1
|
Blickhan R, Siebert T. Note on hydrostatic skeletons: muscles operating within a pressurized environment. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060318. [PMID: 38818878 PMCID: PMC11261639 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscles and muscle fibers are volume-constant constructs that deform when contracted and develop internal pressures. However, muscles embedded in hydrostatic skeletons are also exposed to external pressures generated by their activity. For two examples, the pressure generation in spiders and in annelids, we used simplified biomechanical models to demonstrate that high intracellular pressures diminishing the resulting tensile stress of the muscle fibers are avoided in the hydrostatic skeleton. The findings are relevant for a better understanding of the design and functionality of biological hydrostatic skeletons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Blickhan
- Science of Motion, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 28, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fletcher B, Phillips R, Faust A, Cook JL, Nuelle JAV. Physical exercise to promote regeneration after peripheral nerve injury in animal models: A systematic review. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1608-1622. [PMID: 38282091 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common injuries that often have a drastic effect on patient's activities of daily living and physical function. While techniques for the surgical repair of these injuries have improved over time, rehabilitation methods following these repairs have been non-standardized and under researched. Electronic searches were conducted in Ovid/Medline and SCOPUS to identify articles that discuss rehabilitation and exercise following peripheral nerve injury in animal models and its effects on peripheral nerve regeneration and recovery of function. Thirty-eight articles met inclusion criteria; all were prospective studies in animal models. This systematic review suggests that exercise is a useful tool in returning autonomy to the individual and has beneficial effects in the recovery from peripheral nerve injury. It is beneficial to use rehabilitation exercises following the repair of peripheral nerve injuries to promote regeneration, and timing of that exercise may be just as important as the exercise prescribed. However, further studies with standardized models and outcome measures need to be conducted before translation to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Fletcher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Phillips
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda Faust
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Julia A V Nuelle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baggaley M, Sawatsky A, Ross SA, Herzog W. A surgical technique for individual control of the muscles of the rabbit lower hindlimb. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247328. [PMID: 38699818 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the precise muscle, bone and joint actions resulting from individual and simultaneous muscle activation(s) of the lower limb. An in situ experimental approach is described herein to control the muscles of the rabbit lower hindlimb, including the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and tibialis anterior. The muscles were stimulated using nerve-cuff electrodes placed around the innervating nerves of each muscle. Animals were fixed in a stereotactic frame with the ankle angle set at 90 deg. To demonstrate the efficacy of the experimental technique, isometric plantarflexion torque was measured at the 90 deg ankle joint angle at a stimulation frequency of 100, 60 and 30 Hz. Individual muscle torque and the torque produced during simultaneous activation of all plantarflexor muscles are presented for four animals. These results demonstrate that the experimental approach was reliable, with insignificant variation in torque between repeated contractions. The experimental approach described herein provides the potential for measuring a diverse array of muscle properties, which is important to improve our understanding of musculoskeletal biomechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baggaley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Andrew Sawatsky
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Stephanie A Ross
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Assila N, Begon M, Duprey S. Finite Element Model of the Shoulder with Active Rotator Cuff Muscles: Application to Wheelchair Propulsion. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1240-1254. [PMID: 38376768 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The rotator cuff is prone to injury, remarkably so for manual wheelchair users. To understand its pathomechanisms, finite element models incorporating three-dimensional activated muscles are needed to predict soft tissue strains during given tasks. This study aimed to develop such a model to understand pathomechanisms associated with wheelchair propulsion. We developed an active muscle model associating a passive fiber-reinforced isotropic matrix with an activation law linking calcium ion concentration to tissue tension. This model was first evaluated against known physiological muscle behavior; then used to activate the rotator cuff during a wheelchair propulsion cycle. Here, experimental kinematics and electromyography data was used to drive a shoulder finite element model. Finally, we evaluated the importance of muscle activation by comparing the results of activated and non-activated rotator cuff muscles during both propulsion and isometric contractions. Qualitatively, the muscle constitutive law reasonably reproduced the classical Hill model force-length curve and the behavior of a transversally loaded muscle. During wheelchair propulsion, the deformation and fiber stretch of the supraspinatus muscle-tendon unit pointed towards the possibility for this tendon to develop tendinosis due to the multiaxial loading imposed by the kinematics of propulsion. Finally, differences in local stretch and positions of the lines of action between activated and non-activated models were only observed at activation levels higher than 30%. Our novel finite element model with active muscles is a promising tool for understanding the pathomechanisms of the rotator cuff for various dynamic tasks, especially those with high muscle activation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Assila
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR T_9406, 69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Mickaël Begon
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Duprey
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR T_9406, 69622, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borsdorf M, Papenkort S, Böl M, Siebert T. Influence of muscle length on the three-dimensional architecture and aponeurosis dimensions of rabbit calf muscles. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 152:106452. [PMID: 38394765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The function of a muscle is highly dependent on its architecture, which is characterized by the length, pennation, and curvature of the fascicles, and the geometry of the aponeuroses. During in vivo function, muscles regularly undergo changes in length, thereby altering their architecture. During passive muscle lengthening, fascicle length (FL) generally increases and the angle of fascicle pennation (FP) and the fascicle curvature (FC) decrease, while the aponeuroses increase in length but decrease in width. Muscles are differently structured, making their change during muscle lengthening complex and multifaceted. To obtain comprehensive data on architectural changes in muscles during passive length, the present study determined the three-dimensional fascicle geometry of rabbit M. gastrocnemius medialis (GM), M. gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and M. plantaris (PLA). For this purpose, the left and right legs of three rabbits were histologically fixed at targeted ankle joint angles of 95° (short muscle length [SML]) and 60° (long muscle length [LML]), respectively, and the fascicles were tracked by manual three-dimensional digitization. In a second set of experiments, the GM aponeurosis dimensions of ten legs from five rabbits were determined at varying muscle lengths via optical marker tracking. The GM consisted of a uni-pennated compartment, whereas the GL and PLA contained multiple compartments of differently pennated fascicles. In the LML compared to the SML, the GM, GL, and PLA had on average a 41%, 29%, and 41% increased fascicle length, and a 30%, 25%, and 33% decrease in fascicle pennation and a 32%, 11%, and 35% decrease in fascicle curvature, respectively. Architectural properties were also differentiated among the different compartments of the PLA and GL, allowing for a more detailed description of their fascicle structure and changes. It was shown that the compartments change differently with muscle length. It was also shown that for each degree of ankle joint angle reduction, the proximal GM aponeurosis length increased by 0.11%, the aponeurosis width decreased by 0.22%, and the area was decreased by 0.20%. The data provided improve our understanding of muscles and can be used to develop and validate muscle models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Borsdorf
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Stefan Papenkort
