1
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She Y, Ren R, Jiang N. Mechanical stress can regulate temporomandibular joint cavitation via signalling pathways. Dev Biol 2024; 507:1-8. [PMID: 38114053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), composed of temporal fossa, mandibular condyle and a fibrocartilage disc with upper and lower cavities, is the biggest synovial joint and biomechanical hinge of the craniomaxillofacial musculoskeletal system. The initial events that give rise to TMJ cavities across diverse species are not fully understood. Most studies focus on the pivotal role of molecules such as Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in TMJ cavitation. Although biologists have observed that mechanical stress plays an irreplaceable role in the development of biological tissues and organs, few studies have been concerned with how mechanical stress regulates TMJ cavitation. Based on the evidence from human or other animal embryos today, it is implicated that mechanical stress plays an essential role in TMJ cavitation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between mechanical stress and TMJ cavitation from evo-devo perspectives and review the clinical features and potential pathogenesis of TMJ dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin She
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Godivier J, Lawrence EA, Wang M, Hammond CL, Nowlan NC. Compressive stress gradients direct mechanoregulation of anisotropic growth in the zebrafish jaw joint. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1010940. [PMID: 38330044 PMCID: PMC10880962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli arising from fetal movements are critical factors underlying joint growth. Abnormal fetal movements negatively affect joint shape features with important implications for joint health, but the mechanisms by which mechanical forces from fetal movements influence joint growth are still unclear. In this research, we quantify zebrafish jaw joint growth in 3D in free-to-move and immobilised fish larvae between four and five days post fertilisation. We found that the main changes in size and shape in normally moving fish were in the ventrodorsal axis, while growth anisotropy was lost in the immobilised larvae. We next sought to determine the cell level activities underlying mechanoregulated growth anisotropy by tracking individual cells in the presence or absence of jaw movements, finding that the most dramatic changes in growth rates due to jaw immobility were in the ventrodorsal axis. Finally, we implemented mechanobiological simulations of joint growth with which we tested hypotheses relating specific mechanical stimuli to mechanoregulated growth anisotropy. Different types of mechanical stimulation were incorporated into the simulation to provide the mechanoregulated component of growth, in addition to the baseline (non-mechanoregulated) growth which occurs in the immobilised animals. We found that when average tissue stress over the opening and closing cycle of the joint was used as the stimulus for mechanoregulated growth, joint morphogenesis was not accurately predicted. Predictions were improved when using the stress gradients along the rudiment axes (i.e., the variation in magnitude of compression to magnitude of tension between local regions). However, the most accurate predictions were obtained when using the compressive stress gradients (i.e., the variation in compressive stress magnitude) along the rudiment axes. We conclude therefore that the dominant biophysical stimulus contributing to growth anisotropy during early joint development is the gradient of compressive stress experienced along the growth axes under cyclical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepha Godivier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawrence
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mengdi Wang
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L. Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Endo Y, Groom L, Wang SM, Pannia E, Griffiths NW, Van Gennip JLM, Ciruna B, Laporte J, Dirksen RT, Dowling JJ. Two zebrafish cacna1s loss-of-function variants provide models of mild and severe CACNA1S-related myopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:254-269. [PMID: 37930228 PMCID: PMC10800018 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CACNA1S-related myopathy, due to pathogenic variants in the CACNA1S gene, is a recently described congenital muscle disease. Disease associated variants result in loss of gene expression and/or reduction of Cav1.1 protein stability. There is an incomplete understanding of the underlying disease pathomechanisms and no effective therapies are currently available. A barrier to the study of this myopathy is the lack of a suitable animal model that phenocopies key aspects of the disease. To address this barrier, we generated knockouts of the two zebrafish CACNA1S paralogs, cacna1sa and cacna1sb. Double knockout fish exhibit severe weakness and early death, and are characterized by the absence of Cav1.1 α1 subunit expression, abnormal triad structure, and impaired excitation-contraction coupling, thus mirroring the severe form of human CACNA1S-related myopathy. A double mutant (cacna1sa homozygous, cacna1sb heterozygote) exhibits normal development, but displays reduced body size, abnormal facial structure, and cores on muscle pathologic examination, thus phenocopying the mild form of human CACNA1S-related myopathy. In summary, we generated and characterized the first cacna1s zebrafish loss-of-function mutants, and show them to be faithful models of severe and mild forms of human CACNA1S-related myopathy suitable for future mechanistic studies and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Endo
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Linda Groom
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Sabrina M Wang
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Emanuela Pannia
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Zebrafish Genetics and Disease Models Core Facility, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Nigel W Griffiths
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jenica L M Van Gennip
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, Cnrs UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - James J Dowling
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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4
