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Kondiboyina V, Duerr TJ, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ. Material properties in regenerating axolotl limbs using inverse finite element analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106341. [PMID: 38160643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular mechanical environment plays an important role in the skeletal development process. Characterization of the material properties of regenerating tissues that recapitulate development, provides insights into the mechanical environment experienced by the cells and the maturation of the matrix. In this study, we estimated the viscoelastic material properties of regenerating forelimbs in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) at three different regeneration stages: 27 days post-amputation (mid-late bud) and 41 days post-amputation (palette stage), and fully-grown time points. A stress-relaxation indentation test followed by two-term Prony series viscoelastic inverse finite element analysis was used to obtain material parameters. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was estimated using a 1,9- dimethyl methylene blue assay. RESULTS The instantaneous and equilibrium shear moduli significantly increased with regeneration while the short-term stress relaxation time significantly decreased with limb regeneration. The long-term stress relaxation time in the fully-grown time point was significantly lower than 27 and 41 DPA groups. The GAG content was not significantly different between 27 and 41 DPA but the GAG content of cartilage in the fully-grown group was significantly greater than in 27 and 41 DPA. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical environment of the proliferating cells changes drastically during limb regeneration. Understanding how the tissue's mechanical properties change during limb regeneration is critical for linking molecular-level matrix production of the cells to tissue-level behavior and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chelstrom BP, Chawla D, Henak CR. Failure in articular cartilage: Finite element predictions of stress, strain, and pressure under micro-indentation induced fracture. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106300. [PMID: 38104488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is found at the distal end of long bones and is responsible for assisting in joint articulation. While articular cartilage has remarkable resistance to failure, once initially damaged, degeneration is nearly irreversible. Thus, understanding damage initiation is important. There are a few proposed mechanisms for articular cartilage failure initiation: (A) a single collagen fibril stress-based regime; (B) a rate-dependent regime captured by brittle failure at slow displacement rates (SDR) and ductile failure at fast displacement rates (FDR); and (C) a rate-dependent regime where failure is governed by pressurization fragmentation at SDR and governed by strain at FDR. The objective of this study was to use finite element (FE) models to provide evidence to support or refute these proposed failure mechanisms. Models were developed of microfracture experiments that investigated osmolarity (hypo-osmolar, normal osmolarity, and hyper-osmolar) and displacement rate (FDR and SDR) effects. Cartilage was modeled with a neo-Hookean ground matrix, strain-dependent permeability, nonlinear fibril reinforcement with viscoelastic fibril terms, and Donnan equilibrium swelling. Total stress, solid matrix stress, Lagrange strain, and fluid pressure were determined under the indenter tip at the moment of microfracture. Results indicated significant rate dependence across multiple outputs, which does not support (A) a single failure regime. Larger solid and fluid pressures at FDR than SDR did not support (C) a rate-dependent regime split by pressurization at SDR and strain at FDR. Consistent solid shear stresses at SDR and consistent third principal solid stresses at FDR support (B) the ductile-brittle failure regime. These findings help to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of articular cartilage failure, which have implications for the development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Chelstrom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dipul Chawla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Truskey GA. The Potential of Deep Learning to Advance Clinical Applications of Computational Biomechanics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1066. [PMID: 37760168 PMCID: PMC10525821 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When combined with patient information provided by advanced imaging techniques, computational biomechanics can provide detailed patient-specific information about stresses and strains acting on tissues that can be useful in diagnosing and assessing treatments for diseases and injuries. This approach is most advanced in cardiovascular applications but can be applied to other tissues. The challenges for advancing computational biomechanics for real-time patient diagnostics and treatment include errors and missing information in the patient data, the large computational requirements for the numerical solutions to multiscale biomechanical equations, and the uncertainty over boundary conditions and constitutive relations. This review summarizes current efforts to use deep learning to address these challenges and integrate large data sets and computational methods to enable real-time clinical information. Examples are drawn from cardiovascular fluid mechanics, soft-tissue mechanics, and bone biomechanics. The application of deep-learning convolutional neural networks can reduce the time taken to complete image segmentation, and meshing and solution of finite element models, as well as improving the accuracy of inlet and outlet conditions. Such advances are likely to facilitate the adoption of these models to aid in the assessment of the severity of cardiovascular disease and the development of new surgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
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How Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Is Assisting Us to Extract Meaning from Data on Bone Mechanics? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1356:195-221. [PMID: 35146623 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87779-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic advancements in interdisciplinary research with the fourth paradigm of science, especially the implementation of computer science, nourish the potential for artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms to be applied to studies concerning mechanics of bones. Despite recent enormous advancement in techniques, gaining deep knowledge to find correlations between bone shape, material, mechanical, and physical responses as well as properties is a daunting task. This is due to both complexity of the material itself and the convoluted shapes that this complex material forms. Moreover, many uncertainties and ambiguities exist concerning the use of traditional computational techniques that hinders gaining a full comprehension of this advanced biological material. This book chapter offers a review of literature on the use of AI, ML, and ANN in the study of bone mechanics research. A main question as to why to implement AI and ML in the mechanics of bones is fully addressed and explained. This chapter also introduces AI and ML and elaborates on the main features of ML algorithms such as learning paradigms, subtypes, main ideas with examples, performance metrics, training algorithms, and training datasets. As a frequently employed ML algorithm in bone mechanics, feedforward ANNs are discussed to make their taxonomy and working principles more readily comprehensible to researchers. A summary as well as detailed review of papers that employed ANNs to learn from collected data on bone mechanics are presented. Reviewing literature on the use of these data-driven tools is essential since their wider application has the potential to: improve clinical assessments enabling real-time simulations; avoid and/or minimize injuries; and, encourage early detection of such injuries in the first place.