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ross CF, Laurence-Chasen JD, Li P, Orsbon C, Hatsopoulos NG. Biomechanical and Cortical Control of Tongue Movements During Chewing and Swallowing. Dysphagia 2024; 39:1-32. [PMID: 37326668 PMCID: PMC10781858 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tongue function is vital for chewing and swallowing and lingual dysfunction is often associated with dysphagia. Better treatment of dysphagia depends on a better understanding of hyolingual morphology, biomechanics, and neural control in humans and animal models. Recent research has revealed significant variation among animal models in morphology of the hyoid chain and suprahyoid muscles which may be associated with variation in swallowing mechanisms. The recent deployment of XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) to quantify 3D hyolingual kinematics has revealed new details on flexion and roll of the tongue during chewing in animal models, movements similar to those used by humans. XROMM-based studies of swallowing in macaques have falsified traditional hypotheses of mechanisms of tongue base retraction during swallowing, and literature review suggests that other animal models may employ a diversity of mechanisms of tongue base retraction. There is variation among animal models in distribution of hyolingual proprioceptors but how that might be related to lingual mechanics is unknown. In macaque monkeys, tongue kinematics-shape and movement-are strongly encoded in neural activity in orofacial primary motor cortex, giving optimism for development of brain-machine interfaces for assisting recovery of lingual function after stroke. However, more research on hyolingual biomechanics and control is needed for technologies interfacing the nervous system with the hyolingual apparatus to become a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Peishu Li
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Courtney Orsbon
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sleboda DA, Roberts TJ, Azizi E. Architectural gear ratio depends on actuator spacing in a physical model of pennate muscle. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:10.1088/1748-3190/ad1b2b. [PMID: 38176106 PMCID: PMC10876153 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad1b2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pennate muscles are defined by the architectural arrangement of their muscle fibers, which run at an angle to the primary axis of muscle shortening. Pennation angles can vary dynamically over the course of individual contractions, influencing the speed and distance of muscle shortening. Despite their relevance to muscle performance, the physical mechanisms that drive dynamic changes in pennation angle remain poorly understood. Muscle fibers bulge radially as they shorten, a consequence of maintaining a constant internal fluid volume, and we hypothesized that radial interactions between tightly packed muscle fibers are essential to dynamic pennation angle changes. To explore this, we built physical models of pennate muscles in which the radial distance between fiber-like actuators could be experimentally altered. Models were built from pennate arrays of McKibben actuators, a type of pneumatic actuator that forcefully shortens and bulges radially when inflated with compressed air. Consistent with past studies of biological muscle and engineered pennate actuators, we found that the magnitude of pennation angle change during contraction varied with load. Importantly, however, we found that pennation angle changes were also strongly influenced by the radial distance between neighboring McKibben actuators. Increasing the radial distance between neighboring actuators reduced pennation angle change during contraction and effectively eliminated variable responses to load. Radial interactions between muscle fibers are rarely considered in theoretical and experimental analyses of pennate muscle; however, these findings suggest that radial interactions between fibers drive pennation angle changes and influence pennate muscle performance. Our results provide insight into the fundamental mechanism underlying dynamic pennation angle changes in biological muscle and highlight design considerations that can inform the development of engineered pennate arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Sleboda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine
| | - Thomas J. Roberts
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Monte A, Zamparo P. Impairments in muscle shape changes affect metabolic demands during in-vivo contractions. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231469. [PMID: 37670588 PMCID: PMC10510444 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The uncoupling behaviour between muscle belly and fascicle shortening velocity (i.e. belly gearing), affects mechanical output by allowing the muscle to circumvent the limits imposed by the fascicles' force-velocity relationship. However, little is known about the 'metabolic effect' of a decrease/increase in belly gearing. In this study, we manipulated the plantar flexor muscles' capacity to change in shape (and hence belly gearing) by using compressive multidirectional loads. Metabolic, kinetic, electromyography activity and ultrasound data (in soleus and gastrocnemius medialis) were recorded during cyclic fixed-end contractions of the plantar flexor muscles in three different conditions: no load, +5 kg and +10 kg of compression. No differences were observed in mechanical power and electrophysiological variables as a function of compression intensity, whereas metabolic power increased as a function of it. At each compression intensity, differences in efficiency were observed when calculated based on fascicle or muscle behaviour and significant positive correlations (R2 range: 0.7-0.8 and p > 0.001) were observed between delta efficiency (ΔEff: Effmus-Efffas) and belly gearing (Vmus/Vfas) or ΔV (Vmus-Vfas). Thus, changes in the muscles' capacity to change in shape (e.g. in muscle stiffness or owing to compressive garments) affect the metabolic demands and the efficiency of muscle contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Zamparo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wakeling JM, Febrer-Nafría M, De Groote F. A review of the efforts to develop muscle and musculoskeletal models for biomechanics in the last 50 years. J Biomech 2023; 155:111657. [PMID: 37285780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both the Hill and the Huxley muscle models had already been described by the time the International Society of Biomechanics was founded 50 years ago, but had seen little use before the 1970s due to the lack of computing. As computers and computational methods became available in the 1970s, the field of musculoskeletal modeling developed and Hill type muscle models were adopted by biomechanists due to their relative computational simplicity as compared to Huxley type muscle models. Muscle forces computed by Hill type muscle models provide good agreement in conditions similar to the initial studies, i.e. for small muscles contracting under steady and controlled conditions. However, more recent validation studies have identified that Hill type muscle models are least accurate for natural in vivo locomotor behaviours at submaximal activations, fast speeds and for larger muscles, and thus need to be improved for their use in understanding human movements. Developments in muscle modelling have tackled these shortcomings. However, over the last 50 years musculoskeletal simulations have been largely based on traditional Hill type muscle models or even simplifications of this model that neglected the interaction of the muscle with a compliant tendon. The introduction of direct collocation in musculoskeletal simulations about 15 years ago along with further improvements in computational power and numerical methods enabled the use of more complex muscle models in simulations of whole-body movement. Whereas Hill type models are still the norm, we may finally be ready to adopt more complex muscle models into musculoskeletal simulations of human movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
| | - Míriam Febrer-Nafría
- Biomechanical Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Health Technologies and Innovation, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Finni T, de Brito Fontana H, Maas H. Force transmission and interactions between synergistic muscles. J Biomech 2023; 152:111575. [PMID: 37120913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The classical view of muscles as independent motors has been challenged over the past decades. An alternative view has emerged in which muscles are not isolated but embedded in a three-dimensional connective tissue network that links them to adjacent muscles and other non-muscular structures in the body. Animal studies showing that the forces measured at the distal and proximal ends of a muscle are not equal have provided undisputable evidence that these connective tissue linkages are strong enough to serve as an extra pathway for muscular force transmission. In this historical review, we first introduce the terminology and anatomy related to these pathways of muscle force transmission and provide a definition for the term epimuscular force transmission. We then focus on important experimental evidence indicating mechanical interactions between synergistic muscles that may affect force transmission and/or influence the muscles' force generating capacity. We illustrate that there may exist different expressions of the highly relevant force-length properties depending on whether the force is measured at the proximal or distal tendon and depending on the dynamics of surrounding structures. Changes in length, activation level or disruption of the connective tissue of neighboring muscles, can affect how muscles interact and produce force on the skeleton. While most direct evidence is from animal experiments, studies on humans also suggest functional implications of the connective tissues surrounding muscles. These implications may explain how distant segments, which are not part of the same joint system, affect force generation at a given joint, and, in clinical conditions, explain observations from tendon transfer surgeries, where a muscle transferred to act as an antagonist continues to produce agonistic moments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heiliane de Brito Fontana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vogels S, Ritchie ED, Bakker EWP, Vogels MAJM, Zimmermann WO, Verhofstad MHJ, Hoencamp R. Measuring intracompartmental pressures for the chronic exertional compartment syndrome: challenging commercially available devices and their respective accuracy. J Biomech 2022; 135:111026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Malmir K, Olyaei GR, Talebian S, Khaleghi F. Contribution of components of the quadriceps femoris muscle for producing external torque in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 29:264-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Guo J, Yin Y, Peng G. Fractional-order viscoelastic model of musculoskeletal tissues: correlation with fractals. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-similar fractals are widely obtained from biomaterials within the human musculoskeletal system, and their viscoelastic behaviours can be described by fractional-order derivatives. However, existing viscoelastic models neglect the internal correlation between the fractal structure of biomaterials and their fractional-order temporal responses. We further expanded the fractal hyper-cell (FHC) viscoelasticity theory to investigate this spatio-temporal correlation. The FHC element was first compared with other material elements and spring–dashpot viscoelastic models, thereby highlighting its discrete and fractal nature. To demonstrate the utility of an FHC, tree-like, ladder-like and triangle-like FHCs were abstracted from human cartilage, tendons and muscle cross-sections, respectively. The duality and symmetry of the FHC element were further discussed, where operating the duality transformation generated new types of FHC elements, and the symmetry breaking of an FHC altered its fractional-order viscoelastic responses. Thus, the correlations between the staggering patterns of FHCs and their rheological power-law orders were established, and the viscoelastic behaviour of the multi-level FHC elements fitted well in stress relaxation experiments at both the macro- and nano-levels of the tendon hierarchy. The FHC element provides a theoretical basis for understanding the connections between structural degeneration of bio-tissues during ageing or disease and their functional changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wold ES, Sleboda DA, Roberts TJ. Passive skeletal muscle can function as an osmotic engine. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200738. [PMID: 33653093 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles are composite structures. The protein filaments responsible for force production are bundled within fluid-filled cells, and these cells are wrapped in ordered sleeves of fibrous collagen. Recent models suggest that the mechanical interaction between the intracellular fluid and extracellular collagen is essential to force production in passive skeletal muscle, allowing the material stiffness of extracellular collagen to contribute to passive muscle force at physiologically relevant muscle lengths. Such models lead to the prediction, tested here, that expansion of the fluid compartment within muscles should drive forceful muscle shortening, resulting in the production of mechanical work unassociated with contractile activity. We tested this prediction by experimentally increasing the fluid volumes of isolated bullfrog semimembranosus muscles via osmotically hypotonic bathing solutions. Over time, passive muscles bathed in hypotonic solution widened by 16.44 ± 3.66% (mean ± s.d.) as they took on fluid. Concurrently, muscles shortened by 2.13 ± 0.75% along their line of action, displacing a force-regulated servomotor and doing measurable mechanical work. This behaviour contradicts the expectation for an isotropic biological tissue that would lengthen when internally pressurized, suggesting a functional mechanism analogous to that of engineered pneumatic actuators and highlighting the significance of three-dimensional force transmission in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Wold
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David A Sleboda
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas J Roberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ryan DS, Stutzig N, Helmer A, Siebert T, Wakeling JM. The Effect of Multidirectional Loading on Contractions of the M. Medial Gastrocnemius. Front Physiol 2021; 11:601799. [PMID: 33536934 PMCID: PMC7848218 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that compression of muscle can lead to a change in muscle force. Most studies show compression to lead to a reduction in muscle force, although recent research has shown that increases are also possible. Based on methodological differences in the loading design between studies, it seems that muscle length and the direction of transverse loading influence the effect of muscle compression on force production. Thus, in our current study we implement these two factors to influence the effects of muscle loading. In contrast to long resting length of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) in most studies, we use a shorter MG resting length by having participant seated with their knees at a 90° angle. Where previous studies have used unidirectional loads to compress the MG, in this study we applied a multidirectional load using a sling setup. Multidirectional loading using a sling setup has been shown to cause muscle force reductions in previous research. As a result of our choices in experimental design we observed changes in the effects of muscle loading compared to previous research. In the present study we observed no changes in muscle force due to muscle loading. Muscle thickness and pennation angle showed minor but significant increases during contraction. However, no significant changes occurred between unloaded and loaded trials. Fascicle thickness and length showed different patterns of change compared to previous research. We show that muscle loading does not result in force reduction in all situations and is possibly linked to differences in muscle architecture and muscle length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Helmer
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Monte A. In vivo
manipulation of muscle shape and tendinous stiffness affects the human ability to generate torque rapidly. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:486-495. [DOI: 10.1113/ep089012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hsu WC, Tseng LW, Chen FC, Wang LC, Yang WW, Lin YJ, Liu C. Effects of compression garments on surface EMG and physiological responses during and after distance running. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:685-691. [PMID: 33308820 PMCID: PMC7749206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The few previous studies that focused on the effects of compression garments (CG) on distance running performance have simultaneously measured electromyogram, physiological, and perceptual parameters. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of CG on muscle activation and median frequency during and after distance running, as well as blood-lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during distance running. METHODS Eight healthy male recreational runners were recruited to randomly perform two 40 min treadmill running trials, one with CG, and the other with control garment made of normal cloth. The RPE and the surface electromyography (EMG) of 5 lower extremity muscles including gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), semitendinosus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GAS) were measured during the running trial. The blood-lactate levels before and after the running trial were measured. RESULTS Wearing CG led to significant lower muscle activation (p < 0.05) in the GM (decreased 7.40%-14.31%), RF (decreased 4.39%-4.76%), and ST (decreased 3.42%-7.20%) muscles; moreover, significant higher median frequency (p< 0.05) in the GM (increased 5.57%) and ST (increased 10.58%) muscles. Wearing CG did not alter the RPE values or the blood-lactate levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Wearing CG was associated with significantly lower muscle activation and higher median frequency in the running-related key muscles during distance running. This finding suggested that wearing CG may improve muscle function, which might enhance running performance and prevent muscle fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, China; National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 11466, China
| | - Li-Wen Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, China
| | - Fu-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan 11153, China
| | - Li-Chu Wang
- Taiwan Textile Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan 23674, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan 11153, China
| | - Yi-Jia Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, China
| | - Chiang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan 11153, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maamir M, Chèze L, Fréchède B. Development of a finite-element muscle model accounting for transverse loading. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1822045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Maamir
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - L. Chèze
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - B. Fréchède
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roberts TJ, Eng CM, Sleboda DA, Holt NC, Brainerd EL, Stover KK, Marsh RL, Azizi E. The Multi-Scale, Three-Dimensional Nature of Skeletal Muscle Contraction. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:402-408. [PMID: 31577172 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00023.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle contraction is a three-dimensional process, as anyone who has observed a bulging muscle knows. Recent studies suggest that the three-dimensional nature of muscle contraction influences its mechanical output. Shape changes and radial forces appear to be important across scales of organization. Muscle architectural gearing is an emerging example of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Roberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Carolyn M Eng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - David A Sleboda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Natalie C Holt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kristin K Stover
