less stable than during baseline walking. Stability significantly decreased as the field gain increased. Participants also modified gait patterns, including increasing step width, which increased the metabolic cost of transport as the field gain increased. These results support previous research suggesting that humans modulate foot placement to control lateral COM motion, incurring a metabolic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan/Mary Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffrey L. Brown
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sjoerd M. Bruijn
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keith E. Gordon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, USA
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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30
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Koch G, Bonnì S, Casula EP, Iosa M, Paolucci S, Pellicciari MC, Cinnera AM, Ponzo V, Maiella M, Picazio S, Sallustio F, Caltagirone C. Effect of Cerebellar Stimulation on Gait and Balance Recovery in Patients With Hemiparetic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:170-178. [PMID: 30476999 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Gait and balance impairment is associated with poorer functional recovery after stroke. The cerebellum is known to be strongly implicated in the functional reorganization of motor networks in patients with stroke, especially for gait and balance functions. Objective To determine whether cerebellar intermittent θ-burst stimulation (CRB-iTBS) can improve balance and gait functions in patients with hemiparesis due to stroke. Design, Setting, Participants This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled phase IIa trial investigated efficacy and safety of a 3-week treatment of CRB-iTBS coupled with physiotherapy in promoting gait and balance recovery in patients with stroke. Thirty-six patients with consecutive ischemic chronic stroke in the territory of the contralateral middle cerebral artery with hemiparesis were recruited from a neuro-rehabilitation hospital. Participants were screened and enrolled from March 2013 to June 2017. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with CRB-iTBS or sham iTBS applied over the cerebellar hemisphere ipsilateral to the affected body side immediately before physiotherapy daily during 3 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the between-group difference in change from baseline in the Berg Balance Scale. Secondary exploratory measures included the between-group difference in change from baseline in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale, Barthel Index, and locomotion assessment with gait analysis and cortical activity measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with electroencephalogram. Results A total of 34 patients (mean [SD] age, 64 [11.3] years; 13 women [38.2%]) completed the study. Patients treated with CRB-iTBS, but not with sham iTBS, showed an improvement of gait and balance functions, as revealed by a pronounced increase in the mean (SE) Berg Balance Scale score (baseline: 34.5 [3.4]; 3 weeks after treatment: 43.4 [2.6]; 3 weeks after the end of treatment: 47.5 [1.8]; P < .001). No overall treatment-associated differences were noted in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (mean [SE], baseline: 163.8 [6.8]; 3 weeks after treatment: 171.1 [7.2]; 3 weeks after the end of treatment: 173.5 [6.9]; P > .05) and Barthel Index scores (mean [SE], baseline: 71.1 [4.92]; 3 weeks after treatment: 88.8 [2.1]; 3 weeks after the end of treatment: 92.2 [2.4]; P > .05). Patients treated with CRB-iTBS, but not sham iTBS, showed a reduction of step width at the gait analysis (mean [SE], baseline: 16.8 [4.8] cm; 3 weeks after treatment: 14.3 [6.2] cm; P < .05) and an increase of neural activity over the posterior parietal cortex. Conclusions and Relevance Cerebellar intermittent θ-burst stimulation promotes gait and balance recovery in patients with stroke by acting on cerebello-cortical plasticity. These results are important to increase the level of independent walking and reduce the risk of falling. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03456362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonnì
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elias Paolo Casula
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iosa
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Paolucci
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Martino Cinnera
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Maiella
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Picazio
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sallustio
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Russell BS, Hosek RS, Hoiriis KT, Drake ED. Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia and Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Balance, Gait, and Eye Movement Before and After Multimodal Chiropractic Care: A Case Study. J Chiropr Med 2019; 18:144-154. [PMID: 31367202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this report is to describe care of a patient with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Clinical Features A 66-year-old patient presented with limited eye movement and mild ptosis, which led to a diagnosis of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Rotary chair testing suggested vestibular involvement. Other symptoms included dizziness, problems with balance, and chronic stiffness in his cervical and thoracic regions. He had anxiety about loss of function and limited exercise habits because of fear of falling. Examination methods included balance assessment, kinetic aspects of walking, and videonystagmography. Intervention and Outcome He had already begun regular practice of vestibular rehabilitation exercises before receiving 18 sessions of manual and instrument-assisted chiropractic manipulation, along with mobilization, stretching, and transverse massage, over 37 weeks. In addition to self-reported improvements, there was substantially decreased postural sway during balance assessment and there were small improvements in eye movement, ptosis, and walking. Conclusion This patient showed improvements in balance, eye movements, and walking while undergoing multimodal chiropractic care and practicing eye and balance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent S Russell
