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Rodríguez-Mejía JL, Hidalgo-Manzano IA, Muriel-Millán LF, Rivera-Gomez N, Sahonero-Canavesi DX, Castillo E, Pardo-López L. A Novel Thermo-Alkaline Stable GDSL/SGNH Esterase with Broad Substrate Specificity from a Deep-Sea Pseudomonas sp. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:447-459. [PMID: 38691271 PMCID: PMC11178605 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine environments harbor a plethora of microorganisms that represent a valuable source of new biomolecules of biotechnological interest. In particular, enzymes from marine bacteria exhibit unique properties due to their high catalytic activity under various stressful and fluctuating conditions, such as temperature, pH, and salinity, fluctuations which are common during several industrial processes. In this study, we report a new esterase (EstGoM) from a marine Pseudomonas sp. isolated at a depth of 1000 m in the Gulf of Mexico. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that EstGoM is an autotransporter esterase (type Va) and belongs to the lipolytic family II, forming a new subgroup. The purified recombinant EstGoM, with a molecular mass of 67.4 kDa, showed the highest hydrolytic activity with p-nitrophenyl octanoate (p-NP C8), although it was also active against p-NP C4, C5, C10, and C12. The optimum pH and temperature for EstGoM were 9 and 60 °C, respectively, but it retained more than 50% of its activity over the pH range of 7-11 and temperature range of 10-75 °C. In addition, EstGoM was tolerant of up to 1 M NaCl and resistant to the presence of several metal ions, detergents, and chemical reagents, such as EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol. The enzymatic properties of EstGoM make it a potential candidate for several industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Mejía
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
- Edificio Dr. Carlos Méndez, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Campus Central Colima; Avenida 25 de Julio #965, Col. V. Sn. Sebastián, C.P. 28045, Colima, Colima, México
| | - Itzel Anahí Hidalgo-Manzano
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Luis Felipe Muriel-Millán
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Nancy Rivera-Gomez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
- IPN: CICATA Unidad Morelos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. de La Tecnologia 1036-P 2/2, 62790, Atlacholoaya, Morelos, México
| | - Diana X Sahonero-Canavesi
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1797AB Den Burg, P.O. Box 59, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Edmundo Castillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México.
| | - Liliana Pardo-López
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México.
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Chen R, Gao X, Nie T, Wu J, Wang L, Osman A, Feng Y, Li X, Zhang Y. Crystal structure of the GDSL family esterase EstL5 in complex with PMSF reveals a branch channel of the active site pocket. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1833-1839. [PMID: 37705347 PMCID: PMC10686790 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esterases/lipases from the GDSL family have potential applications in the hydrolysis and synthesis of important esters of pharmaceutical, food, and biotechnical interests. However, the structural and functional understanding of GDSL enzymes is still limited. Here, we report the crystal structure of the GDSL family esterase EstL5 complexed with PMSF at 2.34 Å resolution. Intriguingly, the PMSF binding site is not located at the active site pocket but is situated in a surface cavity. At the active site, we note that there is a trapped crystallization solvent 1,6-hexanediol, which mimics the bound ester chain, allowing for further definition of the active site pocket of EstL5. The most striking structural feature of EstL5 is the presence of a unique channel, which extends approximately 18.9 Å, with a bottleneck radius of 6.8 Å, connecting the active-site pocket and the surface cavity. Replacement of Ser205 with the bulk aromatic residue Trp or Phe could partially block the channel at one end and perturb its access. Reduced enzymatic activity is found in the EstL5 S205W and EstL5 S205F mutants, suggesting the functional relevance of the channel to enzyme catalysis. Our study provides valuable information regarding the properties of the GDSL-family enzymes for designing more efficient and robust biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runsha Chen
- School of Food and BioengineeringChangsha University of Science & TechnologyChangsha410004China
| | - Xuechun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Ting Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200024China
| | - Lin Wang
- Gastro Endoscopy CenterShanghai Children’s HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200062China
| | - Ali Osman
- Biochemistry DepartmentFaculty of AgricultureZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Xianghong Li
- School of Food and BioengineeringChangsha University of Science & TechnologyChangsha410004China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial MetabolismJoint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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3