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Richard L Marsh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stollenmaier K, Ilg W, Haeufle DFB. Predicting Perturbed Human Arm Movements in a Neuro-Musculoskeletal Model to Investigate the Muscular Force Response. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:308. [PMID: 32373601 PMCID: PMC7186382 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human movement is generated by a dynamic interplay between the nervous system, the biomechanical structures, and the environment. To investigate this interaction, we propose a neuro-musculoskeletal model of human goal-directed arm movements. Using this model, we simulated static perturbations of the inertia and damping properties of the arm, as well as dynamic torque perturbations for one-degree-of freedom movements around the elbow joint. The controller consists of a feed-forward motor command and feedback based on muscle fiber length and contraction velocity representing short-latency (25 ms) or long-latency (50 ms) stretch reflexes as the first neuronal responses elicited by an external perturbation. To determine the open-loop control signal, we parameterized the control signal resulting in a piecewise constant stimulation over time for each muscle. Interestingly, such an intermittent open-loop signal results in a smooth movement that is close to experimental observations. So, our model can generate the unperturbed point-to-point movement solely by the feed-forward command. The feedback only contributed to the stimulation in perturbed movements. We found that the relative contribution of this feedback is small compared to the feed-forward control and that the characteristics of the musculoskeletal system create an immediate and beneficial reaction to the investigated perturbations. The novelty of these findings is (1) the reproduction of static as well as dynamic perturbation experiments in one neuro-musculoskeletal model with only one set of basic parameters. This allows to investigate the model's neuro-muscular response to the perturbations that-at least to some degree-represent stereotypical interactions with the environment; (2) the demonstration that in feed-forward driven movements the muscle characteristics generate a mechanical response with zero-time delay which helps to compensate for the perturbations; (3) that this model provides enough biomechanical detail to allow for the prediction of internal forces, including joint loads and muscle-bone contact forces which are relevant in ergonomics and for the development of assistive devices but cannot be observed in experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stollenmaier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Vaidya AJ, Wheatley BB. An experimental and computational investigation of the effects of volumetric boundary conditions on the compressive mechanics of passive skeletal muscle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 102:103526. [PMID: 31877528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling, such as finite element analysis, is employed in a range of biomechanics specialties, including impact biomechanics and surgical planning. These models rely on accurate material properties for skeletal muscle, which comprises roughly 40% of the human body. Due to surrounding tissues, compressed skeletal muscle in vivo likely experiences a semi-confined state. Nearly all previous studies investigating passively compressed muscle at the tissue level have focused on muscle in unconfined compression. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the stiffness and time-dependent material properties of skeletal muscle subjected to both confined and unconfined compression (2) develop a model that captures passive muscle mechanics under both conditions and (3) determine the extent to which different assumptions of volumetric behavior affect model results. Muscle in confined compression exhibited stiffer behavior, agreeing with previous assumptions of near-incompressibility. Stress relaxation was found to be faster under unconfined compression, suggesting there may be different mechanisms that support load these two conditions. Finite element calibration was achieved through nonlinear optimization (normalized root mean square error <6%) and model validation was strong (normalized root mean square error <17%). Comparisons to commonly employed assumptions of bulk behavior showed that a simple one parameter approach does not accurately simulate confined compression. We thus recommend the use of a properly calibrated, nonlinear bulk constitutive model for modeling of skeletal muscle in vivo. Future work to determine mechanisms of passive muscle stiffness would enhance the efforts presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag J Vaidya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Fluid fills intracellular, extracellular, and capillary spaces within muscle. During normal physiological activity, intramuscular fluid pressures develop as muscle exerts a portion of its developed force internally. These pressures, typically ranging between 10 and 250 mmHg, are rarely considered in mechanical models of muscle but have the potential to affect performance by influencing force and work produced during contraction. Here, we test a model of muscle structure in which intramuscular pressure directly influences contractile force. Using a pneumatic cuff, we pressurize muscle midcontraction at 260 mmHg and report the effect on isometric force. Pressurization reduced isometric force at short muscle lengths (e.g., -11.87% of P0 at 0.9 L0), increased force at long lengths (e.g., +3.08% of P0 at 1.25 L0), but had no effect at intermediate muscle lengths ∼1.1-1.15 L0 This variable response to pressurization was qualitatively mimicked by simple physical models of muscle morphology that displayed negative, positive, or neutral responses to pressurization depending on the orientation of reinforcing fibers representing extracellular matrix collagen. These findings show that pressurization can have immediate, significant effects on muscle contractile force and suggest that forces transmitted to the extracellular matrix via pressurized fluid may be important, but largely unacknowledged, determinants of muscle performance in vivo.
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo J, Sun Y, Hao Y, Cui L, Ren G. A mass-flowing muscle model with shape restrictive soft tissues: correlation with sonoelastography. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:911-926. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
25
|
Schmid L, Klotz T, Siebert T, Röhrle O. Characterization of Electromechanical Delay Based on a Biophysical Multi-Scale Skeletal Muscle Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1270. [PMID: 31649554 PMCID: PMC6795131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles can be voluntary controlled by the somatic nervous system yielding an active contractile stress response. Thereby, the active muscle stresses are transmitted to the skeleton by a cascade of connective tissue and thus enable motion. In the context of joint perturbations as well as the assessment of the complexity of neural control, the initial phase of the muscle-tendon system's stress response has a particular importance and is analyzed by means of electromechanical delay (EMD). EMD is defined as the time lag between the stimulation of a muscle and a measurable change in force output. While EMD is believed to depend on multiple structures / phenomena, it is hard to separate their contributions experimentally. We employ a physiologically detailed, three-dimensional, multi-scale model of an idealized muscle-tendon system to analyze the influence of (i) muscle and tendon length, (ii) the material behavior of skeletal muscle and tendon tissue, (iii) the chemo-electro-mechanical behavior of the muscle fibers and (iv) neural control on EMD. Comparisons with experimental data show that simulated EMD values are within the physiological range, i.e., between 6.1 and 68.6 ms, and that the model is able to reproduce the characteristic EMD-stretch curve, yielding the minimum EMD at optimal length. Simulating consecutive recruitment of motor units increases EMD by more than 20 ms, indicating that during voluntary contractions neural control is the dominant factor determining EMD. In contrast, the muscle fiber action potential conduction velocity is found to influence EMD even of a 27 cm long muscle by not more than 3.7 ms. We further demonstrate that in conditions where only little pre-stretch is applied to a muscle-tendon system, the mechanical behavior of both muscle and tendon tissue considerably impacts EMD. Predicting EMD for different muscle and tendon lengths indicates that the anatomy of a specific muscle-tendon system is optimized for its function, i.e., shorter tendon lengths are beneficial to minimize the neural control effort for muscles primary acting as motor in concentric contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmid
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Klotz