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Raman R, Bahri MA, Degueldre C, Caetano da Silva C, Sanchez C, Ostertag A, Collet C, Cohen-Solal M, Plenevaux A, Henrotin Y, Muller M. A Zebrafish Mutant in the Extracellular Matrix Protein Gene efemp1 as a Model for Spinal Osteoarthritis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:74. [PMID: 38200805 PMCID: PMC10778253 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative articular disease affecting mainly aging animals and people. The extracellular matrix protein Efemp1 was previously shown to have higher turn-over and increased secretion in the blood serum, urine, and subchondral bone of knee joints in osteoarthritic patients. Here, we use the zebrafish as a model system to investigate the function of Efemp1 in vertebrate skeletal development and homeostasis. Using in situ hybridization, we show that the efemp1 gene is expressed in the brain, the pharyngeal arches, and in the chordoblasts surrounding the notochord at 48 hours post-fertilization. We generated an efemp1 mutant line, using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, that produces a severely truncated Efemp1 protein. These mutant larvae presented a medially narrower chondrocranium at 5 days, which normalized later at day 10. At age 1.5 years, µCT analysis revealed an increased tissue mineral density and thickness of the vertebral bodies, as well as a decreased distance between individual vertebrae and ruffled borders of the vertebral centra. This novel defect, which has, to our knowledge, never been described before, suggests that the efemp1 mutant represents the first zebrafish model for spinal osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratish Raman
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration (LOR), GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.A.B.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Christian Degueldre
- GIGA CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.A.B.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Caroline Caetano da Silva
- Hospital Lariboisière, Reference Centre for Rare Bone Diseases, INSERM U1132, Université de Paris-Cité, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.C.d.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Christelle Sanchez
- MusculoSKeletal Innovative Research Lab, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Agnes Ostertag
- Hospital Lariboisière, Reference Centre for Rare Bone Diseases, INSERM U1132, Université de Paris-Cité, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.C.d.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Corinne Collet
- Hospital Lariboisière, Reference Centre for Rare Bone Diseases, INSERM U1132, Université de Paris-Cité, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.C.d.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (M.C.-S.)
- UF de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Hospital Lariboisière, Reference Centre for Rare Bone Diseases, INSERM U1132, Université de Paris-Cité, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.C.d.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Alain Plenevaux
- GIGA CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.A.B.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Yves Henrotin
- MusculoSKeletal Innovative Research Lab, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration (LOR), GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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5
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Packard M, Gilbert MC, Tetrault E, Albertson RC. Zebrafish crocc2 mutants exhibit divergent craniofacial shape, misregulated variability, and aberrant cartilage morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1026-1045. [PMID: 37032317 PMCID: PMC10524572 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic variation is of paramount importance in development, evolution, and human health; however, the molecular mechanisms that influence organ shape and shape variability are not well understood. During craniofacial development, the behavior of skeletal precursors is regulated by both biochemical and environmental inputs, and the primary cilia play critical roles in transducing both types of signals. Here, we examine a gene that encodes a key constituent of the ciliary rootlets, crocc2, and its role in cartilage morphogenesis in larval zebrafish. RESULTS Geometric morphometric analysis of crocc2 mutants revealed altered craniofacial shapes and expanded variation. At the cellular level, we observed altered chondrocyte shapes and planar cell polarity across multiple stages in crocc2 mutants. Notably, cellular defects were specific to areas that experience direct mechanical input. Cartilage cell number, apoptosis, and bone patterning were not affected in crocc2 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Whereas "regulatory" genes are widely implicated in patterning the craniofacial skeleton, genes that encode "structural" aspects of the cell are increasingly implicated in shaping the face. Our results add crocc2 to this list, and demonstrate that it affects craniofacial geometry and canalizes phenotypic variation. We propose that it does so via mechanosensing, possibly through the ciliary rootlet. If true, this would implicate a new organelle in skeletal development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Packard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Michelle C. Gilbert
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
- Current address, Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Emily Tetrault
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - R. Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
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6
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Cockerell A, Wright L, Dattani A, Guo G, Smith A, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Richards DM. Biophysical models of early mammalian embryogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:26-46. [PMID: 36630902 PMCID: PMC9860129 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo development is a critical and fascinating stage in the life cycle of many organisms. Despite decades of research, the earliest stages of mammalian embryogenesis are still poorly understood, caused by a scarcity of high-resolution spatial and temporal data, the use of only a few model organisms, and a paucity of truly multidisciplinary approaches that combine biological research with biophysical modeling and computational simulation. Here, we explain the theoretical frameworks and biophysical processes that are best suited to modeling the early mammalian embryo, review a comprehensive list of previous models, and discuss the most promising avenues for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Cockerell
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Liam Wright
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Anish Dattani
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ge Guo
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK; EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QJ, UK; Department of Bioinformatics and Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 105 Acad. G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David M Richards
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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7