- Dr. Sid E. Williams Center for Chiropractic Research, Life University, Marietta, Georgia
| | - Ronald S Hosek
- Dr. Sid E. Williams Center for Chiropractic Research, Life University, Marietta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn T Hoiriis
- Dr. Sid E. Williams Center for Chiropractic Research, Life University, Marietta, Georgia
| | - Emily D Drake
- Dr. Sid E. Williams Center for Chiropractic Research, Life University, Marietta, Georgia
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Jacobs E, Senden R, McCrum C, van Rhijn LW, Meijer K, Willems PC. Effect of a semirigid thoracolumbar orthosis on gait and sagittal alignment in patients with an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:671-680. [PMID: 31043773 PMCID: PMC6469477 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s199853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An important goal in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) is the prevention of new vertebral fractures and the subsequent progression to global sagittal malalignment. Current conservative treatment is multimodal and comprises analgesics, medication for osteoporosis, and physical therapy. However, little is known about the value of orthoses in the treatment of OVCFs. Aims The primary purpose of this study was to examine the direct effect of a semirigid thoracolumbar orthosis on gait in patients suffering from an OVCF. The secondary purpose was to evaluate changes in gait, radiographic sagittal alignment, pain, and quality of life over time. Methods Fifteen postmenopausal patients with an OVCF were treated with a semirigid thoracolumbar orthosis. At baseline, after 6 weeks, and after 6 months, gait analysis was performed with a dual belt-instrumented treadmill with a 180° projection screen providing a virtual environment (computer-assisted rehabilitation environment) combined with clinical and radiographic assessments. Results At baseline, bracing caused a significantly more upright posture during walking and patients walked faster, with larger strides, longer stride times, and lower cadence compared to walking without orthosis. After 6 weeks, radiographic and dynamic sagittal alignment had improved compared to baseline. The observed effect was gone after 6 months, when the orthosis was not worn anymore. Conclusion A semirigid thoracolumbar orthosis seems to have a positive effect on gait and stability in patients suffering from an OVCF, as was shown by a more upright posture, which may result in decreased compressive loading of the vertebrae. For studying the true effectiveness of dynamic bracing in the treatment of OVCFs, a prospective, randomized controlled trial will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jacobs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht 6229 HX, the Netherlands,
| | - Rachel Senden
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher McCrum
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht 6229 HX, the Netherlands,
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul C Willems
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht 6229 HX, the Netherlands,
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Onushko T, Boerger T, Van Dehy J, Schmit BD. Dynamic stability and stepping strategies of young healthy adults walking on an oscillating treadmill. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212207. [PMID: 30759162 PMCID: PMC6373955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how people modify their stepping to maintain gait stability may provide information on fall risk and help to understand strategies used to reduce loss of balance. The purpose of this study was to identify the stepping strategies healthy young individuals select to maintain balance while walking on a destabilizing surface in various directions. A treadmill mounted on top of a 6 degree-of-freedom motion base was used to generate support surface oscillations in different degrees of freedom and amplitudes. Fifteen healthy young adults (21.3 ± 1.4 years) walked at self-selected speeds while continuous sinusoidal oscillations were imposed to the support surface in a one degree of freedom: rotation or translation in the mediolateral (ML) direction and rotation or translation in the anteroposterior (AP) direction, with each condition repeated at three different amplitudes. We compared step width, length, and frequency and the mean and variability of margin of stability (MoS) during each experimental walking condition with a control condition, in which the support surface was stationary. Subjects chose a common strategy of increasing step width (p < 0.001) and decreasing step length (p = 0.008) while increasing mediolateral MoS (p < 0.001), particularly during oscillations that challenged frontal plane control, with rotations of the walking surface producing the greatest changes to stepping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Onushko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy Boerger
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | | | - Brian D. Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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Twardzik E, Duchowny K, Gallagher A, Alexander N, Strasburg D, Colabianchi N, Clarke P. What features of the built environment matter most for mobility? Using wearable sensors to capture real-time outdoor environment demand on gait performance. Gait Posture 2019; 68:437-442. [PMID: 30594872 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research has demonstrated relationships between built environment characteristics and outdoor mobility. However, most of this work has relied on composite scores of the built environment. RESEARCH QUESTION Which properties of the outdoor built environment are associated with the greatest change in gait metrics in a real-world setting? METHODS 25 community-dwelling adults from Southeast Michigan were equipped with mobile inertial measurement units and walked a 1300-meter outdoor course with varying environmental demands. Environmental properties were documented