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Phellan R, Hachem B, Clin J, Mac-Thiong JM, Duong L. Real-time biomechanics using the finite element method and machine learning: Review and perspective. Med Phys 2020; 48:7-18. [PMID: 33222226 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The finite element method (FEM) is the preferred method to simulate phenomena in anatomical structures. However, purely FEM-based mechanical simulations require considerable time, limiting their use in clinical applications that require real-time responses, such as haptics simulators. Machine learning (ML) approaches have been proposed to help with the reduction of the required time. The present paper reviews cases where ML could help to generate faster simulations, without considerably affecting the performance results. METHODS This review details the ML approaches used, considering the anatomical structures involved, the data collection strategies, the selected ML algorithms, with corresponding features, the metrics used for validation, and the resulting time gains. RESULTS A total of 41 references were found. ML algorithms are mainly trained with FEM-based simulations in 32 publications. The preferred ML approach is neural networks, including deep learning in 35 publications. Tissue deformation is simulated in 18 applications, but other features are also considered. The average distance error and mean squared error are the most frequently used performance metrics, in 14 and 17 publications, respectively. The time gains were considerable, going from hours or minutes for purely FEM-based simulations to milliseconds, when using ML. CONCLUSIONS ML algorithms can be used to accelerate FEM-based biomechanical simulations of anatomical structures, possibly reaching real-time responses. Fast and real-time simulations of anatomical structures, generated with ML algorithms, can help to reduce the time required by FEM-based simulations and accelerate their adoption in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Phellan
- ETS Montreal, University of Quebec, 1100 Notre-Dame West, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bahe Hachem
- Spinologics Inc., 6750 Esplanade Avenue #290, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Clin
- Spinologics Inc., 6750 Esplanade Avenue #290, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Luc Duong
- ETS Montreal, University of Quebec, 1100 Notre-Dame West, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Estimation of depth-dependent material properties of biphasic soft tissues through finite element optimization and sensitivity analysis. Med Eng Phys 2019; 74:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kovermann NJ, Basoli V, Della Bella E, Alini M, Lischer C, Schmal H, Kubosch EJ, Stoddart MJ. BMP2 and TGF-β Cooperate Differently during Synovial-Derived Stem-Cell Chondrogenesis in a Dexamethasone-Dependent Manner. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060636. [PMID: 31242641 PMCID: PMC6628125 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlighting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) epigenetic memory suggest that a different differentiation medium may be required depending on the tissue of origin. As synovial-derived stem cells (SDSCs) attract interest we aimed to investigate the influence of TGF-β1, BMP-2 and dexamethasone on SDSC chondrogenesis in vitro. We demonstrate that dexamethasone-free medium led to enhanced chondrogenic differentiation at both the mRNA and matrix level. The greatest COL2A1/COL10A1 ratio was detected in cells exposed to a combination medium containing 10 ng/mL BMP-2 and 1 ng/mL TGF-β1 in the absence of dexamethasone, and this was reflected in the total amount of glycosaminoglycans produced. In summary, dexamethasone-free medium containing BMP-2 and TGF-β1 may be the most suitable when using SDSCs for cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas J Kovermann
- AO Research Institute, AO Foundation, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.
- Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, AO Foundation, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.
| | | | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Eva Johanna Kubosch
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute, AO Foundation, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany.
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Rexwinkle JT, Werner NC, Stoker AM, Salim M, Pfeiffer FM. Investigating the relationship between proteomic, compositional, and histologic biomarkers and cartilage biomechanics using artificial neural networks. J Biomech 2018; 80:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Just-in-Time Correntropy Soft Sensor with Noisy Data for Industrial Silicon Content Prediction. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081830. [PMID: 28786957 PMCID: PMC5579503 DOI: 10.3390/s17081830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of accurate data-driven quality prediction models for industrial blast furnaces encounters several challenges mainly because the collected data are nonlinear, non-Gaussian, and uneven distributed. A just-in-time correntropy-based local soft sensing approach is presented to predict the silicon content in this work. Without cumbersome efforts for outlier detection, a correntropy support vector regression (CSVR) modeling framework is proposed to deal with the soft sensor development and outlier detection simultaneously. Moreover, with a continuous updating database and a clustering strategy, a just-in-time CSVR (JCSVR) method is developed. Consequently, more accurate prediction and efficient implementations of JCSVR can be achieved. Better prediction performance of JCSVR is validated on the online silicon content prediction, compared with traditional soft sensors.
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Arbabi V, Pouran B, Zadpoor AA, Weinans H. An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518064 DOI: 10.3791/54984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that is associated with degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Degeneration of articular cartilage impairs its load-bearing function substantially as it experiences tremendous chemical degradation, i.e. proteoglycan loss and collagen fibril disruption. One promising way to investigate chemical damage mechanisms during OA is to expose the cartilage specimens to an external solute and monitor the diffusion of the molecules. The degree of cartilage damage (i.e. concentration and configuration of essential macromolecules) is associated with collisional energy loss of external solutes while moving across articular cartilage creates different diffusion characteristics compared to healthy cartilage. In this study, we introduce a protocol, which consists of several steps and is based on previously developed experimental micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) and finite element modeling. The transport of charged and uncharged iodinated molecules is first recorded using micro-CT, which is followed by applying biphasic-solute and multiphasic finite element models to obtain diffusion coefficients and fixed charge densities across cartilage zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Arbabi
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft); Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht;
| | - Behdad Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft); Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht;
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft); Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht; Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht
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Arbabi V, Pouran B, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA. Combined inverse-forward artificial neural networks for fast and accurate estimation of the diffusion coefficients of cartilage based on multi-physics models. J Biomech 2016; 49:2799-2805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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