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Godivier J, Lawrence EA, Wang M, Hammond CL, Nowlan NC. Growth orientations, rather than heterogeneous growth rates, dominate jaw joint morphogenesis in the larval zebrafish. J Anat 2022; 241:358-371. [PMID: 35510779 PMCID: PMC9296026 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In early limb embryogenesis, synovial joints acquire specific shapes which determine joint motion and function. The process by which the opposing cartilaginous joint surfaces are moulded into reciprocal and interlocking shapes, called joint morphogenesis, is one of the least understood aspects of joint formation and the cell-level dynamics underlying it are yet to be unravelled. In this research, we quantified key cellular dynamics involved in growth and morphogenesis of the zebrafish jaw joint and synthesised them in a predictive computational simulation of joint development. Cells in larval zebrafish jaw joints labelled with cartilage markers were tracked over a 48-h time window using confocal imaging. Changes in distance and angle between adjacent cell centroids resulting from cell rearrangement, volume expansion and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition were measured and used to calculate the rate and direction of local tissue deformations. We observed spatially and temporally heterogeneous growth patterns with marked anisotropy over the developmental period assessed. There was notably elevated growth at the level of the retroarticular process of the Meckel's cartilage, a feature known to undergo pronounced shape changes during zebrafish development. Analysis of cell dynamics indicated a dominant role for cell volume expansion in growth, with minor influences from ECM volume increases and cell intercalation. Cell proliferation in the joint was minimal over the timeframe of interest. Synthesising the dynamic cell data into a finite element model of jaw joint development resulted in accurate shape predictions. Our biofidelic computational simulation demonstrated that zebrafish jaw joint growth can be reasonably approximated based on cell positional information over time, where cell positional information derives mainly from cell orientation and cell volume expansion. By modifying the input parameters of the simulation, we were able to assess the relative contributions of heterogeneous growth rates and of growth orientation. The use of uniform rather than heterogeneous growth rates only minorly impacted the shape predictions, whereas isotropic growth fields resulted in altered shape predictions. The simulation results suggest that growth anisotropy is the dominant influence on joint growth and morphogenesis. This study addresses the gap of the cellular processes underlying joint morphogenesis, with implications for understanding the aetiology of developmental joint disorders such as developmental dysplasia of the hip and arthrogryposis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,University College DublinDublinIreland
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8
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic amalgamation of structural and signaling molecules whose quantitative and qualitative modifications drive the distinct programmed morphologic changes required for tissues to mature into their functional forms. The craniofacial complex houses a diverse array of tissues, including sensory organs, glands, and components of the musculoskeletal, neural, and vascular systems, alongside several other highly specialized tissues to form the most complex part of the vertebrate body. Through cell-ECM interactions, the ECM coordinates the cell movements, shape changes, differentiation, gene expression changes, and other behaviors that sculpt developing organs. In this review, we focus on several common key roles of the ECM to shape developing craniofacial organs and tissues. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the ability of the ECM to biochemically and biomechanically orchestrate major events of craniofacial development, and we discuss how dysregulated ECM dynamics contributes to disease and disorders. As we expand our understanding of organ-specific matrix functionality and composition, we will improve our ability to rationally modify matrices to promote regeneration and/or prevent degenerative outcomes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Pierantoni M, Le Cann S, Sotiriou V, Ahmed S, Bodey AJ, Jerjen I, Nowlan NC, Isaksson H. Muscular loading affects the 3D structure of both the mineralized rudiment and growth plate at early stages of bone formation. Bone 2021; 145:115849. [PMID: 33454374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal immobilization affects skeletal development and can lead to severe malformations. Still, how mechanical load affects embryonic bone formation is not fully elucidated. This study combines mechanobiology, image analysis and developmental biology, to investigate the structural effects of muscular loading on embryonic long bones. We present a novel approach involving a semi-automatic workflow, to study the spatial and temporal evolutions of both hard and soft tissues in 3D without any contrast agent at micrometrical resolution. Using high-resolution phase-contrast-enhanced X-ray synchrotron microtomography, we compare the humeri of Splotch-delayed embryonic mice lacking skeletal muscles with healthy littermates. The effects of skeletal muscles on bone formation was studied from the first stages of mineral deposition (Theiler Stages 23 and 24) to just before birth (Theiler Stage 27). The results show that muscle activity affects both growth plate and mineralized regions, especially during early embryonic development. When skeletal muscles were absent, there was reduced mineralization, altered tuberosity size and location, and, at early embryonic stages, decreased chondrocyte density, size and elongation compared to littermate controls. The proposed workflow enhances our understanding of mechanobiology of early bone formation and could be implemented for the study of other complex biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vivien Sotiriou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Iwan Jerjen
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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10
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Rolfe RA, Scanlon O'Callaghan D, Murphy P. Joint development recovery on resumption of embryonic movement following paralysis. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048913. [PMID: 33771841 PMCID: PMC8084573 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal activity in utero is a normal part of pregnancy and reduced or absent movement can lead to long-term skeletal defects, such as Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence, joint dysplasia and arthrogryposis. A variety of animal models with decreased or absent embryonic movements show a consistent set of developmental defects, providing insight into the aetiology of congenital skeletal abnormalities. At developing joints, defects include reduced joint interzones with frequent fusion of cartilaginous skeletal rudiments across the joint. At the spine, defects include shortening and a spectrum of curvature deformations. An important question, with relevance to possible therapeutic interventions for human conditions, is the capacity for recovery with resumption of movement following short-term immobilisation. Here, we use the well-established chick model to compare the effects of sustained immobilisation from embryonic day (E)4-10 to two different recovery scenarios: (1) natural recovery from E6 until E10 and (2) the addition of hyperactive movement stimulation during the recovery period. We demonstrate partial recovery of movement and partial recovery of joint development under both recovery conditions, but no improvement in spine defects. The joints examined (elbow, hip and knee) showed better recovery in hindlimb than forelimb, with hyperactive mobility leading to greater recovery in the knee and hip. The hip joint showed the best recovery with improved rudiment separation, tissue organisation and commencement of cavitation. This work demonstrates that movement post paralysis can partially recover specific aspects of joint development, which could inform therapeutic approaches to ameliorate the effects of human fetal immobility. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Zhou H. Embryonic movement stimulates joint formation and development: Implications in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000319. [PMID: 33634512 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a heterogeneous syndrome where multiple joints have reduced range of motion due to contracture formation prior to birth. A common cause of AMC is reduced embryonic movement in utero. This reduction in embryonic movement can perturb molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the formation of joints during development. The absence of mechanical stimuli can impair joint cavitation, resulting in joint fusion, and ultimately eliminate function. In turn, mechanical stimuli are critical for proper joint formation during development and for mitigating AMC. Studies in experimental animal models have provided a greater understanding on the molecular pathophysiology of congenital contracture formation as a consequence of embryonic immobilization. Elucidation of how the mechanical signaling environment is transduced to initiate a biological response will be necessary to gain a deeper understanding of how mechanical stimuli are intertwined in the molecular regulation of joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhou
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Assaraf E, Blecher R, Heinemann-Yerushalmi L, Krief S, Carmel Vinestock R, Biton IE, Brumfeld V, Rotkopf R, Avisar E, Agar G, Zelzer E. Piezo2 expressed in proprioceptive neurons is essential for skeletal integrity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3168. [PMID: 32576830 PMCID: PMC7311488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, mutations in the PIEZO2 gene, which encodes for a mechanosensitive ion channel, were found to result in skeletal abnormalities including scoliosis and hip dysplasia. Here, we show in mice that loss of Piezo2 expression in the proprioceptive system recapitulates several human skeletal abnormalities. While loss of Piezo2 in chondrogenic or osteogenic lineages does not lead to human-like skeletal abnormalities, its loss in proprioceptive neurons leads to spine malalignment and hip dysplasia. To validate the non-autonomous role of proprioception in hip joint morphogenesis, we studied this process in mice mutant for proprioceptive system regulators Runx3 or Egr3. Loss of Runx3 in the peripheral nervous system, but not in skeletal lineages, leads to similar joint abnormalities, as does Egr3 loss of function. These findings expand the range of known regulatory roles of the proprioception system on the skeleton and provide a central component of the underlying molecular mechanism, namely Piezo2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Assaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerrifin, 70300, Israel
| | - Ronen Blecher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, 7747629, Israel
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Carmel Vinestock
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Inbal E Biton
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Bioinformatics Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Erez Avisar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerrifin, 70300, Israel
| | - Gabriel Agar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerrifin, 70300, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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14
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Gabner S, Böck P, Fink D, Glösmann M, Handschuh S. The visible skeleton 2.0: phenotyping of cartilage and bone in fixed vertebrate embryos and foetuses based on X-ray microCT. Development 2020; 147:dev187633. [PMID: 32439754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For decades, clearing and staining with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red has been the gold standard to image vertebrate skeletal development. Here, we present an alternate approach to visualise bone and cartilage based on X-ray microCT imaging, which allows the collection of genuine 3D data of the entire developing skeleton at micron resolution. Our novel protocol is based on ethanol fixation and staining with Ruthenium Red, and efficiently contrasts cartilage matrix, as demonstrated in whole E16.5 mouse foetuses and limbs of E14 chicken embryos. Bone mineral is well preserved during staining, thus the entire embryonic skeleton can be imaged at high contrast. Differences in X-ray attenuation of ruthenium and calcium enable the spectral separation of cartilage matrix and bone by dual energy microCT (microDECT). Clearing of specimens is not required. The protocol is simple and reproducible. We demonstrate that cartilage contrast in E16.5 mouse foetuses is adequate for fast visual phenotyping. Morphometric skeletal parameters are easily extracted. We consider the presented workflow to be a powerful and versatile extension to the toolkit currently available for qualitative and quantitative phenotyping of vertebrate skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gabner
- Histology and Embryology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Böck
- Histology and Embryology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Glösmann
- VetCore Facility for Research/Imaging Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- VetCore Facility for Research/Imaging Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Shea CA, Rolfe RA, McNeill H, Murphy P. Localization of YAP activity in developing skeletal rudiments is responsive to mechanical stimulation. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:523-542. [PMID: 31747096 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal skeletal development, in particular ossification, joint formation and shape features of condyles, depends on appropriate mechanical input from embryonic movement but it is unknown how such physical stimuli are transduced to alter gene regulation. Hippo/Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) signalling has been shown to respond to the physical environment of the cell and here we specifically investigate the YAP effector of the pathway as a potential mechanoresponsive mediator in the developing limb skeleton. RESULTS We show spatial localization of YAP protein and of pathway target gene expression within developing skeletal rudiments where predicted biophysical stimuli patterns and shape are affected in immobilization models, coincident with the period of sensitivity to movement, but not coincident with the expression of the Hippo receptor Fat4. Furthermore, we show that under reduced mechanical stimulation, in immobile, muscle-less mouse embryos, this spatial localization is lost. In culture blocking YAP reduces chondrogenesis but the effect differs depending on the timing and/or level of YAP reduction. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate YAP signalling, independent of Fat4, in the transduction of mechanical signals during key stages of skeletal patterning in the developing limb, in particular endochondral ossification and shape emergence, as well as patterning of tissues at the developing synovial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Newham E, Kague E, Aggleton JA, Fernee C, Brown KR, Hammond CL. Finite element and deformation analyses predict pattern of bone failure in loaded zebrafish spines. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190430. [PMID: 31690186 PMCID: PMC6893493 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine is the central skeletal support structure in vertebrates consisting of repeated units of bone, the vertebrae, separated by intervertebral discs (IVDs) that enable the movement of the spine. Spinal pathologies such as idiopathic back pain, vertebral compression fractures and IVD failure affect millions of people worldwide. Animal models can help us to understand the disease process, and zebrafish are increasingly used as they are highly genetically tractable, their spines are axially loaded like humans, and they show similar pathologies to humans during ageing. However, biomechanical models for the zebrafish are largely lacking. Here, we describe the results of loading intact zebrafish spinal motion segments on a material testing stage within a micro-computed tomography machine. We show that vertebrae and their arches show predictable patterns of deformation prior to their ultimate failure, in a pattern dependent on their position within the segment. We further show using geometric morphometrics which regions of the vertebra deform the most during loading, and that finite-element models of the trunk subjected reflect the real patterns of deformation and strain seen during loading and can therefore be used as a predictive model for biomechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elis Newham
- School of Arts, Woodland Road, Bristol, UK.,The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Jessye A Aggleton
- School of Arts, Woodland Road, Bristol, UK.,The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | | - Chrissy L Hammond
- The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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17
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Sotiriou V, Rolfe RA, Murphy P, Nowlan NC. Effects of Abnormal Muscle Forces on Prenatal Joint Morphogenesis in Mice. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2287-2296. [PMID: 31297860 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fetal movements are essential for normal development of the human skeleton. When fetal movements are reduced or restricted, infants are at higher risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip and arthrogryposis (multiple joint contractures). Joint shape abnormalities have been reported in mouse models with abnormal or absent musculature, but the effects on joint shape in such models have not been quantified or characterized in detail. In this study, embryonic mouse forelimbs and hindlimbs at a single developmental stage (Theiler Stage 23) with normal, reduced, or absent muscle were imaged in three-dimensions. Skeletal rudiments were virtually segmented and rigid image registration was used to reliably align rudiments with each other, enabling repeatable assessment and measurement of joint shape differences between normal, reduced-muscle and absent-muscle groups. We demonstrate qualitatively and quantitatively that joint shapes are differentially affected by a lack of, or reduction in, skeletal muscle, with the elbow joint being the most affected of the major limb joints. Surprisingly, the effects of reduced muscle were often more pronounced than those of absent skeletal muscle, indicating a complex relationship between muscle mass and joint morphogenesis. These findings have relevance for human developmental disorders of the skeleton in which abnormal fetal movements are implicated, particularly developmental dysplasia of the hip and arthrogryposis. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2287-2296, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Sotiriou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW6 7NA, UK
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW6 7NA, UK.,Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW6 7NA, UK
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18
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Chagovetz AA, Klatt Shaw D, Ritchie E, Hoshijima K, Grunwald DJ. Interactions among ryanodine receptor isotypes contribute to muscle fiber type development and function. Dis Model Mech 2019; 13:dmm.038844. [PMID: 31383689 PMCID: PMC6906632 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium release channels commonly underlie congenital myopathies. Although these channels are known principally for their essential roles in muscle contractility, mutations in the human RYR1 gene result in a broad spectrum of phenotypes, including muscle weakness, altered proportions of fiber types, anomalous muscle fibers with cores or centrally placed nuclei, and dysmorphic craniofacial features. Currently, it is unknown which phenotypes directly reflect requirements for RyRs and which result secondarily to aberrant muscle function. To identify biological processes requiring RyR function, skeletal muscle development was analyzed in zebrafish embryos harboring protein-null mutations. RyR channels contribute to both muscle fiber development and function. Loss of some RyRs had modest effects, altering muscle fiber-type specification in the embryo without compromising viability. In addition, each RyR-encoding gene contributed to normal swimming behavior and muscle function. The RyR channels do not function in a simple additive manner. For example, although isoform RyR1a is sufficient for muscle contraction in the absence of RyR1b, RyR1a normally attenuates the activity of the co-expressed RyR1b channel in slow muscle. RyR3 also acts to modify the functions of other RyR channels. Furthermore, diminished RyR-dependent contractility affects both muscle fiber maturation and craniofacial development. These findings help to explain some of the heterogeneity of phenotypes that accompany RyR1 mutations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Chagovetz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dana Klatt Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin Ritchie
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Hoshijima
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David J Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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19