in sections of the course using the Senior Walking Environmental Assessment Tool. Gait speed, left foot cadence, and stride length were used to identify the built environment properties under which mobility was most challenged using linear mixed models. We hypothesized that subjects would adapt to demanding environments by decreasing gait speed, increasing cadence, and shortening stride length. RESULTS Properties of the built environment were significantly associated with changes in gait speed, left foot cadence, and stride length. Properties that were most important for predicting gait speed included slope, sidewalk condition, and presence of holes. Sidewalk slope, bumps, and the presence of a curb cut were all significant predictors of left foot cadence. Mean stride length of the outdoor course was significantly associated with the section's condition, slope, holes, bumps, width, and the presence of grooves and bumps at a curb. SIGNIFICANCE Associations between environmental properties and gait parameters were differential across the three mobility outcomes. When examining which properties of the built environment are challenging to navigate it is important to understand the relative influence of specific properties on gait metrics. Knowledge of which built environment properties are barriers for walking behavior is critical for the design of inclusive sidewalks and streets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Twardzik
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Environment and Policy Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kate Duchowny
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amby Gallagher
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil Alexander
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Health Care System Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Mobility Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Debra Strasburg
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Health Care System Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Mobility Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Natalie Colabianchi
- Environment and Policy Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philippa Clarke
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ho Hoang KL, Wolf SI, Mombaur K. Benchmarking Stability of Bipedal Locomotion Based on Individual Full Body Dynamics and Foot Placement Strategies-Application to Impaired and Unimpaired Walking. Front Robot AI 2018; 5:117. [PMID: 33500996 PMCID: PMC7805904 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles underlying smooth and effortless human walking while maintaining stability as well as the ability to quickly respond to unexpected perturbations result from a plethora of well-balanced parameters, most of them yet to be determined. In this paper, we investigate criteria that may be useful for benchmarking stability properties of human walking. We perform dynamic reconstructions of human walking motions of unimpaired subjects and subjects walking with transfemoral prostheses from motion capture recordings using optimal control. We aim at revealing subject-specific strategies in applying dynamics in order to maintain steady gait considering irregularities such as deviating gait patterns or asymmetric body segment properties. We identify foot placement with respect to the Instantaneous Capture Point as the strategy globally applied by the subjects to obtain steady gait and propose the Residual Orbital Energy as a measure allowing for benchmarking human-like gait toward confident vs. cautious gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai-Long Ho Hoang
- Optimization, Robotics and Biomechanics, Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian I Wolf
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Mombaur
- Optimization, Robotics and Biomechanics, Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Houdijk H, Wezenberg D, Hak L, Cutti AG. Energy storing and return prosthetic feet improve step length symmetry while preserving margins of stability in persons with transtibial amputation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018; 15:76. [PMID: 30255807 PMCID: PMC6157252 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-018-0404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy storing and return (ESAR) feet are generally preferred over solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH) feet by people with a lower limb amputation. While ESAR feet have been shown to have only limited effect on gait economy, other functional benefits should account for this preference. A simple biomechanical model suggests that enhanced gait stability and gait symmetry could prove to explain part of the difference in the subjective preference between both feet. Aim To investigate whether increased push-off power with ESAR feet increases center of mass velocity at push off and enhance intact step length and step length symmetry while preserving the margin of stability during walking in people with a transtibial prosthesis. Methods Fifteen people with a unilateral transtibial amputation walked with their prescribed ESAR foot and a SACH foot at a fixed walking speed (1.2 m/s) over a level walkway while kinematic and kinetic data were collected. Push-off work generated by the foot, center of mass velocity, step length, step length symmetry and backward margin of stability were assessed and compared between feet. Results Push-off work was significantly higher when using the ESAR foot compared to the SACH foot. Simultaneously, center of mass velocity at toe-off was higher with ESAR compared to SACH, and intact step length and step length symmetry increased without reducing the backward margin of stability. Conclusion Compared to the SACH foot, the ESAR foot allowed an improvement of step length symmetry while preserving the backward margin of stability at community ambulation speed. These benefits may possibly contribute to the subjective preference for ESAR feet in people with a lower limb amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Houdijk
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Research and Development, Heliomare Rehabilitation, Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.