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Cloning, protein expression and biochemical characterization of Carica papaya esterase. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Gao N, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Li X, Li Z, Xiao H. Wun2-mediated integrin recycling promotes apoptotic cell clearance in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2545-2561. [PMID: 35840760 PMCID: PMC9751302 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell (AC) clearance is a complex process in which phagocytes recognize, engulf, and digest ACs during organismal development and tissue homeostasis. Impaired efferocytosis results in developmental defects and autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we performed RNA-sequencing to systematically identify regulators involved in the phagocytosis of ACs by Drosophila melanogaster macrophage-like S2 cells, followed by targeted RNA interference screening. Wunen2 (Wun2), a homolog of mammalian lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP), was deemed as required for efferocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. However, efferocytosis was independent of Wun2 phosphatase activity. Proteomic analysis further revealed that Rab11 and its effector Rip11 are interaction partners of Wun2. Therefore, Wun2 collaborates with Rip11 and Rab11 to mediate efficient recycling of the phagocytic receptor βν integrin subunit to the plasma membrane. The loss of Wun2 results in the routing of βv integrin subunit (Itgbn) into lysosomes, leading to its degradation. The deficiency of βv integrin subunit on the cell surface leads to aberrant and disorganized actin cytoskeleton, thereby influencing the formation of macrophage pseudopodia toward ACs and thus failure to engulf them. The findings of this study provide insights that clarify how phagocytes coordinate AC signals and adopt a precise mechanism for the maintenance of engulfment receptors at their cell membrane surface to regulate efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Escuder-Rodríguez JJ, DeCastro ME, Saavedra-Bouza A, González-Siso MI, Becerra M. Bioprospecting for Thermozymes and Characterization of a Novel Lipolytic Thermozyme Belonging to the SGNH/GDSL Family of Hydrolases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5733. [PMID: 35628544 PMCID: PMC9145741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional screenings were conducted on two metagenomic libraries from hot springs in order to find novel thermozymes with potential biotechnological applications. These included enzymes acting on plant cell walls such as endoglucanases and exoglucanases, β-glucosidases, xylanases, and β-xylosidases, and broad application enzymes such as proteases and lipolytic hydrolases. Of all the enzymes found by this bioprospection, we selected a novel lipolytic enzyme for further characterization. The protein was found to belong to the SGNH/GDSL family of hydrolases. It was purified and its biochemical parameters determined. We found that the enzyme was most active at 60 °C and pH 9 using pNP-laurate as substrate and was highly thermostable. It also showed preference for short-chained substrates and activation with temperature and with certain detergents such as Tween 80. Proteins of this family of hydrolases are relevant for their broad substrate specificity, that coupled with this protein's high temperature optima, broad pH range, and thermostability further highlights its biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María-Isabel González-Siso
- EXPRELA Group, Advanced Scientific Research Center (CICA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (J.-J.E.-R.); (M.-E.D.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Manuel Becerra
- EXPRELA Group, Advanced Scientific Research Center (CICA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (J.-J.E.-R.); (M.-E.D.); (A.S.-B.)
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6
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Knepp ZJ, Ghaner A, Root KT. Purification and refolding protocol for cold-active recombinant esterase AaSGNH1 from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:394-403. [PMID: 34355672 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1952601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial esterases are a highly desirable tool for numerous biosynthetic and biotechnological applications requiring ester bond cleavage. Once identified, microbial esterases are often produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli to enhance yield and ease of purification. In this study a polyhistidine-tagged SGNH esterase gene (AaSGNH1), originating from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, was cloned into an over-expression plasmid and expressed in BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant esterase enzyme was produced as inactive inclusion bodies which were insoluble in 8 M urea but readily solubilized by the detergent Empigen BB®. Crucially, the procurement of active enzyme required controlled removal of detergent during column chromatography and dialysis steps. The refolded esterase was characterized with respect to its ability to catalyze the cleavage of p-nitrophenol esters of different chain lengths (C2, C8, C16). In addition, the temperature and pH optima were determined and it was found that the enzyme was most active at low temperatures (5-15 °C) and under alkaline conditions (pH 8-10). It was found that the kinetic properties of AaSGNH1 were remarkably similar to other SGNH esterases described thereby validating that the protein was effectively refolded. Overall, this study provides a simple strategy for isolating cold-active recombinant esterase enzyme when expressed as inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Knepp
- Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, USA
| | - Ashlea Ghaner
- Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, USA
| | - Kyle T Root
- Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, USA
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Jo E, Kim J, Lee A, Moon K, Cha J. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable GDSL-Type Lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:483-491. [PMID: 33622993 PMCID: PMC9706006 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two putative genes, lip29 and est29, encoding lipolytic enzymes from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermocatenulatus KCTC 3921 were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant Lip29 and Est29 were purified 67.3-fold to homogeneity with specific activity of 2.27 U/mg and recovery of 5.8% and 14.4-fold with specific activity of 0.92 U/mg and recovery of 1.3%, respectively. The molecular mass of each purified enzyme was estimated to be 29 kDa by SDSPAGE. The alignment analysis of amino acid sequences revealed that both enzymes belonged to GDSL lipase/esterase family including conserved blocks with SGNH catalytic residues which was mainly identified in plants before. While Est29 showed high specificity toward short-chain fatty acids (C4-C8), Lip29 showed strong lipolytic activity to long-chain fatty acids (C12-C16). The optimal activity of Lip29 toward p-nitrophenyl palmitate as a substrate was observed at 50°C and pH 9.5, respectively, and its activity was maintained more than 24 h at optimal temperatures, indicating that Lip29 was thermostable. Lip29 exhibited high tolerance against detergents and metal ions. The homology modeling and substrate docking revealed that the long-chain substrates showed the greatest binding affinity toward enzyme. Based on the biochemical and in silico analyses, we present for the first time a GDSL-type lipase in the thermophilic bacteria group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Keumok Moon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-510-2196 Fax: +82-51-514-1778 E-mail:
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8
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Gao K, Wang X, Jiang H, Sun J, Mao X. Identification of a GDSL lipase from Streptomyces bacillaris and its application in the preparation of free astaxanthin. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:280-287. [PMID: 33049356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin shows multiple biological activities, but it is usually linked to different fatty acids and exists in the form of esters. The complexity of astaxanthin esters limits their application in the preparation of sophisticated drugs. Herein, a novel lipase from Streptomyces bacillaris that could hydrolyze astaxanthin esters, named OUC-Sb-lip12, was expressed in Bacillus subtilis. The active site of OUC-Sb-lip12 is probably composed of a dyad of Ser48 and His254, instead of a typical catalytic triad. The lipase was identified to be a GDSL hydrolase, and it showed highest activity at 45 °C and pH 9.0 (glycine-NaOH buffer). OUC-Sb-lip12 showed a good stability at its optimum temperature or a higher temperature, retaining 88.4% and 80.6% of its activity after incubating for 36 h at 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. OUC-Sb-lip12 could effectively hydrolyze astaxanthin esters in Haematococcus pluvialis oil, generating free astaxanthin. Under the optimum conditions, 96.29% astaxanthin esters were hydrolyzed in 12 h. In addition, B.subtilis is a GRAS model strain and it could efficiently secrete lipase in 9 h, making the lipase potential for scale production of free astaxanthin, which could be further used in the preparation of specific astaxanthin esters with specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Le LTHL, Yoo W, Jeon S, Lee C, Kim KK, Lee JH, Kim TD. Biodiesel and flavor compound production using a novel promiscuous cold-adapted SGNH-type lipase ( HaSGNH1) from the psychrophilic bacterium Halocynthiibacter arcticus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:55. [PMID: 32190120 PMCID: PMC7074997 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel and flavor compound production using enzymatic transesterification by microbial lipases provides mild reaction conditions and low energy cost compared to the chemical process. SGNH-type lipases are very effective catalysts for enzymatic transesterification due to their high reaction rate, great stability, relatively small size for convenient genetic manipulations, and ease of immobilization. Hence, it is highly important to identify novel SGNH-type lipases with high catalytic efficiencies and good stabilities. RESULTS A promiscuous cold-adapted SGNH-type lipase (HaSGNH1) from Halocynthiibacter arcticus was catalytically characterized and functionally explored. HaSGNH1 displayed broad substrate specificity that included tert-butyl acetate, glucose pentaacetate, and p-nitrophenyl esters with excellent stability and high efficiency. Important amino acids (N83, M86, R87, F131, and I173F) around the substrate-binding pocket were shown to be responsible for catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and reaction kinetics. Moreover, immobilized HaSGNH1 was used to produce high yields of butyl and oleic esters. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a molecular understanding of substrate specificities, catalytic regulation, immobilization, and industrial applications of a promiscuous cold-adapted SGNH-type lipase (HaSGNH1) from H. arcticus. This is the first analysis on biodiesel and flavor synthesis using a cold-adapted halophilic SGNH-type lipase from a Halocynthiibacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Thi Huong Luu Le
