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Marty AG, Barbone PE, Morgan EF. Multiscale theoretical model shows that aging-related mechanical degradation of cortical bone is driven by microstructural changes in addition to porosity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:106029. [PMID: 37499524 PMCID: PMC10528045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to gain mechanistic understanding of how aging-related changes in the microstructure of cortical bone drive mechanical consequences at the macroscale. To that end, cortical bone was modeled as a bundle of elastic-plastic, parallel fibers, which represented osteons and interstitial tissue, loaded in uniaxial tension. Distinct material properties were assigned to each fiber in either the osteon or interstitial fiber "families." Models representative of mature (20-60 yrs.) bone, and elderly (60+) bone were created by modeling aging via the following changes to the input parameters: (i) increasing porosity from 5% to 15%, (ii) increasing the ratio of the number of osteon fibers relative to interstitial fibers from 40% to 50%, and (iii) changing the fiber material properties from representing mature bone samples to representing elderly bone samples (i.e., increased strength and decreased toughness of interstitial fibers together with decreased toughness of osteon fibers). To understand the respective contributions of these changes, additional models isolating one or two of each of these were also created. From the computed stress-strain curve for the fiber bundle, the yield point (ϵy, σy), ultimate point (ϵu, σu), and toughness (UT) for the bundle as a whole were measured. We found that changes to all three input parameters were required for the model to capture the aging-related decline in cortical bone mechanical properties consistent with those previously reported in the literature. In both mature and elderly bundles, rupture of the interstitial fibers drove the initial loss of strength following the ultimate point. Plasticity and more gradual rupture of the osteons drove the remainder of the response. Both the onset and completion of interstitial fiber rupture occurred at lower strains in the elderly vs. mature case. These findings point to the importance of studying microstructural changes beyond porosity, such as the area fraction of osteons and the material properties of osteon and interstitial tissue, in order to further understanding of aging-related changes in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gutiérrez Marty
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Paul E Barbone
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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2
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Tits A, Blouin S, Rummler M, Kaux JF, Drion P, van Lenthe GH, Weinkamer R, Hartmann MA, Ruffoni D. Structural and functional heterogeneity of mineralized fibrocartilage at the Achilles tendon-bone insertion. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:409-418. [PMID: 37088163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A demanding task of the musculoskeletal system is the attachment of tendon to bone at entheses. This region often presents a thin layer of fibrocartilage (FC), mineralized close to the bone and unmineralized close to the tendon. Mineralized FC deserves increased attention, owing to its crucial anchoring task and involvement in enthesis pathologies. Here, we analyzed mineralized FC and subchondral bone at the Achilles tendon-bone insertion of rats. This location features enthesis FC anchoring tendon to bone and sustaining tensile loads, and periosteal FC facilitating bone-tendon sliding with accompanying compressive and shear forces. Using a correlative multimodal investigation, we evaluated potential specificities in mineral content, fiber organization and mechanical properties of enthesis and periosteal FC. Both tissues had a lower degree of mineralization than subchondral bone, yet used the available mineral very efficiently: for the same local mineral content, they had higher stiffness and hardness than bone. We found that enthesis FC was characterized by highly aligned mineralized collagen fibers even far away from the attachment region, whereas periosteal FC had a rich variety of fiber arrangements. Except for an initial steep spatial gradient between unmineralized and mineralized FC, local mechanical properties were surprisingly uniform inside enthesis FC while a modulation in stiffness, independent from mineral content, was observed in periosteal FC. We interpreted these different structure-property relationships as a demonstration of the high versatility of FC, providing high strength at the insertion (to resist tensile loading) and a gradual compliance at the periosteal surface (to resist contact stresses). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mineralized fibrocartilage (FC) at entheses facilitates the integration of tendon in bone, two strongly dissimilar tissues. We focus on the structure-function relationships of two types of mineralized FC, enthesis and periosteal, which have clearly distinct mechanical demands. By investigating them with multiple high-resolution methods in a correlative manner, we demonstrate differences in fiber architecture and mechanical properties between the two tissues, indicative of their mechanical roles. Our results are relevant both from a medical viewpoint, targeting a clinically relevant location, as well as from a material science perspective, identifying FC as high-performance versatile composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tits