| | - Daphne Wezenberg
- Department of Health & Technology
- Human Kinetic Technology, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Hak
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Giovanni Cutti
- Production Directorate, Applied Research, INAIL Prosthesis Center, Vigorso di Budrio, Bologna, Italy
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Gait stability in response to platform, belt, and sensory perturbations in young and older adults. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56:2325-2335. [PMID: 29946955 PMCID: PMC6245003 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation-based gait assessment has been used to quantify gait stability in older adults. However, knowledge on which perturbation type is most suitable to identify poor gait stability is lacking. We evaluated the effects of ipsi- and contra-lateral sway, belt acceleration and deceleration, and visual and auditory perturbations on medio-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) margins of stability (MoS) in young and older adults. We aimed to evaluate (1) which perturbation type disturbed the gait pattern substantially, (2) how participants recovered, and (3) whether recovery responses could discriminate between young and older adults. Nine young (25.1 ± 3.4 years) and nine older (70.1 ± 7.6 years) adults walked on the CAREN Extended (Motek BV, The Netherlands). The perturbation effect was quantified by deviation in MoS over six post-perturbation steps compared to baseline walking. Contra-lateral sway and deceleration perturbations resulted in the largest ML (1.9–4 times larger than other types) and AP (1.6–5.6 times larger than other types) perturbation effects, respectively. After both perturbation types, participants increased MoS by taking wider, shorter, and faster steps. No differences between young and older adults were found. We suggest to evaluate the potential of using contra-lateral sway and deceleration perturbations for fall risk identification by including both healthy and frail older adults. Margins of stability during steady state (left) and perturbed (right) gait to quantify reactive gait stability in response to various perturbation types in young and older adults. ![]()
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Skelton DA, Mavroeidi A. How do muscle and bone strengthening and balance activities (MBSBA) vary across the life course, and are there particular ages where MBSBA are most important? J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2018; 3:74-84. [PMID: 32300696 PMCID: PMC7155320 DOI: 10.22540/jfsf-03-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the role of strength and balance activities throughout the lifecycle to improve physical capacity and reduce all-cause mortality. The evidence suggests strong associations in middle and older age, with poor balance, poor strength or poor physical function having strong associations with mortality. Currently in the UK, the proportions of adults (69% of men and 76% of women) not meeting the strength and balance guidelines (of 2 or more sessions/week) is concerning. This report identifies specific time points in the lifecycle where specific promotion of and engagement with strength and balance activities would be most beneficial for health: 18-24y to maximize bone and muscle mass gains, 40-50y to maintain strength and reduce that downward cycle, and over 65s to preserve balance and strength and maintain independence). This review also suggests specific transition points/events in life where there may be an increase in sedentary behaviour or loss of muscle function (pregnancy, menopause, onset of on diagnosis of disease, retirement, on becoming a carer and following hospitalization), where it would be useful to initiate additional strength and balance exercises to improve future health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Skelton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexandra Mavroeidi
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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Madehkhaksar F, Klenk J, Sczuka K, Gordt K, Melzer I, Schwenk M. The effects of unexpected mechanical perturbations during treadmill walking on spatiotemporal gait parameters, and the dynamic stability measures by which to quantify postural response. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195902. [PMID: 29672558 PMCID: PMC5908091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most falls occur after a loss of balance following an unexpected perturbation such as a slip or a trip. Greater understanding of how humans control and maintain stability during perturbed walking may help to develop appropriate fall prevention programs. The aim of this study was to examine changes in spatiotemporal gait and stability parameters in response to sudden mechanical perturbations in medio-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) direction during treadmill walking. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate which parameters are most representative to quantify postural recovery responses. Ten healthy adults (mean = 26.4, SD = 4.1 years) walked on a treadmill that provided unexpected discrete ML and AP surface horizontal perturbations. Participants walked under no perturbation (normal walking), and under left, right, forward, and backward sudden mechanical perturbation conditions. Gait parameters were computed including stride length (SL), step width (SW), and cadence, as well as dynamic stability in AP- (MoS-AP) and ML- (MoS-ML) directions. Gait and stability parameters were quantified by means, variability, and extreme values. Overall, participants walked with a shorter stride length, a wider step width, and a higher cadence during perturbed walking, but despite this, the effect of perturbations on means of SW and MoS-ML was not statistically significant. These effects were found to be significantly greater when the perturbations were applied toward the ML-direction. Variabilities, as well as extremes of gait-related parameters, showed strong responses to the perturbations. The higher variability as a response to perturbations might be an indicator of instability and fall risk, on the same note, an adaptation strategy and beneficial to recover balance. Parameters identified in this study may represent useful indicators of locomotor adaptation to successfully compensate sudden mechanical perturbation during walking. The potential association of the extracted parameters with fall risk needs to be determined in fall-prone populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Madehkhaksar