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Center for Simulation Sciences (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Böl M, Iyer R, Dittmann J, Garcés-Schröder M, Dietzel A. Investigating the passive mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle fibres: Micromechanical experiments and Bayesian hierarchical modelling. Acta Biomater 2019; 92:277-289. [PMID: 31077887 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of the skeletal muscle's passive properties is a challenging task since its structure is dominated by a highly complex and hierarchical arrangement of fibrous components at different scales. The present work focuses on the micromechanical characterisation of skeletal muscle fibres, which consist of myofibrils, by realising three different deformation states, namely, axial tension, axial compression, and transversal compression. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study provides a novel comprehensive data set representing of different deformation states. These data allow for a better understanding of muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms and can be used for meaningful modelling approaches. As the present study shows, axial tension and compression experiments reveal a strong tension-compression asymmetry at fibre level. In comparison to the tissue level, this asymmetric behaviour is more pronounced at the fibre scale, elucidating the load transfer mechanism in muscle tissue and aiding in the development of future modelling strategies. Further, a Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach was used to consider the experimental fluctuations in a parameter identification scheme, leading to more comprehensive parameter distributions that reflect the entire observed experimental uncertainty. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article examines for the first time the mechanical properties of skeletal muscle fibres under axial tension, axial compression, and transversal compression, leading to a highly comprehensive data set. Moreover, a Bayesian hierarchical modelling concept is presented to identify model parameters in a broad way. The results of the deformation states allow a new and comprehensive understanding of muscle fibres' load transfer mechanisms; one example is the effect of tension-compression asymmetry. On the one hand, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of muscle mechanics and thus to the muscle's functional understanding during daily activity. On the other hand, they are relevant in the fields of skeletal muscle multiscale, constitutive modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
| | - Rahul Iyer
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Johannes Dittmann
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Mayra Garcés-Schröder
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maas H. Significance of epimuscular myofascial force transmission under passive muscle conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1465-1473. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 yr, force transmission via connective tissue linkages at the muscle belly surface, called epimuscular myofascial force transmission, has been studied extensively. In this article, the effects of epimuscular linkages under passive muscle conditions are reviewed. Several animal studies that included direct (invasive) measurements of force transmission have shown that different connective tissue structures serve as an epimuscular pathway and that these tissues have sufficient stiffness, especially at supraphysiological muscle lengths and relative positions, to transmit substantial passive forces (up to 15% of active optimal force). Exact values of lumped tissue stiffness for different connective tissue structures have not yet been estimated. Experiments using various imaging techniques (ultrasound, MRI, shear wave elastography) have yielded some, but weak, evidence of epimuscular myofascial force transmission for passive muscles in humans. At this point, the functional consequences of epimuscular pathways for muscle and joint mechanics in the intact body are still unknown. Potentially, however, these pathways may affect sensory feedback and, thereby, neuromuscular control. In addition, altered epimuscular force transmission in pathological conditions may also contribute to changes in passive range of joint motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Takahashi Y, Saito A, Sato H, Shibata K, Okura K, Kinoshita K, Seto A, Osawa S, Wakasa M, Kimoto M, Okada K. In Vivo Flattening of the Central Aponeurosis of the Rectus Femoris Due to Knee Extension Torque in Healthy Young and Elderly Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis. Ultrasound Q 2019; 37:77-83. [PMID: 30958806 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We aimed to elucidate the relationship between active force production and the curvature of the central aponeurosis (CA) of the rectus femoris in young healthy participants as fundamental data and compare the muscle CA curvature before and after straight leg raising (SLR) training in participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Central aponeurosis curvature was determined during submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) using ultrasonography. Twenty-five young healthy female volunteers underwent ultrasonographic measurements under conditions of isometric MVC. They were divided into a flat shaped CA group (flat) and an incompletely flat shaped CA group (remnant). Central aponeurosis curvature was calculated as the ratio of CA height and length in the axial view. Central aponeurosis shape and muscular strength before and after muscle training were measured in 11 participants with knee OA. In the young healthy individuals, maximal voluntary torque and changes in CA curvature were significantly higher in the flat group than in the remnant group (2.15 Nm/kg and - 17.7% vs 1.75 Nm/kg and -9.8%, respectively; P = 0.005). The rate of change of the CA curvature during contraction was significantly correlated with maximal voluntary torque corrected for body mass (r = 0.512). The CA curvature progressively decreased as %MVC increased. In the OA group, CA curvature during MVC after SLR training was significantly lower than that before SLR training (3.2% vs 7.2%; P = 0.031). Central aponeurosis curvature was associated with muscle strength, and the results supported our hypothesis that geometric observation of CA changes during contractions may reflect muscle fiber function. We aim to develop a new ultrasonographic skeletal muscle evaluation method based on our present findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Hiromichi Sato
- Department of Rehabilitation, Omagari Kousei Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Arata Seto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sanno Orthopedic Clinic
| | - Shinjiro Osawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujiwara Memorial Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahiko Wakasa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Minoru Kimoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Kyoji Okada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ateş F, Davies BL, Chopra S, Coleman-Wood K, Litchy W, Kaufman KR. Intramuscular Pressure of Human Tibialis Anterior Muscle Reflects in vivo Muscular Activity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:196. [PMID: 30886588 PMCID: PMC6409299 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular pressure (IMP) is the fluid hydrostatic pressure generated within a muscle and reflects the mechanical forces produced by a muscle. By providing accurate quantification of interstitial fluid pressure, the measurement of IMP may be useful to detect changes in skeletal muscle function not identified with established techniques. However, the relationship between IMP and muscle activity has never been studied in vivo in healthy human muscles. To determine if IMP is able to evaluate electromechanical performance of muscles in vivo, we tested the following hypotheses on the human tibialis anterior (TA) muscle: (i) IMP increases in proportion to muscle activity as measured by electrical [Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP)] and mechanical (ankle torque) responses to activation by nerve stimulation and (ii) the onset delay of IMP (IMPD) is shorter than the ankle torque electromechanical delay (EMD). Twelve healthy adults [six females; mean (SD) = 28.1 (5.0) years old] were recruited. Ankle torque, TA IMP, and CMAP responses were collected during maximal stimulation of the fibular nerve at different intensity levels of electrical stimulation, and at different frequencies of supramaximal stimulation, i.e., at 2, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. The IMP response at different stimulation intensities was correlated with the CMAP amplitude (r2 = 0.94). The area of the IMP response at different stimulation intensities was also significantly correlated with the area of the CMAP (r2 = 0.93). Increasing stimulation intensity resulted in an increase of the IMP response (P < 0.001). Increasing stimulation frequency caused torque (P < 0.001) as well as the IMP (P < 0.001) to increase. The ankle torque EMD [median (interquartile range) = 41.8 (14.4) ms] was later than the IMPD [33.0 (23.6) ms]. These findings support the hypotheses and suggest that IMP captures active mechanical properties of muscle in vivo and can be used to detect muscular changes due to drugs, diseases, or aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Ateş
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brenda L Davies
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Swati Chopra
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Krista Coleman-Wood
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William Litchy
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kenton R Kaufman
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ryan DS, Stutzig N, Siebert T, Wakeling JM. Passive and dynamic muscle architecture during transverse loading for gastrocnemius medialis in man. J Biomech 2019; 86:160-166. [PMID: 30792071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