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Stéphane Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Rummler
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Department of Physical Medicine and Sports Traumatology, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Drion
- Experimental Surgery unit, GIGA & Credec, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus A Hartmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Pei S, Zhou Y, Li Y, Azar T, Wang W, Kim DG, Liu XS. Instrumented nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:38-51. [PMID: 35660010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle, are natural composite materials that are constructed with a hierarchical structure ranging from the cell to tissue level. The component differences and structural complexity, together, require comprehensive multiscale mechanical characterization. In this review, we focus on nanoindentation testing, which is used for nanometer to sub-micrometer length scale mechanical characterization. In the following context, we will summarize studies of nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research, examine the critical factors that affect nanoindentation testing results, and briefly summarize other commonly used techniques that can be conjoined with nanoindentation for synchronized imaging and colocalized characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Pei
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yilu Zhou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Tala Azar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Wenzheng Wang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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Farlay D, Falgayrac G, Ponçon C, Rizzo S, Cortet B, Chapurlat R, Penel G, Badoud I, Ammann P, Boivin G. Material and nanomechanical properties of bone structural units of cortical and trabecular iliac bone tissues from untreated postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101623. [PMID: 36213624 PMCID: PMC9535279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in bone nanomechanical properties between cortical (Ct) and trabecular (Tb) bone remain uncertain, whereas knowing the respective contribution of each compartment is critical to understand the origin of bone strength. Our purpose was to compare bone mechanical and intrinsic properties of Ct and Tb compartments, at the bone structural unit (BSU) level, in iliac bone taken from a homogeneous untreated human population. Among 60 PMMA-embedded transiliac bone biopsies from untreated postmenopausal osteoporotic women (64 ± 7 year-old), >2000 BSUs were analysed by nanoindentation in physiological wet conditions [indentation modulus (elasticity), hardness, dissipated energy], by Fourier transform infrared (FTIRM) and Raman microspectroscopy (mineral and organic characteristics), and by X-ray microradiography (degree of mineralization of bone, DMB). BSUs were categorized based on tissue age, osteonal (Ost) and interstitial (Int) tissues location and bone compartments (Ct and Tb). Indentation modulus was higher in Ct than in Tb BSUs, both in Ost and Int. dissipated energy was higher in Ct than Tb, in Int BSUs. Hardness was not different between Ct and Tb BSUs. In Ost or Int BSUs, mineral maturity (conversion of non-apatitic into apatitic phosphates) was higher in Ct than in Tb, as well as for collagen maturity (Ost). Mineral content assessed as mineral/matrix (FTIRM and Raman) or as DMB, was lower in Ct than in Tb. Crystallinity (FTIRM) was similar in BSUs from Ct and Tb, and slightly lower in Ct than in Tb when measured by Raman, indicating that the crystal size/perfection was quite similar between Ct and Tb BSUs. The differences found between Ost and Int tissues were much higher than the difference found between Ct and Tb for all those bone material properties. Multiple regression analysis showed that Indentation modulus and dissipated energy were mainly explained by mineral maturity in Ct and by collagen maturity in Tb, and hardness by mineral content in both Ct and Tb. In conclusion, in untreated human iliac bone, Ct and Tb BSUs exhibit different characteristics. Ct BSUs have higher indentation modulus, dissipated energy (Int), mineral and organic maturities than Tb BSUs, without difference in hardness. Although those differences are relatively small compared to those found between Ost and Int BSUs, they may influence bone strength at macroscale.