- Department of Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jochen Klenk
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Insitute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kim Sczuka
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Gordt
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Itshak Melzer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Schwenk
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Krkeljas Z. Changes in gait and posture as factors of dynamic stability during walking in pregnancy. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 58:315-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hsieh KL, Sheehan RC, Wilken JM, Dingwell JB. Healthy individuals are more maneuverable when walking slower while navigating a virtual obstacle course. Gait Posture 2018; 61:466-472. [PMID: 29494819 PMCID: PMC5866787 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maintaining stability, especially in the mediolateral direction, is important for successful walking. Navigating in the community, however, may require people to reduce stability to make quick lateral transitions, creating a tradeoff between stability and maneuverability. Walking slower can improve stability during steady state walking, but there remains a need to better understand how walking speed influences maneuverability. This study investigated how walking at different speeds influenced how individuals modulate both stability and maneuverability in a virtual obstacle course. METHODS Fifteen healthy adults walked on a treadmill in a virtual environment for 6 trials each at typical and slower speed. Participants made repeated transitions between virtual sets of arches displayed in any of 4 lanes. Participants were instructed to walk under the arches and hit as few arches as possible. To quantify stability, mean step width and mean lateral margin of stability (Mean MOS) were calculated and averaged for ipsilateral and contralateral steps. To quantify maneuverability, the number of arches hit when entering or exiting each arch set was calculated and averaged for each condition. RESULTS Participants exhibited high levels of variability in their stepping patterns. Mean MOS and mean step width were significantly greater for the typical speed than slower speed for the ipsilateral steps (p < 0.001). Participants hit more arches during the typical speed than during the slow speed (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION When walking at the slower speed, healthy individuals exhibited decreased stability of ipsilateral steps, but increased maneuverability and better transition performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Hsieh
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD,Military Performance Lab, Center for the Intrepid, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Riley C. Sheehan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD,Military Performance Lab, Center for the Intrepid, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA,Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason M. Wilken
- Military Performance Lab, Center for the Intrepid, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA,DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence (EACE)
| | - Jonathan B. Dingwell
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Please address all correspondence to: Jonathan B. Dingwell, Ph.D. Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, 276 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, Phone: 814 – 865 – 7761, , Web: http://biomechanics.psu.edu/
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Challenging human locomotion: stability and modular organisation in unsteady conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2740. [PMID: 29426876 PMCID: PMC5807318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to move over uneven terrain is a daily challenge. In order to face unexpected perturbations due to changes in the morphology of the terrain, the central nervous system must flexibly modify its control strategies. We analysed the local dynamic stability and the modular organisation of muscle activation (muscle synergies) during walking and running on an even- and an uneven-surface treadmill. We hypothesized a reduced stability during uneven-surface locomotion and a reorganisation of the modular control. We found a decreased stability when switching from even- to uneven-surface locomotion (p < 0.001 in walking, p = 0.001 in running). Moreover, we observed a substantial modification of the time-dependent muscle activation patterns (motor primitives) despite a general conservation of the time-independent coefficients (motor modules). The motor primitives were considerably wider in the uneven-surface condition. Specifically, the widening was significant in both the early (+40.5%, p < 0.001) and late swing (+7.7%, p = 0.040) phase in walking and in the weight acceptance (+13.6%, p = 0.006) and propulsion (+6.0%, p = 0.041) phase in running. This widening highlighted an increased motor output’s robustness (i.e. ability to cope with errors) when dealing with the unexpected perturbations. Our results confirmed the hypothesis that humans adjust their motor control strategies’ timing to deal with unsteady locomotion.