External forces from our environment impose transverse loads on our muscles. Studies in rats have shown that transverse loads result in a decrease in the longitudinal muscle force. Changes in muscle architecture during contraction may contribute to the observed force decrease. The aim of this study was to quantify changes in pennation angle, fascicle dimensions, and muscle thickness during contraction under external transverse load. Electrical stimuli were elicited to evoke maximal force twitches in the right calf muscles of humans. Trials were conducted with transverse loads of 2, 4.5, and 10 kg. An ultrasound probe was placed on the medial gastrocnemius in line with the transverse load to quantify muscle characteristics during muscle twitches. Maximum twitch force decreased with increased transverse muscle loading. The 2, 4.5, and 10 kg of transverse load showed a 9, 13, and 16% decrease in longitudinal force, respectively. Within the field of view of the ultrasound images, and thus directly beneath the external load, loading of the muscle resulted in a decrease in the muscle thickness and pennation angle, with higher loads causing greater decreases. During twitches the muscle transiently increased in thickness and pennation angle, as did fascicle thickness. Higher transverse loads showed a reduced increase in muscle thickness. Smaller increases in pennation angle and fascicle thickness strain also occurred with higher transverse loads. This study shows that increased transverse loading caused a decrease in ankle moment, muscle thickness, and pennation angle, as well as transverse deformation of the fascicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Eng CM, Azizi E, Roberts TJ. Structural Determinants of Muscle Gearing During Dynamic Contractions. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:207-218. [PMID: 29889236 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, interactions between contractile and connective tissue elements at multiple scales result in emergent properties that determine mechanical performance. One of these phenomena is architectural gearing, which is quantified as the ratio of muscle velocity to muscle fiber velocity. Many pennate muscles operate with a gear ratio greater than one because muscles shorten through a combination of muscle fiber shortening and fiber rotation. Within a muscle, gearing is variable across contractions. During low force contractions, muscles operate at high gear while muscles operate at low gear during high force contractions. This variable gearing has a significant impact on muscle performance as muscle architectural changes favor muscle speed during fast contractions and muscle force during slow, high force contractions. We hypothesize that gearing in any given contraction is determined by the dynamic interaction of fiber-generated forces, fluid force transmission, and the elastic behavior of intramuscular connective tissues. Because muscle is isovolumetric, muscle fibers must bulge radially when they shorten. Radial bulging and fiber-generated forces off-axis from the muscle line of action exert forces that load connective tissues that ensheath fibers, fascicles, and the whole muscle. The way in which fluid pressures and fiber forces interact to load connective tissues in three-dimensions remains poorly understood because of the complex and multiscale nature of these interactions. Here we review evidence for variable gearing in pennate muscles, present a conceptual model that describes the fundamental interactions that determine gearing, and discuss where gaps remain in our understanding of the determinants and consequences of muscle shape change and variable gearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Eng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 171 Meeting St, Box GB204, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas J Roberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 171 Meeting St, Box GB204, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stutzig N, Ryan D, Wakeling JM, Siebert T. Impact of transversal calf muscle loading on plantarflexion. J Biomech 2019; 85:37-42. [PMID: 30660380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Muscle compression commonly occurs in daily life (for instance wearing backpacks or compression garments, and during sitting). However, the effects of the compression on contraction dynamics in humans are not well examined. The aim of the study was to quantify the alterations of contraction dynamics and muscle architecture in human muscle with external transverse loads. The posterior tibialis nerve of 29 subjects was stimulated to obtain the maximal double-twitch force of the gastrocnemius muscle with and without transverse compression that was generated using an indentor. The muscle architecture was determined by a sonographic probe that was embedded within the indentor. Five stimulations each were conducted at 5 conditions: (1) pretest (unloaded), (2) indentor loading with 2 kg, (3) 4.5 kg, (4) 10 kg, and (5) posttest (unloaded). Compared to the pretest maximal force decreased by 9%, 13% and 16% for 2 kg, 4.5 kg and 10 kg, respectively. The half-relaxation time increased with increased transverse load whereas the rate of force development decreased from pretest to 2 kg and from 4.5 kg to 10 kg. The lifting height of the indentor increased with transverse load from 2 kg to 4.5 kg but decreased from 4.5 kg to 10 kg. Increases in pennation during the twitches were reduced at the highest transverse load. The results demonstrate changes of the contraction dynamics due to transversal muscle loading. Those alterations are associated with the applied pressure, changes in muscle architecture and partitioning of muscle force in transversal and longitudinal direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Stutzig
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - David Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Han SW, Sawatsky A, de Brito Fontana H, Herzog W. Contribution of individual quadriceps muscles to knee joint mechanics. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.188292. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.188292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to determine the contribution of individual muscles in an agonistic group to the mechanics of joints. However, previous approaches had the limitations that muscles often could not be controlled in a precise manner, that individual muscles in an agonistic group could not be activated individually, and that individual muscle contributions could not be measured in an actively contracting agonistic group. Here, we introduce a surgical approach that allows for controlled activation of individual muscles of an agonistic group. The approach is illustrated for the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) of the rabbit quadriceps femoris group. We provide exemplar results for potential applications of the approach, such as measuring the pressure distribution in the patellofemoral joint, and the torque–angle relationship of VL, VM and RF when activated individually and when the three muscles are activated simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-won Han
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrew Sawatsky
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Heiliane de Brito Fontana
- Morphological Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
de Brito Fontana H, de Campos D, Sawatsky A, Han SW, Herzog W. Why do muscles lose torque potential when activated within their agonistic group? J Exp Biol 2019; 223:jeb.213843. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic muscles lose approximately 20% of their individual torque generating capacity when activated with their agonistic muscles compared to when stimulated in isolation. In this study, we (i) tested if this loss in torque was accompanied by a corresponding loss in force, thereby testing the potential role of changes in moment arms between conditions; (ii) removed all inter-muscular connections between the quadriceps muscles, thus determining the potential role of inter-muscular force transmission; and (iii) systematically changed the inter-muscular pressure by performing experiments at different activation/force levels, thereby exploring the possible role of inter-muscular pressure in the loss of torque capacity with simultaneous muscle activation. Experiments were performed in a New Zealand White rabbit quadriceps model (n=5). Torque and force were measured during activation of femoral nerve branches that supply the individual quadriceps muscles while activating these branches simultaneously and in isolation. Regardless of joint angle and inter-muscular connections between muscles, the differences in torque values between the simultaneous and the isolated activation of the quadriceps muscles were also observed for the directly measured force values. Mean differences in simultaneous and isolated muscle activation remained similar between the intact and separated conditions: torque difference (21±5% of maximum isometric torque of intact condition [MICtorque], versus 19±6% MICtorque respectively) and for force (18±3% MICforce versus 19±7% MICforce respectively). The absolute torque loss was independent of the force, and thus presumably the inter-muscular pressures. Based on these results, we conclude that neither moment arm, inter-muscular pressure nor inter-muscular force transmission seems to be the primary cause for the torque deficit observed during simultaneous compared to isolated muscle activation. The mechanisms underlying loss of force capacity during agonistic muscle contraction remain unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiliane de Brito Fontana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daiani de Campos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Andrew Sawatsky
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seong-won Han
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Brito Fontana H, Han SW, Sawatsky A, Herzog W. The mechanics of agonistic muscles. J Biomech 2018; 79:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
36
|
Siebert T, Eb M, Ryan DS, Wakeling JM, Stutzig N. Impact of Multidirectional Transverse Calf Muscle Loading on Calf Muscle Force in Young Adults. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1148. [PMID: 30174622 PMCID: PMC6107699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that unidirectional transversal muscle loading induced by a plunger influences muscle shape and reduces muscle force. The interaction between muscle and transversal forces may depend on specific neuromuscular properties that change during a lifetime. Compression garments, applying forces from all directions in the transverse plane, are widely used in sports for example to improve performance. Differences in the loading direction (unidirectional vs. multidirectional) may have an impact on force generating capacity of muscle and, thus, on muscle performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of multidirectional transversal loads, using a sling looped around the calf, on the isometric force during plantarflexions. Young male adults (25.7 ± 1.5 years, n = 15) were placed in a prone position in a calf press apparatus. The posterior tibial nerve was stimulated to obtain the maximal double-twitch force of the calf muscles with (59.4 and 108.4 N) and without multidirectional transverse load. Compared to the unloaded condition, the rate of force development (RFD) was reduced by 5.0 ± 8.1% (p = 0.048) and 6.9 ± 10.7% (p = 0.008) for the 59.4 and 108.4 N load, respectively. No significant reduction (3.2 ± 4.8%, p = 0.141) in maximum muscle force (Fm ) was found for the lower load (59.4 N), but application of the higher load (108.4 N) resulted in a significant reduction of Fm by 4.8 ± 7.0% (p = 0.008). Mean pressures induced in this study (14.3 and 26.3 mm Hg corresponding to the 59.4 and 108.4 N loads, respectively) are within the pressure range reported for compression garments. Taking the results of the present study into account, a reduction in maximum muscle force would be expected for compression garments with pressures ≥26.3 mm Hg. However, it should be noted that the loading condition (sling vs. compression garment) differs and that compression garments may influence other mechanisms contributing to force generation. For example, wearing compression garments may enhance sport performance by enhanced proprioception and reduced muscle oscillation. Thus, superposition of several effects should be considered when analyzing the impact of compression garments on more complex sport performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Eb