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Surowiec RK, Allen MR, Wallace JM. Bone hydration: How we can evaluate it, what can it tell us, and is it an effective therapeutic target? Bone Rep 2022; 16:101161. [PMID: 35005101 PMCID: PMC8718737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water constitutes roughly a quarter of the cortical bone by volume yet can greatly influence mechanical properties and tissue quality. There is a growing appreciation for how water can dynamically change due to age, disease, and treatment. A key emerging area related to bone mechanical and tissue properties lies in differentiating the role of water in its four different compartments, including free/pore water, water loosely bound at the collagen/mineral interfaces, water tightly bound within collagen triple helices, and structural water within the mineral. This review summarizes our current knowledge of bone water across the four functional compartments and discusses how alterations in each compartment relate to mechanical changes. It provides an overview on the advent of- and improvements to- imaging and spectroscopic techniques able to probe nano-and molecular scales of bone water. These technical advances have led to an emerging understanding of how bone water changes in various conditions, of which aging, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and osteogenesis imperfecta are reviewed. Finally, it summarizes work focused on therapeutically targeting water to improve mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Surowiec
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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6
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Impact of test environment on the fracture resistance of cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 129:105155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Barabashko MS, Tkachenko MV, Rezvanova AE, Ponomarev AN. Analysis of Temperature Gradients in the Hydroxyapatite Ceramics with the Additives of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Isaksson H. The influence of microstructure on crack propagation in cortical bone at the mesoscale. J Biomech 2020; 112:110020. [PMID: 32980752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure of cortical bone is key for the tissue's high toughness and strength and efficient toughening mechanisms have been identified at the microscale, for example when propagating cracks interact with the osteonal microstructure. Finite element models have been proposed as suitable tools for analyzing the complex link between the local tissue structure and the fracture resistance of cortical bone. However, previous models that could capture realistic crack paths in cortical bone were due to the required computational effort limited to idealized osteon geometries and small (<1 mm2) model domains. The objective of this study was therefore to bridge the gap between experimental and numerical analysis of crack propagation in cortical bone by introducing image-based models at the mesoscale. Tissue orientation maps from high-resolution micro-CT images were used to define the distribution and orientation of weak interfaces in the models. Crack propagation was simulated using the extended finite element method in combination with an interface damage model, previously developed to simulate crack propagation in microstructural osteon models. The results showed that image-based mesoscale models can be used to capture interactions between cracks and microstructure. The simulated crack paths predicted the general trends seen in experiments with more irregular patterns for cracks propagating perpendicular compared to parallel to the osteon orientation. In all, the proposed method enabled an efficient description of the tissue level microstructure, which is a necessity to predict realistic crack paths in cortical bone and is an important step towards simulating crack propagation in bone models in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Wallin
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Rosenhek‐Goldian
- Department of Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl 234 Rehovot ISRAEL
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl 234 Rehovot ISRAEL
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10
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Utku FS. The consequences of dehydration-hydration on bone anisotropy and implications on the sublamellar organization of mineralized collagen fibrils. J Biomech 2020; 104:109737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Computational investigation of the effect of water on the nanomechanical behavior of bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 101:103454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Guo T, Ma Y, Jerban S, Jang H, Zhao W, Chang EY, Chen M, Bydder GM, Du J. T 1 measurement of bound water in cortical bone using 3D adiabatic inversion recovery ultrashort echo time (3D IR-UTE) Cones imaging. Magn Reson Med 2019; 84:634-645. [PMID: 31863519 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the measurement of bound water T1 ( T 1 BW ) of cortical bone in vitro and in vivo with a 3D adiabatic inversion recovery ultrashort echo time (IR-UTE) Cones sequence using a clinical 3T scanner. METHODS A series IR-UTE data from 6 repetition times (TRs) with 5 inversion times (TIs) at each TR were acquired from 12 human tibial bone specimens, and data from 4 TRs with 5 TIs at each TR were acquired from the tibial midshafts of 8 healthy volunteers. The pore water nulling point was calculated from exponential fitting of the inversion recovery curve at each TR. Bone specimens and volunteers were then scanned again with the calculated nulling point at each TR. T 1 BW was derived through exponential fitting of data from IR-UTE images acquired at different TRs using the calculated pore water nulling point for each TR. RESULTS In vitro pore water nulling TIs were 141.3 ± 11.6, 123.4 ± 8.9, 101.3 ± 6.2, 88.9 ± 5.3, 74.8 ± 4.2, and 59.2 ± 3.9 ms for the 6 TRs of 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, and 150 ms, respectively. In vivo pore water nulling TIs were 132.8 ± 12.8, 110.3 ± 10.0, 80.0 ± 7.2, and 63.9 ± 5.4 ms for the 4 TRs of 400, 300, 200, and 150 ms, respectively. Excellent exponential fitting was achieved for IR-UTE imaging of bound water with pore water nulled at each TR. The mean T 1 BW was 106.9 ± 6.3 ms in vitro and 112.3 ± 16.4 ms in vivo. CONCLUSION Using the 3D IR-UTE Cones with a variable TR/TI approach, T 1 BW of cortical bone was calculated after complete nulling of pore water signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Graeme M Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