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Kague E, Hughes SM, Lawrence EA, Cross S, Martin-Silverstone E, Hammond CL, Hinits Y. Scleraxis genes are required for normal musculoskeletal development and for rib growth and mineralization in zebrafish. FASEB J 2019; 33:9116-9130. [PMID: 31100023 PMCID: PMC6662971 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are an essential part of the musculoskeletal system, connecting muscle and skeletal elements to enable force generation. The transcription factor scleraxis marks vertebrate tendons from early specification. Scleraxis-null mice are viable and have a range of tendon and bone defects in the trunk and limbs but no described cranial phenotype. We report the expression of zebrafish scleraxis orthologs: scleraxis homolog (scx)-a and scxb in cranial and intramuscular tendons and in other skeletal elements. Single mutants for either scxa or scxb, generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), are viable and fertile as adult fish. Although scxb mutants show no obvious phenotype, scxa mutant embryos have defects in cranial tendon maturation and muscle misalignment. Mutation of both scleraxis genes results in more severe defects in cranial tendon differentiation, muscle and cartilage dysmorphogenesis and paralysis, and lethality by 2-5 wk, which indicates an essential function of scleraxis for craniofacial development. At juvenile and adult stages, ribs in scxa mutants fail to mineralize and/or are small and heavily fractured. Scxa mutants also have smaller muscle volume, abnormal swim movement, and defects in bone growth and composition. Scleraxis function is therefore essential for normal craniofacial form and function and vital for fish development.-Kague, E., Hughes, S. M., Lawrence, E. A., Cross, S., Martin-Silverstone, E., Hammond, C. L., Hinits, Y. Scleraxis genes are required for normal musculoskeletal development and for rib growth and mineralization in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kague
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawrence
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Cross
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L. Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yaniv Hinits
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Verbruggen SW, Kainz B, Shelmerdine SC, Hajnal JV, Rutherford MA, Arthurs OJ, Phillips ATM, Nowlan NC. Stresses and strains on the human fetal skeleton during development. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0593. [PMID: 29367236 PMCID: PMC5805961 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces generated by fetal kicks and movements result in stimulation of the fetal skeleton in the form of stress and strain. This stimulation is known to be critical for prenatal musculoskeletal development; indeed, abnormal or absent movements have been implicated in multiple congenital disorders. However, the mechanical stress and strain experienced by the developing human skeleton in utero have never before been characterized. Here, we quantify the biomechanics of fetal movements during the second half of gestation by modelling fetal movements captured using novel cine-magnetic resonance imaging technology. By tracking these movements, quantifying fetal kick and muscle forces, and applying them to three-dimensional geometries of the fetal skeleton, we test the hypothesis that stress and strain change over ontogeny. We find that fetal kick force increases significantly from 20 to 30 weeks' gestation, before decreasing towards term. However, stress and strain in the fetal skeleton rises significantly over the latter half of gestation. This increasing trend with gestational age is important because changes in fetal movement patterns in late pregnancy have been linked to poor fetal outcomes and musculoskeletal malformations. This research represents the first quantification of kick force and mechanical stress and strain due to fetal movements in the human skeleton in utero, thus advancing our understanding of the biomechanical environment of the uterus. Further, by revealing a potential link between fetal biomechanics and skeletal malformations, our work will stimulate future research in tissue engineering and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Kainz
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health & Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew T M Phillips
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Conith AJ, Lam DT, Albertson RC. Muscle-induced loading as an important source of variation in craniofacial skeletal shape. Genesis 2018; 57:e23263. [PMID: 30418689 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The shape of the craniofacial skeleton is constantly changing through ontogeny and reflects a balance between developmental patterning and mechanical-load-induced remodeling. Muscles are a major contributor to producing the mechanical environment that is crucial for "normal" skull development. Here, we use an F5 hybrid population of Lake Malawi cichlids to characterize the strength and types of associations between craniofacial bones and muscles. We focus on four bones/bone complexes, with different developmental origins, alongside four muscles with distinct functions. We used micro-computed tomography to extract 3D information on bones and muscles. 3D geometric morphometrics and volumetric measurements were used to characterize bone and muscle shape, respectively. Linear regressions were performed to test for associations between bone shape and muscle volume. We identified three types of associations between muscles and bones: weak, strong direct (i.e., muscles insert directly onto bone), and strong indirect (i.e., bone is influenced by muscles without a direct connection). In addition, we show that although the shape of some bones is relatively robust to muscle-induced mechanical stimulus, others appear to be highly sensitive to muscular input. Our results imply that the roles for muscular input on skeletal shape extend beyond specific points of origin or insertion and hold significant potential to influence broader patterns of craniofacial geometry. Thus, changes in the loading environment, either as a normal course of ontogeny or if an organism is exposed to a novel environment, may have pronounced effects on skeletal shape via near and far-ranging effects of muscular loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Conith
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel T Lam
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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22
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Lawrence EA, Kague E, Aggleton JA, Harniman RL, Roddy KA, Hammond CL. The mechanical impact of col11a2 loss on joints; col11a2 mutant zebrafish show changes to joint development and function, which leads to early-onset osteoarthritis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0335. [PMID: 30249781 PMCID: PMC6158203 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major structural component of cartilage, and mutations in the genes encoding type XI collagen are associated with severe skeletal dysplasias (fibrochondrogenesis and Stickler syndrome) and early-onset osteoarthritis (OA). The impact of the lack of type XI collagen on cell behaviour and mechanical performance during skeleton development is unknown. We studied a zebrafish mutant for col11a2 and evaluated cartilage, bone development and mechanical properties to address this. We show that in col11a2 mutants, type II collagen is made but is prematurely degraded in maturing cartilage and ectopically expressed in the joint. These changes are correlated with increased stiffness of both bone and cartilage; quantified using atomic force microscopy. In the mutants, the skeletal rudiment terminal region in the jaw joint is broader and the interzone smaller. These differences in shape and material properties impact on joint function and mechanical performance, which we modelled using finite element analyses. Finally, we show that col11a2 heterozygous carriers reach adulthood but show signs of severe early-onset OA. Taken together, our data demonstrate a key role for type XI collagen in maintaining the properties of cartilage matrix; which when lost leads to alterations to cell behaviour that give rise to joint pathologies.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawrence
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- School of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK
| | | | - Karen A Roddy
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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23
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Tesařová M, Mancini L, Simon A, Adameyko I, Kaucká M, Elewa A, Lanzafame G, Zhang Y, Kalasová D, Szarowská B, Zikmund T, Novotná M, Kaiser J. A quantitative analysis of 3D-cell distribution in regenerating muscle-skeletal system with synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14145. [PMID: 30237460 PMCID: PMC6148031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest enigmas of modern biology is how the geometry of muscular and skeletal structures are created and how their development is controlled during growth and regeneration. Scaling and shaping of vertebrate muscles and skeletal elements has always been enigmatic and required an advanced technical level in order to analyse the cell distribution in 3D. In this work, synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) and chemical contrasting has been exploited for a quantitative analysis of the 3D-cell distribution in tissues of a developing salamander (Pleurodeles waltl) limb – a key model organism for vertebrate regeneration studies. We mapped the limb muscles, their size and shape as well as the number and density of cells within the extracellular matrix of the developing cartilage. By using tomographic approach, we explored the polarity of the cells in 3D, in relation to the structure of developing joints. We found that the polarity of chondrocytes correlates with the planes in joint surfaces and also changes along the length of the cartilaginous elements. Our approach generates data for the precise computer simulations of muscle-skeletal regeneration using cell dynamics models, which is necessary for the understanding how anisotropic growth results in the precise shapes of skeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Tesařová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andras Simon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markéta Kaucká
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dominika Kalasová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bára Szarowská
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Novotná
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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24
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Abstract
During embryogenesis, the musculoskeletal system develops while containing within itself a force generator in the form of the musculature. This generator becomes functional relatively early in development, exerting an increasing mechanical load on neighboring tissues as development proceeds. A growing body of evidence indicates that such mechanical forces can be translated into signals that combine with the genetic program of organogenesis. This unique situation presents both a major challenge and an opportunity to the other tissues of the musculoskeletal system, namely bones, joints, tendons, ligaments and the tissues connecting them. Here, we summarize the involvement of muscle-induced mechanical forces in the development of various vertebrate musculoskeletal components and their integration into one functional unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Marcucio RS, Qin L, Alsberg E, Boerckel JD. Reverse engineering development: Crosstalk opportunities between developmental biology and tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2356-2368. [PMID: 28660712 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fields of developmental biology and tissue engineering have been revolutionized in recent years by technological advancements, expanded understanding, and biomaterials design, leading to the emerging paradigm of "developmental" or "biomimetic" tissue engineering. While developmental biology and tissue engineering have long overlapping histories, the fields have largely diverged in recent years at the same time that crosstalk opportunities for mutual benefit are more salient than ever. In this perspective article, we will use musculoskeletal development and tissue engineering as a platform on which to discuss these emerging crosstalk opportunities and will present our opinions on the bright future of these overlapping spheres of influence. The multicellular programs that control musculoskeletal development are rapidly becoming clarified, represented by shifting paradigms in our understanding of cellular function, identity, and lineage specification during development. Simultaneously, advancements in bioartificial matrices that replicate the biochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of developing tissues present new tools and approaches for recapitulating development in tissue engineering. Here, we introduce concepts and experimental approaches in musculoskeletal developmental biology and biomaterials design and discuss applications in tissue engineering as well as opportunities for tissue engineering approaches to inform our understanding of fundamental biology. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2356-2368, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia 19104-6081, Pennsylvania
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia 19104-6081, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennslyvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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Brunt LH, Begg K, Kague E, Cross S, Hammond CL. Wnt signalling controls the response to mechanical loading during zebrafish joint development. Development 2017; 144:2798-2809. [PMID: 28684625 PMCID: PMC5560048 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Joint morphogenesis requires mechanical activity during development. Loss of mechanical strain causes abnormal joint development, which can impact long-term joint health. Although cell orientation and proliferation are known to shape the joint, dynamic imaging of developing joints in vivo has not been possible in other species. Using genetic labelling techniques in zebrafish we were able, for the first time, to dynamically track cell behaviours in intact moving joints. We identify that proliferation and migration, which contribute to joint morphogenesis, are mechanically controlled and are significantly reduced in immobilised larvae. By comparison with strain maps of the developing skeleton, we identify canonical Wnt signalling as a candidate for transducing mechanical forces into joint cell behaviours. We show that, in the jaw, Wnt signalling is reduced specifically in regions of high strain in response to loss of muscle activity. By pharmacological manipulation of canonical Wnt signalling, we demonstrate that Wnt acts downstream of mechanical activity and is required for joint patterning and chondrocyte maturation. Wnt16, which is also downstream of muscle activity, controls proliferation and migration, but plays no role in chondrocyte intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Brunt