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David S. Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M. Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Randhawa A, Wakeling JM. Transverse anisotropy in the deformation of the muscle during dynamic contractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.175794. [PMID: 29844202 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When pennate muscle fibres shorten, the transverse deformation of fibres results in an increase in pennation angle of fascicles (bundles of fibres) and transverse deformation of muscle belly. Transverse shape changes of a muscle can influence force generation. Recent modelling studies predicted asymmetrical transverse deformations in the muscle fascicles in the gastrocnemii. However, these predictions have not been tested experimentally. As muscle is a 3D entity, it is important to explore the structural changes in a 3D perspective to enhance our understanding of the underlying structural mechanisms that have functional implications. The medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles from 12 subjects were imaged during plantarflexion movements on a dynamometer. The muscle belly was simultaneously scanned from two orthogonal directions using two ultrasound probes. Fascicle deformations were measured from the two orthogonal ultrasound scans to provide 3D information of muscle geometry. Whilst transverse deformations in the medial gastrocnemius were similar from the two directions, the data for the lateral gastrocnemius confirm that transverse anisotropy can occur in the muscle fascicles. As the lateral gastrocnemius fascicle length shortened, the pennation angle increased and the fascicles bulged transversally in one direction (closest to the typical 2D scanning plane) while thinning in the other orthogonal direction. We suggest that the transverse deformation of the muscle fascicles depends on the stiffness of the aponeuroses, properties of connective tissue structures surrounding muscle, and compressive forces both internal and external to the muscle. These results highlight that muscle fascicles do not bulge uniformly and the implications for this behaviour on muscle function remain largely unexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avleen Randhawa
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ross SA, Ryan DS, Dominguez S, Nigam N, Wakeling JM. Size, History-Dependent, Activation and Three-Dimensional Effects on the Work and Power Produced During Cyclic Muscle Contractions. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:232-250. [PMID: 29726964 PMCID: PMC6104705 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles undergo cycles of length change and force development during locomotion, and these contribute to their work and power production to drive body motion. Muscle fibers are typically considered to be linear actuators whose stress depends on their length, velocity, and activation state, and whose properties can be scaled up to explain the function of whole muscles. However, experimental and modeling studies have shown that a muscle's stress additionally depends on inactive and passive tissues within the muscle, the muscle's size, and its previous contraction history. These effects have not been tested under common sets of contraction conditions, especially the cyclic contractions that are typical of locomotion. Here we evaluate the relative effects of size, history-dependent, activation and three-dimensional effects on the work and power produced during cyclic contractions of muscle models. Simulations of muscle contraction were optimized to generate high power outputs: this resulted in the muscle models being largely active during shortening, and inactive during lengthening. As such, the history-dependent effects were dominated by force depression during simulated active shortening rather than force enhancement during active stretch. Internal work must be done to deform the muscle tissue, and to accelerate the internal muscle mass, resulting in reduced power and work that can be done on an external load. The effect of the muscle mass affects the scaling of muscle properties, with the inertial costs of contraction being relatively greater at larger sizes and lower activation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ross
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - David S Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Sebastian Dominguez
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Nilima Nigam
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wick C, Böl M, Müller F, Blickhan R, Siebert T. Packing of muscles in the rabbit shank influences three-dimensional architecture of M. soleus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Raiteri BJ. Aponeurosis behaviour during muscular contraction: A narrative review. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1128-1138. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1472299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent James Raiteri
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Effects of antagonistic and synergistic muscles’ co-activation on mechanics of activated spastic semitendinosus in children with cerebral palsy. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 57:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
42
|
Siebert T, Stutzig N, Rode C. A hill-type muscle model expansion accounting for effects of varying transverse muscle load. J Biomech 2018; 66:57-62. [PMID: 29154088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that uniaxial transverse loading (FG) of a rat gastrocnemius medialis muscle resulted in a considerable reduction of maximum isometric muscle force (ΔFim). A hill-type muscle model assuming an identical gearing G between both ΔFim and FG as well as lifting height of the load (Δh) and longitudinal muscle shortening (ΔlCC) reproduced experimental data for a single load. Here we tested if this model is able to reproduce experimental changes in ΔFim and Δh for increasing transverse loads (0.64 N, 1.13 N, 1.62 N, 2.11 N, 2.60 N). Three different gearing ratios were tested: (I) constant Gc representing the idea of a muscle specific gearing parameter (e.g. predefined by the muscle geometry), (II) Gexp determined in experiments with varying transverse load, and (III) Gf that reproduced experimental ΔFim for each transverse load. Simulations using Gc overestimated ΔFim (up to 59%) and Δh (up to 136%) for increasing load. Although the model assumption (equal G for forces and length changes) held for the three lower loads using Gexp and Gf, simulations resulted in underestimation of ΔFim by 38% and overestimation of Δh by 58% for the largest load, respectively. To simultaneously reproduce experimental ΔFim and Δh for the two larger loads, it was necessary to reduce Fim by 1.9% and 4.6%, respectively. The model seems applicable to account for effects of muscle deformation within a range of transverse loading when using a linear load-dependent function for G.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Rode
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Resistance to radial expansion limits muscle strain and work. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1633-1643. [PMID: 28432448 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle functions to transmit force, protect sensitive structures, and generate passive tension to resist stretch. The mechanical properties of the ECM change with age, atrophy, and neuromuscular pathologies, resulting in an increase in the relative amount of collagen and an increase in stiffness. Although numerous studies have focused on the effect of muscle fibrosis on passive muscle stiffness, few have examined how these structural changes may compromise contractile performance. Here we combine a mathematical model and experimental manipulations to examine how changes in the mechanical properties of the ECM constrain the ability of muscle fibers and fascicles to radially expand and how such a constraint may limit active muscle shortening. We model the mechanical interaction between a contracting muscle and the ECM using a constant volume, pressurized, fiber-wound cylinder. Our model shows that as the proportion of a muscle cross section made up of ECM increases, the muscle's ability to expand radially is compromised, which in turn restricts muscle shortening. In our experiments, we use a physical constraint placed around the muscle to restrict radial expansion during a contraction. Our experimental results are consistent with model predictions and show that muscles restricted from radial expansion undergo less shortening and generate less mechanical work under identical loads and stimulation conditions. This work highlights the intimate mechanical interaction between contractile and connective tissue structures within skeletal muscle and shows how a deviation from a healthy, well-tuned relationship can compromise performance.