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Grover K, Hu M, Lin L, Muir J, Qin YX. Functional disuse initiates medullary endosteal micro-architectural impairment in cortical bone characterized by nanoindentation. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:1048-1057. [PMID: 31292723 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of functional disuse-induced bone remodeling on its mechanical properties, individually at periosteum and medullary endosteum regions of the cortical bone. Left middle tibiae were obtained from 5-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats for the baseline control as well as hindlimb suspended (disuse) groups. Micro-nano-mechanical elastic moduli (at lateral region) was evaluated along axial (Z), circumferential (C) and radial (R) orientations using nanoindentation. Results indicated an anisotropic microstructure with axial orientation having the highest and radial orientation with the lowest moduli at periosteum and medullary endosteum for both baseline control as well as disuse groups. Between the groups: at periosteum, an insignificant difference was evaluated for each of the orientations (p > 0.05) and at endosteum, a significant decrease of elastic moduli in the radial (p < 0.0001), circumferential (p < 0.001) and statistically insignificant difference in axial (p > 0.05) orientation. For the moduli ratios between groups: at periosteum, only significant difference in the Z/R (p < 0.05) anisotropy ratio, whereas at endosteum, a statistically significant difference in Z/C (p < 0.001), and Z/R (p < 0.001), as well as C/R (p < 0.05) anisotropy ratios, was evaluated. The results suggested initial bone remodeling impaired bone micro-architecture predominantly at the medullary endosteum with possible alterations in the geometric orientations of collagen and mineral phases inside the bone. The findings could be significant for studying the mechanotransduction pathways involved in maintaining the bone micro-architecture and possibly have high clinical significance for drug use against impairment from functional disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikey Grover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Minyi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Liangjun Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Jesse Muir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA.
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14
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Khayyeri H, Isaksson H. Crack propagation in cortical bone is affected by the characteristics of the cement line: a parameter study using an XFEM interface damage model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1247-1261. [PMID: 30963356 PMCID: PMC6647448 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bulk properties of cortical bone have been well characterized experimentally, and potent toughening mechanisms, e.g., crack deflections, have been identified at the microscale. However, it is currently difficult to experimentally measure local damage properties and isolate their effect on the tissue fracture resistance. Instead, computer models can be used to analyze the impact of local characteristics and structures, but material parameters required in computer models are not well established. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the material parameters that are important for crack propagation in cortical bone and to elucidate what parameters need to be better defined experimentally. A comprehensive material parameter study was performed using an XFEM interface damage model in 2D to simulate crack propagation around an osteon at the microscale. The importance of 14 factors (material parameters) on four different outcome criteria (maximum force, fracture energy, crack length and crack trajectory) was evaluated using ANOVA for three different osteon orientations. The results identified factors related to the cement line to influence the crack propagation, where the interface strength was important for the ability to deflect cracks. Crack deflection was also favored by low interface stiffness. However, the cement line properties are not well determined experimentally and need to be better characterized. The matrix and osteon stiffness had no or low impact on the crack pattern. Furthermore, the results illustrated how reduced matrix toughness promoted crack penetration of the cement line. This effect is highly relevant for the understanding of the influence of aging on crack propagation and fracture resistance in cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathias Wallin
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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15
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Barabashko MS, Tkachenko MV, Neiman AA, Ponomarev AN, Rezvanova AE. Variation of Vickers microhardness and compression strength of the bioceramics based on hydroxyapatite by adding the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
It is well known that bone loss accompanies aging in both men and women and contributes to skeletal fragility in the older population, but changes that occur to the bone tissue matrix itself are less well known. These changes in bone quality aggravate the skeletal fragility associated with loss of bone mass. Bone tissue quality is affected by age-related changes in bone mineral, collagen and its cross-linking profiles, water compartments and even non-collagenous proteins. It is commonly assumed that greater tissue mineralization accompanies aging as bone turnover slows down in elderly individuals, but the data for this are weak. However, there may be changes in the quality of the mineral crystals, and the substitutions found within the crystal. Both enzymatically-mediated and non-enzymatically-mediated collagen cross-links multiply with age. The former tend to make the bone stiffer and stronger, but the latter, while making the bone stiffer can also make it more brittle and more likely to fracture. Bone pore water that is not bound to collagen or mineral increases with age as bone mass is lost, but water that is bound to collagen and mineral declines with age. These changes contribute to skeletal fragility by reducing the amount that bone can deform before fracturing. Finally, non-collagenous proteins have physical properties that can alter matrix mechanical properties and can also have molecular signaling functions that regulate bone remodeling. Whether these change with age, how they change, and how this affects skeletal fragility with aging is still largely a black box, and requires much more investigation. The roles of any of these factors in skeletal fragility are difficult to assess clinically as there is no easy or economical way to evaluate them, but a picture of fragility in the aging skeleton is incomplete without them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Burr
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States of America; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI), United States of America.