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Major MJ, Serba CK, Chen X, Reimold N, Ndubuisi-Obi F, Gordon KE. Proactive Locomotor Adjustments Are Specific to Perturbation Uncertainty in Below-Knee Prosthesis Users. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1863. [PMID: 29382889 PMCID: PMC5789867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory-motor deficits associated with below-knee amputation impair reactions to external perturbations. As such, below-knee prosthesis users rely on proactive control strategies to maintain locomotor stability. However, there are trade-offs (metabolic, comfort, etc.) associated with proactive strategies. We hypothesize that because proactive control strategies are costly, prosthesis users and non-impaired participants will use a priori knowledge (timing, direction) of an impending lateral perturbation to make specific gait adaptations only when the timing of the perturbation is known and the adaptation can be temporally-limited. This hypothesis was partially supported. When the perturbation timing was predictable, only prosthesis users, and only on their impaired side, increased their lateral margin of stability during the steps immediately preceding the perturbation when perturbation direction was either unknown or known to be directed towards their impaired side. This strategy should reduce the likelihood of requiring a corrective step to maintain stability. However, neither group exhibited substantial proactive adaptations compared to baseline walking when perturbation timing was unpredictable, independent of perturbation direction knowledge. The absence of further proactive stabilization behaviors observed in prosthesis users in anticipation of a certain but temporally unpredictable perturbation may be partially responsible for impaired balance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Major
- Northwestern University Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chicago, United States. .,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, United States.
| | - Chelsi K Serba
- Northwestern University Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, United States
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Northwestern University Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chicago, United States
| | - Nicholas Reimold
- Northwestern University Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, United States
| | - Franklyn Ndubuisi-Obi
- Northwestern University Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, United States
| | - Keith E Gordon
- Northwestern University Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, United States.,Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, United States
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Dugas LP, Bouyer LJ, McFadyen BJ. Body-foot geometries as revealed by perturbed obstacle position with different time constraints. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:711-720. [PMID: 29299643 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the geometrical relationships between the feet, pelvis and an environmental obstruction when crossing an obstacle with unexpected changes to its position. Nine healthy young adults stepped over an obstacle 19 cm high with their right leg leading. The obstacle could be static or advanced at either lead (early detection) or trail (late detection) foot contact prior to clearance to force an adaptive reorganization of body-foot geometry and foot proximity to the obstacle. Stride length, minimum foot clearance over the obstacle, and foot-obstacle horizontal proximity before and after clearance were measured along with the relative position of the pelvis to each foot at eight points (four for each foot) during approach and clearance: heel contacts before and after crossing the obstacle, maximum foot heights and foot clearances. With early obstacle movement, trail limb stride length before crossing was lengthened, but foot proximity was still far from the final obstacle position. Clearance was less affected for the trail foot as compared to the lead foot. Proximity of the lead limb following clearance was the same for both early and late perturbations and closer than for the static obstacle condition. For relative body-foot positioning, significant differences were found only in the anterior-posterior direction. Following obstacle displacement, body-foot geometry was initially adapted, but then re-established to static obstacle values with an apparent focus on a balance geometry with the forward placed foot establishing new contact. These findings support an overall balance geometry that can be temporarily adjusted and coordinated with foot proximity to the obstruction to maintain continual gait and safe clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Dugas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS-CN, 525 Hamel, Quebec, QC, G1M 2S8, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent J Bouyer