Collapse
|
44
|
Röhrle O, Sprenger M, Schmitt S. A two-muscle, continuum-mechanical forward simulation of the upper limb. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:743-762. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
|
45
|
Reinhardt L, Siebert T, Leichsenring K, Blickhan R, Böl M. Intermuscular pressure between synergistic muscles correlates with muscle force. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2311-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between muscle force generated during isometric contractions (i.e. at a constant muscle–tendon unit length) and the intermuscular (between adjacent muscles) pressure in synergistic muscles. Therefore, the pressure at the contact area of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle was measured synchronously to the force of the whole calf musculature in the rabbit species Oryctolagus cuniculus. Similar results were obtained when using a conductive pressure sensor, or a fibre-optic pressure transducer connected to a water-filled balloon. Both methods revealed a strong linear relationship between force and pressure in the ascending limb of the force-length relationship. The shape of the measured force–time and pressure–time traces was almost identical for each contraction (r=0.97). Intermuscular pressure ranged between 100 and 700 mbar (70,000 Pa) for forces up to 287 N. These pressures are similar to previous (intramuscular) recordings within skeletal muscles of different vertebrate species. Furthermore, our results suggest that the rise in intermuscular pressure during contraction may reduce the force production in muscle packages (compartments).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Reinhardt
- Science of Motion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Seidelstr. 20, Jena D-07749, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 28, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technical University Braunschweig, Schleinitzstr. 20, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Reinhard Blickhan
- Science of Motion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Seidelstr. 20, Jena D-07749, Germany
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technical University Braunschweig, Schleinitzstr. 20, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stutzig N, Rzanny R, Moll K, Gussew A, Reichenbach JR, Siebert T. The pH heterogeneity in human calf muscle during neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:2097-2106. [PMID: 27436629 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine pH heterogeneity during fatigue induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-MRS). It is hypothesized that three pH components would occur in the 31 P-MRS during fatigue, representing three fiber types. METHODS The medial gastrocnemius of eight subjects was stimulated within a 3-Tesla whole body MRI scanner. The maximal force during stimulation (Fstim ) was examined by a pressure sensor. Phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosintriphosphate, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the corresponding pH were estimated by a nonvolume-selective 31 P-MRS using a small loop coil at rest and during fatigue. RESULTS During fatigue, Fstim and PCr decreased to 27% and 33% of their initial levels, respectively. In all cases, the Pi peak increased when NMES was started and split into three different peaks. Based on the single Pi peaks during fatigue, an alkaline (6.76 ± 0.08), a medium (6.40 ± 0.06), and an acidic (6.09 ± 0.05) pH component were observed compared to the pH (7.02 ± 0.02) at rest. CONCLUSION It is suggested that NMES is able to induce pH heterogeneity in the medial gastrocnemius, and that the single Pi peaks represent the different muscle fiber types of the skeletal muscle. Magn Reson Med 77:2097-2106, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Stutzig
- Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rzanny
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Moll
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bernabei M, Maas H, van Dieën JH. A lumped stiffness model of intermuscular and extramuscular myofascial pathways of force transmission. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1747-1763. [PMID: 27193153 PMCID: PMC5106516 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles is commonly modeled under the assumption of mechanical independence between individual muscles within a muscle group. Epimuscular myofascial force transmission via the connective tissue network surrounding a muscle challenges this assumption as it alters the force distributed to the tendons of individual muscles. This study aimed to derive a lumped estimate of stiffness of the intermuscular and extramuscular connective tissues and to assess changes in such stiffness in response to a manipulation of the interface between adjacent muscles. Based on in situ measurements of force transmission in the rat plantar flexors, before and after resection of their connective tissue network, a nonlinear estimate of epimuscular myofascial stiffness was quantified and included in a multi-muscle model with lumped parameters which allows for force transmission depending on the relative position between the muscles in the group. Such stiffness estimate was assessed for a group with normal intermuscular connective tissues and for a group with increased connectivity, mimicking scar tissue development. The model was able to successfully predict the amount of epimuscular force transmission for different experimental conditions than those used to obtain the model parameters. The proposed nonlinear stiffness estimates of epimuscular pathways could be integrated in larger musculoskeletal models, to provide more accurate predictions of force when effects of mechanical interaction or altered epimuscular connections, e.g. after surgery or injury, are substantial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bernabei
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Siebert T, Rode C, Till O, Stutzig N, Blickhan R. Force reduction induced by unidirectional transversal muscle loading is independent of local pressure. J Biomech 2016; 49:1156-1161. [PMID: 26976226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transversal unidirectional compression applied to muscles via external loading affects muscle contraction dynamics in the longitudinal direction. A recent study reported decreasing longitudinal muscle forces with increasing transversal load applied with a constant contact area (i.e., leading to a simultaneous increase in local pressure). To shed light on these results, we examine whether the decrease in longitudinal force depends on the load, the local pressure, or both. To this end, we perform isometric experiments on rat M. gastrocnemius medialis without and with transversal loading (i) changing the local pressure from 1.1-3.2Ncm(-2) (n=9) at a constant transversal load (1.62N) and (ii) increasing the transversal load (1.15-3.45N) at a constant local pressure of 2.3Ncm(-2) (n=7). While we did not note changes in the decrease in longitudinal muscle force in the first experiment, the second experiment resulted in an almost-linear reduction of longitudinal force between 7.5±0.6% and 14.1±1.7%. We conclude that the observed longitudinal force reduction is not induced by local effects such as malfunction of single muscle compartments, but that similar internal stress conditions and myofilament configurations occur when the local pressure changes given a constant load. The decreased longitudinal force may be explained by increased internal pressure and a deformed myofilament lattice that is likely associated with the decomposition of cross-bridge forces on the one hand and the inhibition of cross-bridges on the other hand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Rode
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Till
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Blickhan
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Siebert T, Leichsenring K, Rode C, Wick C, Stutzig N, Schubert H, Blickhan R, Böl M. Three-Dimensional Muscle Architecture and Comprehensive Dynamic Properties of Rabbit Gastrocnemius, Plantaris and Soleus: Input for Simulation Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130985. [PMID: 26114955 PMCID: PMC4482742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vastly increasing number of neuro-muscular simulation studies (with increasing numbers of muscles used per simulation) is in sharp contrast to a narrow database of necessary muscle parameters. Simulation results depend heavily on rough parameter estimates often obtained by scaling of one muscle parameter set. However, in vivo muscles differ in their individual properties and architecture. Here we provide a comprehensive dataset of dynamic (n = 6 per muscle) and geometric (three-dimensional architecture, n = 3 per muscle) muscle properties of the rabbit calf muscles gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus. For completeness we provide the dynamic muscle properties for further important shank muscles (flexor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior; n = 1 per muscle). Maximum shortening velocity (normalized to optimal fiber length) of the gastrocnemius is about twice that of soleus, while plantaris showed an intermediate value. The force-velocity relation is similar for gastrocnemius and plantaris but is much more bent for the soleus. Although the muscles vary greatly in their three-dimensional architecture their mean pennation angle and normalized force-length relationships are almost similar. Forces of the muscles were enhanced in the isometric phase following stretching and were depressed following shortening compared to the corresponding isometric forces. While the enhancement was independent of the ramp velocity, the depression was inversely related to the ramp velocity. The lowest effect strength for soleus supports the idea that these effects adapt to muscle function. The careful acquisition of typical dynamical parameters (e.g. force-length and force-velocity relations, force elongation relations of passive components), enhancement and depression effects, and 3D muscle architecture of calf muscles provides valuable comprehensive datasets for e.g. simulations with neuro-muscular models, development of more realistic muscle models, or simulation of muscle packages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Siebert
- Department of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Department of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Rode
- Institute of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Wick
- Institute of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Department of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Schubert
- Institut für Versuchstierkunde und Tierschutz, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Blickhan
- Institute of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technical University at Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mörl F, Siebert T, Häufle D. Contraction dynamics and function of the muscle-tendon complex depend on the muscle fibre-tendon length ratio: a simulation study. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:245-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|