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An interface damage model that captures crack propagation at the microscale in cortical bone using XFEM. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:556-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tavera Ruiz CG, De La Torre-Ibarra MH, Flores-Moreno JM, Frausto-Reyes C, Santoyo FM. Cortical bone quality affectations and their strength impact analysis using holographic interferometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4818-4833. [PMID: 30319905 PMCID: PMC6179407 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now accepted that bone strength is a complex property determined mainly by three factors: quantity, quality and turnover of the bone itself. Most of the patients who experience fractures due to fragility could never develop affectations related to bone mass density (i.e. osteoporosis). In this work, the effect of secondary bone strength affectations are analyzed by simulating the degradation of one or more principal components (organic and inorganic) while they are inspected with a nondestructive optical technique. From the results obtained, a strong correlation among the hydroxyapatite, collagen and water is found that determines the bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G. Tavera Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Loma Del Bosque 115, León Guanajuato C.P. 37150, México
| | - Manuel H. De La Torre-Ibarra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica - Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes, Ags, C.P. 20200, México
| | - J. M. Flores-Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Loma Del Bosque 115, León Guanajuato C.P. 37150, México
| | - Claudio Frausto-Reyes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica - Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes, Ags, C.P. 20200, México
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Tertuliano OA, Greer JR. The nanocomposite nature of bone drives its strength and damage resistance. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1195-1202. [PMID: 27500809 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In human bone, an amorphous mineral serves as a precursor to the formation of a highly substituted nanocrystalline apatite. However, the precise role of this amorphous mineral remains unknown. Here, we show by using transmission electron microscopy that 100-300 nm amorphous calcium phosphate regions are present in the disordered phase of trabecular bone. Nanomechanical experiments on cylindrical samples, with diameters between 250 nm and 3,000 nm, of the bone's ordered and disordered phases revealed a transition from plastic deformation to brittle failure and at least a factor-of-2 higher strength in the smaller samples. We postulate that this transition in failure mechanism is caused by the suppression of extrafibrillar shearing in the smaller samples, and that the emergent smaller-is-stronger size effect is related to the sample-size scaling of the distribution of flaws. Our findings should help in the understanding of the multi-scale nature of bone and provide insights into the biomineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottman A Tertuliano
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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20
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Granke M, Does MD, Nyman JS. The Role of Water Compartments in the Material Properties of Cortical Bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 97:292-307. [PMID: 25783011 PMCID: PMC4526331 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Comprising ~20% of the volume, water is a key determinant of the mechanical behavior of cortical bone. It essentially exists in two general compartments: within pores and bound to the matrix. The amount of pore water-residing in the vascular-lacunar-canalicular space-primarily reflects intracortical porosity (i.e., open spaces within the matrix largely due to Haversian canals and resorption sites) and as such is inversely proportional to most mechanical properties of bone. Movement of water according to pressure gradients generated during dynamic loading likely confers hydraulic stiffening to the bone as well. Nonetheless, bound water is a primary contributor to the mechanical behavior of bone in that it is responsible for giving collagen the ability to confer ductility or plasticity to bone (i.e., allows deformation to continue once permanent damage begins to form in the matrix) and decreases with age along with fracture resistance. Thus, dehydration by air-drying or by solvents with less hydrogen bonding capacity causes bone to become brittle, but interestingly, it also increases stiffness and strength across the hierarchical levels of organization. Despite the importance of matrix hydration to fracture resistance, little is known about why bound water decreases with age in hydrated human bone. Using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), both bound and pore water concentrations in bone can be measured ex vivo because the proton relaxation times differ between the two water compartments, giving rise to two distinct signals. There are also emerging techniques to measure bound and pore water in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The NMR/MRI-derived bound water concentration is positively correlated with both the strength and toughness of hydrated bone and may become a useful clinical marker of fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Granke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark D. Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jeffry S. Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
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21
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Chiorcea-Paquim AM, Pontinha ADR, Eritja R, Lucarelli G, Sparapani S, Neidle S, Oliveira-Brett AM. Atomic Force Microscopy and Voltammetric Investigation of Quadruplex Formation between a Triazole-Acridine Conjugate and Guanine-Containing Repeat DNA Sequences. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6141-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, IQAC−CSIC, CIBER-BBN
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genny Lucarelli
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Silvia Sparapani
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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