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS-CN, 525 Hamel, Quebec, QC, G1M 2S8, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bradford J McFadyen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSSS-CN, 525 Hamel, Quebec, QC, G1M 2S8, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Effect of walking on sand on gait kinematics in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 16:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Steib S, Klamroth S, Gaßner H, Pasluosta C, Eskofier B, Winkler J, Klucken J, Pfeifer K. Perturbation During Treadmill Training Improves Dynamic Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:758-768. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968317721976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Gait and balance dysfunction are major symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Treadmill training improves gait characteristics in this population but does not reflect the dynamic nature of controlling balance during ambulation in everyday life contexts. Objective. To evaluate whether postural perturbations during treadmill walking lead to superior effects on gait and balance performance compared with standard treadmill training. Methods. In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, 43 PD patients (Hoehn & Yahr stage 1-3.5) were assigned to either an 8-week perturbed treadmill intervention (n = 21) or a control group (n = 22) training on the identical treadmill without perturbations. Patients were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and at 3 months’ follow-up. Primary endpoints were overground gait speed and balance (Mini-BESTest). Secondary outcomes included fast gait speed, walking capacity (2-Minute Walk Test), dynamic balance (Timed Up-and-Go), static balance (postural sway), and balance confidence (Activities-Specific Balance Confidence [ABC] scale). Results. There were no significant between-group differences in change over time for the primary outcomes. At postintervention, both groups demonstrated similar improvements in overground gait speed ( P = .009), and no changes in the Mini-BESTest ( P = .641). A significant group-by-time interaction ( P = .048) existed for the Timed Up-and-Go, with improved performance only in the perturbation group. In addition, the perturbation but not the control group significantly increased walking capacity ( P = .038). Intervention effects were not sustained at follow-up. Conclusions. Our primary findings suggest no superior effect of perturbation training on gait and balance in PD patients. However, some favorable trends existed for secondary gait and dynamic balance parameters, which should be investigated in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steib
- Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Klamroth
- Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Gaßner
- University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristian Pasluosta
- Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Eskofier
- Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeifer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Acasio J, Wu M, Fey NP, Gordon KE. Stability-maneuverability trade-offs during lateral steps. Gait Posture 2017; 52:171-177. [PMID: 27915220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Selecting a specific foot placement strategy to perform walking maneuvers requires the management of several competing factors, including: maintaining stability, positioning oneself to actively generate impulses, and minimizing mechanical energy requirements. These requirements are unlikely to be independent. Our purpose was to determine the impact of lateral foot placement on stability, maneuverability, and energetics during walking maneuvers. Ten able-bodied adults performed laterally-directed walking maneuvers. Mediolateral placement of the "Push-off" foot during the maneuvers was varied, ranging from a cross-over step to a side-step. We hypothesized that as mediolateral foot placement became wider, passive stability in the direction of the maneuver, the lateral impulse generated to create the maneuver, and mechanical energy cost would all increase. We also hypothesized that subjects would prefer an intermediate step width reflective of trade-offs between stability vs. both maneuverability and energy. In support of our first hypothesis, we found that as Push-off step width increased, lateral margin of stability, peak lateral impulse, and total joint work all increased. In support of our second hypothesis, we found that when subjects had no restrictions on their mediolateral foot placement, they chose a foot placement between the two extreme positions. We found a significant relationship (p<0.05) between lateral margin of stability and peak lateral impulse (r=0.773), indicating a trade-off between passive stability and the force input required to maneuver. These findings suggest that during anticipated maneuvers people select foot placement strategies that balance competing costs to maintain stability, actively generate impulses, and minimize mechanical energy costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Acasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mengnan/Mary Wu
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas P Fey
- Center for Bionic Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keith E Gordon
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.