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Katie Begg
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erika Kague
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Stephen Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Brunt LH, Roddy KA, Rayfield EJ, Hammond CL. Building Finite Element Models to Investigate Zebrafish Jaw Biomechanics. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060270 PMCID: PMC5226340 DOI: 10.3791/54811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal morphogenesis occurs through tightly regulated cell behaviors during development; many cell types alter their behavior in response to mechanical strain. Skeletal joints are subjected to dynamic mechanical loading. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computational method, frequently used in engineering that can predict how a material or structure will respond to mechanical input. By dividing a whole system (in this case the zebrafish jaw skeleton) into a mesh of smaller 'finite elements', FEA can be used to calculate the mechanical response of the structure to external loads. The results can be visualized in many ways including as a 'heat map' showing the position of maximum and minimum principal strains (a positive principal strain indicates tension while a negative indicates compression. The maximum and minimum refer the largest and smallest strain). These can be used to identify which regions of the jaw and therefore which cells are likely to be under particularly high tensional or compressional loads during jaw movement and can therefore be used to identify relationships between mechanical strain and cell behavior. This protocol describes the steps to generate Finite Element models from confocal image data on the musculoskeletal system, using the zebrafish lower jaw as a practical example. The protocol leads the reader through a series of steps: 1) staining of the musculoskeletal components, 2) imaging the musculoskeletal components, 3) building a 3 dimensional (3D) surface, 4) generating a mesh of Finite Elements, 5) solving the FEA and finally 6) validating the results by comparison to real displacements seen in movements of the fish jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Brunt
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol
| | - Karen A Roddy
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol
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Differential effects of altered patterns of movement and strain on joint cell behaviour and skeletal morphogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1940-1950. [PMID: 27374878 PMCID: PMC5081689 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing evidence that joint shape is a potent predictor of osteoarthritis (OA) risk; yet the cellular events underpinning joint morphogenesis remain unclear. We sought to develop a genetically tractable animal model to study the events controlling joint morphogenesis. DESIGN Zebrafish larvae were subjected to periods of flaccid paralysis, rigid paralysis or hyperactivity. Immunohistochemistry and transgenic reporters were used to monitor changes to muscle and cartilage. Finite Element Models were generated to investigate the mechanical conditions of rigid paralysis. Principal component analysis was used to test variations in skeletal morphology and metrics for shape, orientation and size were applied to describe cell behaviour. RESULTS We show that flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect cartilage element and joint shape. We describe differences between flaccid and rigid paralysis in regions showing high principal strain upon muscle contraction. We identify that altered shape and high strain occur in regions of cell differentiation and we show statistically significant changes to cell maturity occur in these regions in paralysed and hypermobile zebrafish. CONCLUSION While flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect skeletal morphogenesis they do so in subtly different ways. We show that some cartilage regions are unaffected in conditions such as rigid paralysis where static force is applied, whereas joint morphogenesis is perturbed by both flaccid and rigid paralysis; suggesting that joints require dynamic movement for accurate morphogenesis. A better understanding of how biomechanics impacts skeletal cell behaviour will improve our understanding of how foetal mechanics shape the developing joint.
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Chandaria VV, McGinty J, Nowlan NC. Characterising the effects of in vitro mechanical stimulation on morphogenesis of developing limb explants. J Biomech 2016; 49:3635-3642. [PMID: 27743631 PMCID: PMC5765238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces due to fetal movements play an important role in joint shape morphogenesis, and abnormalities of the joints relating to abnormal fetal movements can have long-term health implications. While mechanical stimulation during development has been shown to be important for joint shape, the relationship between the quantity of mechanical stimulation and the growth and shape change of developing cartilage has not been quantified. In this study, we culture embryonic chick limb explants in vitro in order to reveal how the magnitude of applied movement affects key aspects of the developing joint shape. We hypothesise that joint shape is affected by movement magnitude in a dose-dependent manner, and that a movement regime most representative of physiological fetal movements will promote characteristics of normal shape development. Chick hindlimbs harvested at seven days of incubation were cultured for six days, under either static conditions or one of three different dynamic movement regimes, then assessed for joint shape, cell survival and proliferation. We demonstrate that a physiological magnitude of movement in vitro promotes the most normal progression of joint morphogenesis, and that either under-stimulation or over-stimulation has detrimental effects. Providing insight into the optimal level of mechanical stimulation for cartilage growth and morphogenesis is pertinent to gaining a greater understanding of the etiology of conditions such as developmental dysplasia of the hip, and is also valuable for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikesh V Chandaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James McGinty
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Niamh C Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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