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Chan PL, Kwan HS, Xie Y, Wong KH, Chang J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mycelial and Fruiting Responses to Lithium Chloride in Coprinopsis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:140. [PMID: 38392812 PMCID: PMC10890143 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been used in signalling and molecular studies of animals, plants, and yeast. However, information on its roles in basidiomycetous fungi is still limited. In this study, we used RNA-Seq to study the effects of LiCl on Coprinopsis cinerea. LiCl enhanced mycelial growth and inhibited fruiting body formation in C. cinerea. RNA-Seq of the LiCl-treated C. cinerea resulted in a total of 14,128 genes. There were 1199 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the LiCl-treated samples and control samples in the mycelium stage (the first time point), and 1391 DEGs were detected when the control samples were forming hyphal knots while the treated samples were still in the mycelium (the second time point). Pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed a significant association between enhanced mycelium growth in the LiCl-treated C. cinerea and metabolic pathways. In addition, the DEGs involved in cellular process pathways, including "cell cycle-yeast" and "meiosis-yeast", were identified in suppressed C. cinerea fruiting body formation by LiCl under favourable environmental conditions. As LiCl can predominantly inhibit the activity of glycogen synthase kinase3 (GSK3), our findings suggest that LiCl affects the expression of genes involved in fruiting body initiation and cellular processes by inhibiting GSK3 activity which is essential for fruiting body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lam Chan
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi-Shan Kwan
- Food Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yichun Xie
- Food Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinhui Chang
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Schneider KM, Kim J, Bahnsen K, Heuckeroth RO, Thaiss CA. Environmental perception and control of gastrointestinal immunity by the enteric nervous system. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:989-1005. [PMID: 36208986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) forms a versatile sensory system along the gastrointestinal tract that interacts with most cell types in the bowel. Herein, we portray host-environment interactions at the intestinal mucosal surface through the lens of the enteric nervous system. We describe local cellular interactions as well as long-range circuits between the enteric, central, and peripheral nervous systems. Additionally, we discuss recently discovered mechanisms by which enteric neurons and glia respond to biotic and abiotic environmental changes and how they regulate intestinal immunity and inflammation. The enteric nervous system emerges as an integrative sensory system with manifold immunoregulatory functions under both homeostatic and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Markus Schneider
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jihee Kim
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Klaas Bahnsen
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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3
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Traxler L, Shrestha J, Richter M, Krause K, Schäfer T, Kothe E. Metal adaptation and transport in hyphae of the wood-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127978. [PMID: 34896706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungi living in heavy metals and radionuclides contaminated environments, namely the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone need to be able to cope with these pollutants. In this study, the wood-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune was investigated for its metal tolerance mechanisms, and for its ability to transport such metals through its hyphae. Effects of temperature and pH on tolerance of Cs, Sr, Cd, and Zn were tested. At concentrations allowing for half-maximal growth, adapted strains were raised. The strontium-adapted strain, S. commune 12-43 Sr, showed transport of specifically Sr over distances on a cm-scale using split plates. The adaptation did not yield changes in cell or colony morphology. Intracellular metal localization was not changed, and gene expression profiles under metal stress growing on soil versus artificial medium showed a higher impact of a structured surface for growth on soil than with different metal concentrations. In the transcriptome, transporter genes were mostly down-regulated, while up-regulation was seen for genes involved in the secretory pathway under metal stress. A comparison of wildtype and adapted strains could confirm lower cellular stress levels leading to lack of glutathione S-transferase up-regulation in the adapted strain. Thus, we could show metal transport as well as specific mechanisms in metal stress avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Traxler
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jenny Shrestha
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Richter
- Institute of Geosciences, Applied Geology, Friedrich Schiller University, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schäfer
- Institute of Geosciences, Applied Geology, Friedrich Schiller University, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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4