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Klamroth S, Steib S, Gaßner H, Goßler J, Winkler J, Eskofier B, Klucken J, Pfeifer K. Immediate effects of perturbation treadmill training on gait and postural control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Gait Posture 2016; 50:102-108. [PMID: 27591395 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates immediate adaptations of gait and balance to a single session of perturbed treadmill walking in patients with Parkinson's disease. 39 Parkinson's patients in stage 1-3.5 of the Hoehn and Yahr Scale were randomized into one of two groups, stratified by disease severity: The experimental group (n=19) walked on a treadmill prototype which constantly applied perturbation by small three-dimensional tilting movements of the walking surface. The control group (n=20) trained on the identical treadmill without perturbations. Patients walked on the treadmill for 20min. Primary outcome measure was overground walking speed. Secondary outcomes were postural sway during quiet standing and spatiotemporal gait parameters during treadmill walking. Outcomes were measured repeatedly throughout the training session and after 10min retention. The experimental group significantly increased overground walking speed after intervention compared to the control group (p=0.014; ES=+0.41). Gait variability during treadmill walking significantly decreased after walking with perturbation. Sway area increased with treadmill walking only in the control group (p=0.009; ES=+0.49). No other postural sway measures changed over time. Subgroup analyses revealed that in the experimental group patients with more pronounced motor impairment demonstrated larger increases in overground walking speed (p=0.016; ES=+0.40) and stance phase symmetry (p=0.011; ES=-0.42). In conclusion, a single session of perturbation treadmill training led to gait improvements, which were more pronounced compared to unperturbed treadmill walking. Effects on static postural sway were less pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Klamroth
- Institute of Sport Science and Sport, Division of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Steib
- Institute of Sport Science and Sport, Division of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Heiko Gaßner
- Movement Disorder (Outpatient) Center (MDC), Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Goßler
- Movement Disorder (Outpatient) Center (MDC), Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Movement Disorder (Outpatient) Center (MDC), Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Eskofier
- Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Movement Disorder (Outpatient) Center (MDC), Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeifer
- Institute of Sport Science and Sport, Division of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Hof AL, Curtze C. A stricter condition for standing balance after unexpected perturbations. J Biomech 2016; 49:580-5. [PMID: 26892898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to account for the dynamic nature of balance, the concept of the 'extrapolated centre of mass' XcoM has been introduced (Hof et al., 2005). The law for standing balance was then formulated as: the XcoM should remain within the Base of Support (BoS). This law, however, does not take into account that the centre of pressure (CoP) needs time to displace due to various neural and mechanical delays. The theory is extended to include the finite reaction- and displacement time of the CoP. Experimental results on humans standing on two feet undergoing sudden postural perturbations are presented. In this case it turns out that the area of the effective BoS is only a fraction, some 30%, of the area of the static BoS.
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Affiliation(s)
- At L Hof
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Rehabilitation, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolin Curtze
- Centre for Rehabilitation, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Biffi E, Beretta E, Diella E, Panzeri D, Maghini C, Turconi AC, Strazzer S, Reni G. Gait rehabilitation with a high tech platform based on virtual reality conveys improvements in walking ability of children suffering from acquired brain injury. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:7406-9. [PMID: 26738003 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Gait Real-time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL) is an instrumented multi-sensor platform based on immersive virtual reality for gait training and rehabilitation. Few studies have been included GRAIL to evaluate gait patterns in normal and disabled people and to improve gait in adults, while at our knowledge no evidence on its use for the rehabilitation of children is available. In this study, 4 children suffering from acquired brain injury (ABI) underwent a 5 session treatment with GRAIL, to improve walking and balance ability in engaging VR environments. The first and the last sessions were partially dedicated to gait evaluation. Results are promising: improvements were recorded at the ankle level, selectively at the affected side, and at the pelvic level, while small changes were measured at the hip and knee joints, which were already comparable to healthy subjects. All these changes also conveyed advances in the symmetry of the walking pattern. In the next future, a longer intervention will be proposed and more children will be enrolled to strongly prove the effectiveness of GRAIL in the rehabilitation of children with ABI.
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