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Wang T, Hanashiro I, Yoshizaki Y, Kobashi Y, Noda S, Okutsu K, Futagami T, Tamaki H, Takamine K. Shochu Koji Microstructure and Starch Structure during Preparation. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:109-117. [PMID: 38239766 PMCID: PMC10792221 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the changes in composition, microstructure, and starch molecular structure of shochu koji during preparation. We observed that the gelatinized and outer part of starch was decomposed in priority during the early and middle preparation stages. The gap between the starch granules increased with the delayed time. Finally, the koji microstructure became spongy. Shochu koji mold produced two α-amylases in different expression manners. Acid-labile α-amylase was produced in the early and middle preparation stages. Acid-stable α-amylase and saccharification power were produced in the middle and late stages. Throughout the koji preparation, reducing sugars content reached approximately 13-20 % of the total sugar content, with glucose representing over 70 % of the reducing sugars. α-Glucan fragments with C chains of degree of polymerization (DP) 4-73 were observed in the early and middle stages (<23 h), indicating the degradation of amylopectin at long B chains. In the latter stage, the amount of C chains of DP 6-30 decreased, while the longer C chains (DP 30<) did not change. These results showed that acid-labile α-amylase, acid-stable α-amylase, and saccharification enzymes including glucoamylase and α-glucosidase work preferentially on the amorphous regions of starch granules, and cooperative action of these enzymes during koji preparation contributes to the formation of the observed microstructure. Our study is the first report on the decomposition schemes of starch and the microstructure forming process in shochu koji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Isao Hanashiro
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Research Field in Agriculture, Agriculture Fisheries and Veterinary Medicine Area, Kagoshima University
| | - Yumiko Yoshizaki
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Yuki Kobashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Suzuka Noda
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Kayu Okutsu
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Taiki Futagami
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Hisanori Tamaki
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori Takamine
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
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Zeng C, Tagawa Y, Yoshizaki Y, Wang T, Yamaguchi M, Kadooka C, Okutsu K, Futagami T, Tamaki H, Takamine K. The expression profiles of acid-stable α-amylase and acid-labile α-amylase of Aspergillus luchuensis mut. Kawachii effect on the microstructure of koji and alcohol fermentation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chen PC, Lin C, Chen MH, Chiang PY. The micronization process for improving the dietary value of okara (soybean residue) by planetary ball milling. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yin X, Yoshizaki Y, Kurazono S, Sugimachi M, Takeuchi H, Han XL, Okutsu K, Futagami T, Tamaki H, Takamine K. Characterization of Flavor Compounds in Rice-flavor baijiu, a Traditional Chinese Distilled Liquor, Compared with Japanese Distilled Liquors, awamori and kome-shochu. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.26.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Yumiko Yoshizaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Shugo Kurazono
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Xing-Lin Han
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries
| | - Kayu Okutsu
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Taiki Futagami
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Hisanori Tamaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori Takamine
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Education and Research Center of Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
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Soccol CR, Costa ESFD, Letti LAJ, Karp SG, Woiciechowski AL, Vandenberghe LPDS. Recent developments and innovations in solid state fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xue-jun L, Zheng-yun W, Chao-yi C, Jun Y, Wen-xue Z. Increasing Protease Activities and Antioxidant Properties of Koji for Soy Sauce Brewing by Adding a Medicinal Herb Rhodiola rosea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2015-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Koji preparation is the key step in soy sauce brewing. In this study, 21 medicinal herbs were tested for their abilities in enhancing the protease activities of soy sauce koji. Among these herbs Rhodiola rosea was found to be the most efficient in increasing protease activities. Kinetic analyses revealed that R. rosea addition not only promoted microbe growth and increase the activities of neutral and acid proteases (by 29.8% and 13.4%, respectively) but also elevated α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total phenolics and flavonoids (by 9.5%, 47.1% and 14.1%, respectively); the formations of proteases and antioxidant properties depend largely on microbe growth; and the promotion effects of R. rosea addition were mainly displayed in later stage of fermentation. Using the R. rosea koji for soy sauce production resulted in 8.9%, 19.1%, 6.6%, 23% and 102% higher of total and amino-type nitrogen contents, protein utilization, total phenolics and flavonoids, respectively.
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Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Ikeda N, Kusano T, Hashimoto F, Takamine K. Antioxidants in heat-processed koji and the production mechanisms. Food Chem 2015; 187:364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Non-targeted metabolomic reveals the effect of salt stress on global metabolite of halotolerant yeast Candida versatilis and principal component analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1553-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As one of the major microbes in the soy sauce fermentation, Candida versatilis enriches the flavor and improves the quality of soy sauce. In this study, a combination of five different GC-MS and LC-MS-based metabolome analytical approaches was used to analyze the intracellular, extracellular and whole metabolites of C. versatilis. Our results found out that a total of 132, 244 and 267 different metabolites were detectable from the intracellular, extracellular and whole part, respectively. When exposed to 0. 9 and 18 % salt, respectively, 114, 123 and 129 different intracellular metabolites, 184, 200 and 178 extracellular metabolites and 177, 188 and 186 whole metabolites were detected, respectively. Our data showed that salt enhances the metabolic capacity of C. versatilis, especially its amino acid and enhances the synthesis and secretion of some metabolites of C. versatilis, especially the aldehydes and phenols, such as vanillin, guaiacol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Our data also showed that special attention has to be paid to the generation of biogenic amines when C. versatilis was treated with salt.
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Yoshizaki Y, Kawasaki C, Cheng KC, Ushikai M, Amitani H, Asakawa A, Okutsu K, Sameshima Y, Takamine K, Inui A. Rice koji reduced body weight gain, fat accumulation, and blood glucose level in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. PeerJ 2014; 2:e540. [PMID: 25237599 PMCID: PMC4157231 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice koji is considered a readily accessible functional food that may have health-promoting effects. We investigated whether white, yellow, and red koji have the anti-obesity effect in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), which is a model for obesity. Mice were fed HFD containing 10% (w/w) of rice koji powder or steamed rice for 4 weeks. Weight gain, epididymal white adipose tissue, and total adipose tissue weight were significantly lower in all rice koji groups than in the HFD-rice group after 4 weeks. Feed efficiency was significantly reduced in the yellow koji group. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the white and red koji groups with HOMA-R and leptin levels being reduced in the white koji group. White and red koji increased glucose uptake and GLUT4 protein expression in L6 myotube cells. These results showed that all rice koji have the anti-obesity or anti-diabetes effects although the mechanisms may differ depending on the type of rice koji consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yoshizaki
- Division of Shochu Fermentation Technology, Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Chihiro Kawasaki
- Division of Shochu Fermentation Technology, Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Kayu Okutsu
- Division of Shochu Fermentation Technology, Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sameshima
- Division of Shochu Fermentation Technology, Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Kazunori Takamine
- Division of Shochu Fermentation Technology, Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima City , Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima City , Japan
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