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 South Korea
| | - Wanki Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 South Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746 South Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 South Korea
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon, 21990 South Korea
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990 South Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746 South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon, 21990 South Korea
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990 South Korea
| | - T. Doohun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 South Korea
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Isolation, Expression and Characterization of the Thermophilic Recombinant Esterase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS01. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:112-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Identification of a novel esterase from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2. Extremophiles 2019; 23:407-419. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Hong LG, Jian SL, Huo YY, Cheng H, Hu XJ, Li J, Cui HL, Xu XW. A novel SGNH family hydrolase Ali5 with thioesterase activity and a GNSL motif but without a classic GDSL motif from Altererythrobacter ishigakiensis. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:591-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mazlan SNHS, Ali MSM, Rahman RNZRA, Sabri S, Jonet MA, Leow TC. Crystallization and structure elucidation of GDSL esterase of Photobacterium sp. J15. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1188-1194. [PMID: 30102982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GDSL esterase J15 (EstJ15) is a member of Family II of lipolytic enzyme. The enzyme was further classified in subgroup SGNH hydrolase due to the presence of highly conserve motif, Ser-Gly-Asn-His in four conserved blocks I, II, III, and V, respectively. X-ray quality crystal of EstJ15 was obtained from optimized formulation containing 0.10 M ammonium sulphate, 0.15 M sodium cacodylate trihydrate pH 6.5, and 20% PEG 8000. The crystal structure of EstJ15 was solved at 1.38 Å with one molecule per asymmetric unit. The structure exhibits α/β hydrolase fold and shared low amino acid sequence identity of 23% with the passenger domain of the autotransporter EstA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active site is located at the centre of the structure, formed a narrow tunnel that hinder long substrates to be catalysed which was proven by the protein-ligand docking analysis. This study facilitates the understanding of high substrate specificity of EstJ15 and provide insights on its catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Nur Hidayah Syed Mazlan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Anuar Jonet
- Malaysia Genome Institute, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Malaysia.
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Memarpoor-Yazdi M, Karbalaei-Heidari HR, Doroodmand MM. Enantioselective hydrolysis of ibuprofen ethyl ester by a thermophilic immobilized lipase, ELT, from Rhodothermus marinus. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Cloning, expression and characterization of the esterase estUT1 from Ureibacillus thermosphaericus which belongs to a new lipase family XVIII. Extremophiles 2018; 22:271-285. [PMID: 29330648 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-0996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new esterase gene from thermophilic bacteria Ureibacillus thermosphaericus was cloned into the pET32b vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Alignment of the estUT1 amino acid sequence revealed the presence of a novel canonical pentapeptide (GVSLG) and 41-47% identity to the closest family of the bacterial lipases XIII. Thus the esterase estUT1 from U. thermosphaericus was assigned as a member of the novel family XVIII. It also showed a strong activity toward short-chain esters (C2-C8), with the highest activity for C2. When p-nitrophenyl butyrate is used as a substrate, the temperature and pH optimum of the enzyme were 70-80 °C and 8.0, respectively. EstUT1 showed high thermostability and 68.9 ± 2.5% residual activity after incubation at 70 °C for 6 h. Homology modeling of the enzyme structure showed the presence of a putative catalytic triad Ser93, Asp192, and His222. The activity of estUT1 was inhibited by PMSF, suggesting that the serine residue is involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The purified enzyme exhibited high stability in organic solvents. EstUT1 retained 85.8 ± 2.4% residual activity in 30% methanol at 50 °C for 6 h. Stability at high temperature and tolerance to organic solvents make estUT1 a promising enzyme for biotechnology application.