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Bolan N, Hoang SA, Tanveer M, Wang L, Bolan S, Sooriyakumar P, Robinson B, Wijesekara H, Wijesooriya M, Keerthanan S, Vithanage M, Markert B, Fränzle S, Wünschmann S, Sarkar B, Vinu A, Kirkham MB, Siddique KHM, Rinklebe J. From mine to mind and mobiles - Lithium contamination and its risk management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118067. [PMID: 34488156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing demand for lithium (Li) for portable energy storage devices, there is a global concern associated with environmental contamination of Li, via the production, use, and disposal of Li-containing products, including mobile phones and mood-stabilizing drugs. While geogenic Li is sparingly soluble, Li added to soil is one of the most mobile cations in soil, which can leach to groundwater and reach surface water through runoff. Lithium is readily taken up by plants and has relatively high plant accumulation coefficient, albeit the underlying mechanisms have not been well described. Therefore, soil contamination with Li could reach the food chain due to its mobility in surface- and ground-waters and uptake into plants. High environmental Li levels adversely affect the health of humans, animals, and plants. Lithium toxicity can be considerably managed through various remediation approaches such as immobilization using clay-like amendments and/or chelate-enhanced phytoremediation. This review integrates fundamental aspects of Li distribution and behaviour in terrestrial and aquatic environments in an effort to efficiently remediate Li-contaminated ecosystems. As research to date has not provided a clear picture of how the increased production and disposal of Li-based products adversely impact human and ecosystem health, there is an urgent need for further studies on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Son A Hoang
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Division of Urban Infrastructural Engineering, Mien Trung University of Civil Engineering, Phu Yen, 56000, Viet Nam
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7005, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiv Bolan
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Prasanthi Sooriyakumar
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, P.O. Box 02, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhuni Wijesooriya
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, P.O. Box 02, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - S Keerthanan
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Bernd Markert
- Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN-Institute), Fliederweg 17, D-49733, Haren, Germany
| | - Stefan Fränzle
- IHI Zittau, TU Dresden, Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Zittau, Germany
| | - Simone Wünschmann
- Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN-Institute), Fliederweg 17, D-49733, Haren, Germany
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water Science, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Murry R, Traxler L, Pötschner J, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Krause K, Kothe E. Inositol Signaling in the Basidiomycete Fungus Schizophyllum commune. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060470. [PMID: 34200898 PMCID: PMC8230515 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signaling is conserved in eukaryotes to allow for response to extracellular signals and to regulate development and cellular functions. In fungi, inositol phosphate signaling has been shown to be involved in growth, sexual reproduction, and metabolic adaptation. However, reports on mushroom-forming fungi are lacking so far. In Schizophyllum commune, an inositol monophosphatase has been found up-regulated during sexual development. The enzyme is crucial for inositol cycling, where it catalyzes the last step of inositol phosphate metabolism, restoring the inositol pool from the monophosphorylated inositol monophosphate. We overexpressed the gene in this model basidiomycete and verified its involvement in cell wall integrity and intracellular trafficking. Strong phenotypes in mushroom formation and cell metabolism were evidenced by proteome analyses. In addition, altered inositol signaling was shown to be involved in tolerance towards cesium and zinc, and increased metal tolerance towards cadmium, associated with induced expression of kinases and repression of phosphatases within the inositol cycle. The presence of the heavy metals Sr, Cs, Cd, and Zn lowered intracellular calcium levels. We could develop a model integrating inositol signaling in the known signal transduction pathways governed by Ras, G-protein coupled receptors, and cAMP, and elucidate their different roles in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Murry
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Lea Traxler
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Jessica Pötschner
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.M.); (L.T.); (J.P.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)3641-949291
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6
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Demers EG, Stajich JE, Ashare A, Occhipinti P, Hogan DA. Balancing Positive and Negative Selection: In Vivo Evolution of Candida lusitaniae MRR1. mBio 2021; 12:e03328-20. [PMID: 33785623 PMCID: PMC8092287 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03328-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of pathogens in response to selective pressures present during chronic infections can influence their persistence and virulence and the outcomes of antimicrobial therapy. Because subpopulations within an infection can be spatially separated and the host environment can fluctuate, an appreciation of the pathways under selection may be most easily revealed through the analysis of numerous isolates from single infections. Here, we continued our analysis of a set of clonally derived Clavispora (Candida) lusitaniae isolates from a single chronic lung infection with a striking enrichment in the number of alleles of MRR1 Genetic and genomic analyses found evidence for repeated acquisition of gain-of-function mutations that conferred constitutive Mrr1 activity. In the same population, there were multiple alleles with both gain-of-function mutations and secondary suppressor mutations that either attenuated or abolished the constitutive activity, suggesting the presence of counteracting selective pressures. Our studies demonstrated trade-offs between high Mrr1 activity, which confers resistance to the antifungal fluconazole, host factors, and bacterial products through its regulation of MDR1, and resistance to hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species produced in the neutrophilic environment associated with this infection. This inverse correlation between high Mrr1 activity and hydrogen peroxide resistance was observed in multiple Candida species and in serially collected populations from this individual over 3 years. These data lead us to propose that dynamic or variable selective pressures can be reflected in population genomics and that these dynamics can complicate the drug resistance profile of the population.IMPORTANCE Understanding microbial evolution within patients is critical for managing chronic infections and understanding host-pathogen interactions. Here, our analysis of multiple MRR1 alleles in isolates from a single Clavispora (Candida) lusitaniae infection revealed the selection for both high and low Mrr1 activity. Our studies reveal trade-offs between high Mrr1 activity, which confers resistance to the commonly used antifungal fluconazole, host antimicrobial peptides, and bacterial products, and resistance to hydrogen peroxide. This work suggests that spatial or temporal differences within chronic infections can support a large amount of dynamic and parallel evolution and that Mrr1 activity is under both positive and negative selective pressure to balance different traits that are important for microbial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora G Demers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Patricia Occhipinti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Krause K, Jung EM, Lindner J, Hardiman I, Poetschner J, Madhavan S, Matthäus C, Kai M, Menezes RC, Popp J, Svatoš A, Kothe E. Response of the wood-decay fungus Schizophyllum commune to co-occurring microorganisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232145. [PMID: 32324822 PMCID: PMC7179906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are constantly interacting in a given environment by a constant exchange of signaling molecules. In timber, wood-decay fungi will come into contact with other fungi and bacteria. In naturally bleached wood, dark, pigmented lines arising from confrontation of two fungi often hint at such interactions. The metabolites (and pigment) exchange was investigated using the lignicolous basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, and co-occurring fungi and bacteria inoculated directly on sterilized wood, or on media. In interactions with competitive wood degrading fungi, yeasts or bacteria, different competition strategies and communication types were observed, and stress reactions, as well as competitor-induced enzymes or pigments were analyzed. Melanin, indole, flavonoids and carotenoids were shown to be induced in S. commune interactions. The induced genes included multi-copper oxidases lcc1, lcc2, mco1, mco2, mco3 and mco4, possibly involved in both pigment production and lignin degradation typical for wood bleaching by wood-decay fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Lindner
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Imam Hardiman
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Soumya Madhavan
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Kai
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Riya Christina Menezes
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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8
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Lev S, Li C, Desmarini D, Sorrell TC, Saiardi A, Djordjevic JT. Fungal Kinases With a Sweet Tooth: Pleiotropic Roles of Their Phosphorylated Inositol Sugar Products in the Pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans Present Novel Drug Targeting Opportunities. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:248. [PMID: 31380293 PMCID: PMC6660261 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal pathogens cause more than 300 million serious human infections and 1.6 million deaths per year. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which these fungi cause disease is needed to identify novel targets for urgently needed therapies. Kinases are key components of the signaling and metabolic circuitry of eukaryotic cells, which include fungi, and kinase inhibition is currently being exploited for the treatment of human diseases. Inhibiting evolutionarily divergent kinases in fungal pathogens is a promising avenue for antifungal drug development. One such group of kinases is the phospholipase C1-dependent inositol polyphosphate kinases (IPKs), which act sequentially to transfer a phosphoryl group to a pre-phosphorylated inositol sugar (IP). This review focuses on the roles of fungal IPKs and their IP products in fungal pathogenicity, as determined predominantly from studies performed in the model fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, and compares them to what is known in non-pathogenic model fungi and mammalian cells to highlight potential drug targeting opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lev
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cecilia Li
- Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Desmarini Desmarini
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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