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Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus spp. from Terrestrial Geothermal Springs Worldwide: Diversity and Biotechnological Applications. EXTREMOPHILES IN EURASIAN ECOSYSTEMS: ECOLOGY, DIVERSITY, AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0329-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Mining lipolytic enzymes in community DNA from high Andean soils using a targeted approach. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:1035-1051. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shahinyan G, Margaryan A, Panosyan H, Trchounian A. Identification and sequence analyses of novel lipase encoding novel thermophillic bacilli isolated from Armenian geothermal springs. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:103. [PMID: 28464816 PMCID: PMC5414190 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the huge diversity of thermophilic bacteria mainly bacilli have been reported as active thermostable lipase producers. Geothermal springs serve as the main source for isolation of thermostable lipase producing bacilli. Thermostable lipolytic enzymes, functioning in the harsh conditions, have promising applications in processing of organic chemicals, detergent formulation, synthesis of biosurfactants, pharmaceutical processing etc. RESULTS In order to study the distribution of lipase-producing thermophilic bacilli and their specific lipase protein primary structures, three lipase producers from different genera were isolated from mesothermal (27.5-70 °C) springs distributed on the territory of Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh. Based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing the isolates were identified as Geobacillus sp., Bacillus licheniformis and Anoxibacillus flavithermus strains. The lipase genes of isolates were sequenced by using initially designed primer sets. Multiple alignments generated from primary structures of the lipase proteins and annotated lipase protein sequences, conserved regions analysis and amino acid composition have illustrated the similarity (98-99%) of the lipases with true lipases (family I) and GDSL esterase family (family II). A conserved sequence block that determines the thermostability has been identified in the multiple alignments of the lipase proteins. CONCLUSIONS The results are spreading light on the lipase producing bacilli distribution in geothermal springs in Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh. Newly isolated bacilli strains could be prospective source for thermostable lipases and their genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigor Shahinyan
- Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armine Margaryan
- Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hovik Panosyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armen Trchounian
- Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Memarpoor-Yazdi M, Karbalaei-Heidari HR, Khajeh K. Production of the renewable extremophile lipase: Valuable biocatalyst with potential usage in food industry. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Deng D, Zhang Y, Sun A, Hu Y. Enantio-selective preparation of (S)-1-phenylethanol by a novel marine GDSL lipase MT6 with reverse stereo-selectivity. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(16)62505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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21
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Villamil C, Del Portillo P, Monguí A. Clonación, expresión y caracterización de una nueva esterasa derivada de metagenomas de suelos agrícolas colombianos. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v18n2.61520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo la bioprospección de ADN metagenómico derivado de comunidades microbianas asociadas a un agroecosistema de importancia nacional. Este análisis permitió realizar la producción, expresión, purificación y caracterización de una enzima novedosa con actividad esterasa. Esta enzima, denominada LipM, había sido previamente identificada en clones metagenómicos derivados de suelos dedicados al cultivo de papa criolla (Solanum pureja), mediante secuencia de nueva generación y análisis bioinformáticos. La secuencia codificante de la enzima fue clonada en el vector pBADgiii y expresada en E. coli como sistema de expresión, lo que permitió optimizar el proceso de producción recombinante y su posterior purificación.Funcionalmente la enzima presentó una mayor afinidad por sustratos de p-nitrofenil con ácidos grasos de cadena corta (<C8). LipM mostró completa funcionalidad a temperaturas entre 30 – 37 ºC y en valores de pH cercanos al fisiológico (entre 7.0 y 8.0). Igualmente, esta enzima exhibió buena estabilidad en presencia de varios iones metálicos, inhibidores y 0.1% (p/v) de SDS. Su alto nivel de estabilidad en presencia de iones metálicos e inhibidores, así como su particular especificidad en cuanto a sustratos, la hacen una enzima óptima para utilización en diferentes aplicaciones biotecnológicas.Palabras clave: metagenómica, enzima esterasa, caracterización, suelos, Lipasa/esterasa
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Deng D, Zhang Y, Sun A, Liang J, Hu Y. Functional Characterization of a Novel Marine Microbial GDSL Lipase and Its Utilization in the Resolution of (±)-1-Phenylethanol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:75-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-1980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel cold-adapted GDSL family esterase from Photobacterium sp. strain J15. Extremophiles 2015; 20:44-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Zhu Y, Zheng W, Ni H, Liu H, Xiao A, Cai H. Molecular cloning and characterization of a new and highly thermostable esterase from Geobacillus sp. JM6. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1219-31. [PMID: 26175347 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new lipolytic enzyme gene was cloned from a thermophile Geobacillus sp. JM6. The gene contained 750 bp and encoded a 249-amino acid protein. The recombinant enzyme was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with a molecular mass of 33.6 kDa. Enzyme assays using p-nitrophenyl esters with different acyl chain lengths as the substrates confirmed its esterase activity, yielding the highest activity with p-nitrophenyl butyrate. When p-nitrophenyl butyrate was used as a substrate, the optimum reaction temperature and pH for the enzyme were 60 °C and pH 7.5, respectively. Geobacillus sp. JM6 esterase showed excellent thermostability with 68% residual activity after incubation at 100 °C for 18 h. A theoretical structural model of strain JM6 esterase was developed with a monoacylglycerol lipase from Bacillus sp. H-257 as a template. The predicted core structure exhibits an α/β hydrolase fold, and a putative catalytic triad (Ser97, Asp196, and His226) was identified. Inhibition assays with PMSF indicated that serine residue is involved in the catalytic activity of strain JM6 esterase. The recombinant esterase showed a relatively good tolerance to the detected detergents and denaturants, such as SDS, Chaps, Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenguang Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Huinong Cai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
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Abstract
The genus Geobacillus comprises a group of Gram-positive thermophilic bacteria, including obligate aerobes, denitrifiers, and facultative anaerobes that can grow over a range of 45-75°C. Originally classified as group five Bacillus spp., strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus came to prominence as contaminants of canned food and soon became the organism of choice for comparative studies of metabolism and enzymology between mesophiles and thermophiles. More recently, their catabolic versatility, particularly in the degradation of hemicellulose and starch, and rapid growth rates have raised their profile as organisms with potential for second-generation (lignocellulosic) biorefineries for biofuel or chemical production. The continued development of genetic tools to facilitate both fundamental investigation and metabolic engineering is now helping to realize this potential, for both metabolite production and optimized catabolism. In addition, this catabolic versatility provides a range of useful thermostable enzymes for industrial application. A number of genome-sequencing projects have been completed or are underway allowing comparative studies. These reveal a significant amount of genome rearrangement within the genus, the presence of large genomic islands encompassing all the hemicellulose utilization genes and a genomic island incorporating a set of long chain alkane monooxygenase genes. With G+C contents of 45-55%, thermostability appears to derive in part from the ability to synthesize protamine and spermine, which can condense DNA and raise its Tm.
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Ghati A, Paul G. Purification and characterization of a thermo-halophilic, alkali-stable and extremely benzene tolerant esterase from a thermo-halo tolerant Bacillus cereus strain AGP-03, isolated from ‘Bakreshwar’ hot spring, India. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Yan QJ, Yang SQ, Duan XJ, Xu HB, Liu Y, Jiang ZQ. Characterization of a novel hormone-sensitive lipase family esterase from Rhizomucor miehei with tertiary alcohol hydrolysis activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Gudiukaitė R, Gegeckas A, Kazlauskas D, Citavicius D. Influence of N- and/or C-terminal regions on activity, expression, characteristics and structure of lipase from Geobacillus sp. 95. Extremophiles 2013; 18:131-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Liu Y, Xu H, Yan Q, Yang S, Duan X, Jiang Z. Biochemical characterization of a first fungal esterase from Rhizomucor miehei showing high efficiency of ester synthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77856. [PMID: 24204998 PMCID: PMC3813734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esterases with excellent merits suitable for commercial use in ester production field are still insufficient. The aim of this research is to advance our understanding by seeking for more unusual esterases and revealing their characterizations for ester synthesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A novel esterase-encoding gene from Rhizomucor miehei (RmEstA) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed a 975-bp ORF encoding a 324-amino-acid polypeptide belonging to the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family IV and showing highest similarity (44%) to the Paenibacillus mucilaginosus esterase/lipase. Recombinant RmEstA was purified to homogeneity: it was 34 kDa by SDS-PAGE and showed optimal pH and temperature of 6.5 and 45°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable to 50°C, under a broad pH range (5.0-10.6). RmEstA exhibited broad substrate specificity toward p-nitrophenol esters and short-acyl-chain triglycerols, with highest activities (1,480 U mg(-1) and 228 U mg(-1)) for p-nitrophenyl hexanoate and tributyrin, respectively. RmEstA efficiently synthesized butyl butyrate (92% conversion yield) when immobilized on AOT-based organogel. CONCLUSION RmEstA has great potential for industrial applications. RmEstA is the first reported esterase from Rhizomucor miehei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Duan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Qiu R, Huang J, Ji C. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a thermostable GDSL-family esterase, EstL5, from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:776-8. [PMID: 23832206 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911301498x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The novel thermostable esterase EstL5 belonging to the GDSL family exhibits a unique cold-adaptation feature at low temperatures. To better understand its biochemical and enzymatic properties, recombinant EstL5 protein was purified and crystallized using the vapour-diffusion method. The EstL5 crystals diffracted X-rays to 2.79 Å resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source, belonged to the tetragonal space group P41212 or P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 101.51, c = 124.22 Å, and are expected to contain two molecules in each asymmetric unit. To obtain initial phases, selenomethionyl-substituted protein was overproduced. Purified SeMet-labelled EstL5 protein was crystallized and formed crystals that diffracted to a resolution of 3.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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