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Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wang F, Wang Z, Li X. Advances in microbial production of geraniol: from metabolic engineering to potential industrial applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39266251 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2391881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol, has significant potential applications in various fields, including: food, cosmetics, biofuels, and pharmaceuticals. However, the current sources of geraniol mainly include plant tissue extraction or chemical synthesis, which are unsustainable and suffer severely from high energy consumption and severe environmental problems. The process of microbial production of geraniol has recently undergone vigorous development. Particularly, the sustainable construction of recombinant Escherichia coli (13.2 g/L) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5.5 g/L) laid a solid foundation for the microbial production of geraniol. In this review, recent advances in the development of geraniol-producing strains, including: metabolic pathway construction, key enzyme improvement, genetic modification strategies, and cytotoxicity alleviation, are critically summarized. Furthermore, the key challenges in scaling up geraniol production and future perspectives for the development of robust geraniol-producing strains are suggested. This review provides theoretical guidance for the industrial production of geraniol using microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujunjie Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Liu J, Lin M, Han P, Yao G, Jiang H. Biosynthesis Progress of High-Energy-Density Liquid Fuels Derived from Terpenes. Microorganisms 2024; 12:706. [PMID: 38674649 PMCID: PMC11052473 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
High-energy-density liquid fuels (HED fuels) are essential for volume-limited aerospace vehicles and could serve as energetic additives for conventional fuels. Terpene-derived HED biofuel is an important research field for green fuel synthesis. The direct extraction of terpenes from natural plants is environmentally unfriendly and costly. Designing efficient synthetic pathways in microorganisms to achieve high yields of terpenes shows great potential for the application of terpene-derived fuels. This review provides an overview of the current research progress of terpene-derived HED fuels, surveying terpene fuel properties and the current status of biosynthesis. Additionally, we systematically summarize the engineering strategies for biosynthesizing terpenes, including mining and engineering terpene synthases, optimizing metabolic pathways and cell-level optimization, such as the subcellular localization of terpene synthesis and adaptive evolution. This article will be helpful in providing insight into better developing terpene-derived HED fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (J.L.)
| | - Man Lin
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644005, China
| | - Penggang Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (J.L.)
| | - Ge Yao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (J.L.)
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (J.L.)
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3
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Jiang H, Wang X. Biosynthesis of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid as natural flavors and fragrances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108151. [PMID: 37037288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large class of plant-derived compounds, that constitute the main components of essential oils and are widely used as natural flavors and fragrances. The biosynthesis approach presents a promising alternative route in terpenoid production compared to plant extraction or chemical synthesis. In the past decade, the production of terpenoids using biotechnology has attracted broad attention from both academia and the industry. With the growing market of flavor and fragrance, the production of terpenoids directed by synthetic biology shows great potential in promoting future market prospects. Here, we reviewed the latest advances in terpenoid biosynthesis. The engineering strategies for biosynthetic terpenoids were systematically summarized from the enzyme, metabolic, and cellular dimensions. Additionally, we analyzed the key challenges from laboratory production to scalable production, such as key enzyme improvement, terpenoid toxicity, and volatility loss. To provide comprehensive technical guidance, we collected milestone examples of biosynthetic mono- and sesquiterpenoids, compared the current application status of chemical synthesis and biosynthesis in terpenoid production, and discussed the cost drivers based on the data of techno-economic assessment. It is expected to provide critical insights into developing translational research of terpenoid biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China.
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4
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Rinaldi MA, Ferraz CA, Scrutton NS. Alternative metabolic pathways and strategies to high-titre terpenoid production in Escherichia coli. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:90-118. [PMID: 34231643 PMCID: PMC8791446 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Terpenoids are a diverse group of chemicals used in a wide range of industries. Microbial terpenoid production has the potential to displace traditional manufacturing of these compounds with renewable processes, but further titre improvements are needed to reach cost competitiveness. This review discusses strategies to increase terpenoid titres in Escherichia coli with a focus on alternative metabolic pathways. Alternative pathways can lead to improved titres by providing higher orthogonality to native metabolism that redirects carbon flux, by avoiding toxic intermediates, by bypassing highly-regulated or bottleneck steps, or by being shorter and thus more efficient and easier to manipulate. The canonical 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways are engineered to increase titres, sometimes using homologs from different species to address bottlenecks. Further, alternative terpenoid pathways, including additional entry points into the MEP and MVA pathways, archaeal MVA pathways, and new artificial pathways provide new tools to increase titres. Prenyl diphosphate synthases elongate terpenoid chains, and alternative homologs create orthogonal pathways and increase product diversity. Alternative sources of terpenoid synthases and modifying enzymes can also be better suited for E. coli expression. Mining the growing number of bacterial genomes for new bacterial terpenoid synthases and modifying enzymes identifies enzymes that outperform eukaryotic ones and expand microbial terpenoid production diversity. Terpenoid removal from cells is also crucial in production, and so terpenoid recovery and approaches to handle end-product toxicity increase titres. Combined, these strategies are contributing to current efforts to increase microbial terpenoid production towards commercial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro A Rinaldi
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Clara A Ferraz
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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5
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Zhu K, Kong J, Zhao B, Rong L, Liu S, Lu Z, Zhang C, Xiao D, Pushpanathan K, Foo JL, Wong A, Yu A. Metabolic engineering of microbes for monoterpenoid production. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107837. [PMID: 34555428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are an important class of natural products that are derived from the condensation of two five‑carbon isoprene subunits. They are widely used for flavouring, fragrances, colourants, cosmetics, fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals in various industries. They can also serve as precursors for the production of many industrially important products. Currently, monoterpenoids are produced predominantly through extraction from plant sources. However, the small quantity of monoterpenoids in nature renders this method of isolation non-economically viable. Similarly impractical is the chemical synthesis of these compounds as they suffer from high energy consumption and pollutant discharge. Microbial biosynthesis, however, exists as a potential solution to these hindrances, but the transformation of cells into efficient factories remains a major impediment. Here, we critically review the recent advances in engineering microbes for monoterpenoid production, with an emphasis on categorized strategies, and discuss the challenges and perspectives to offer guidance for future engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Jing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Baixiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Lanxin Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Shiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Krithi Pushpanathan
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore.
| | - Jee Loon Foo
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Adison Wong
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore.
| | - Aiqun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29 the 13th Street TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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6
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Nitta N, Tajima Y, Yamamoto Y, Moriya M, Matsudaira A, Hoshino Y, Nishio Y, Usuda Y. Fermentative production of enantiopure (S)-linalool using a metabolically engineered Pantoea ananatis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:54. [PMID: 33653319 PMCID: PMC7923825 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Linalool, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol, is extensively used in the flavor and fragrance industries and exists as two enantiomers, (S)- and (R)-linalool, which have different odors and biological properties. Linalool extraction from natural plant tissues suffers from low product yield. Although linalool can also be chemically synthesized, its enantioselective production is difficult. Microbial production of terpenes has recently emerged as a novel, environmental-friendly alternative. Stereoselective production can also be achieved using this approach via enzymatic reactions. We previously succeeded in producing enantiopure (S)-linalool using a metabolically engineered Pantoea ananatis, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, via the heterologous mevalonate pathway with the highest linalool titer ever reported from engineered microbes. Results Here, we genetically modified a previously developed P. ananatis strain expressing the (S)-linalool synthase (AaLINS) from Actinidia arguta to further improve (S)-linalool production. AaLINS was mostly expressed as an insoluble form in P. ananatis; its soluble expression level was increased by N-terminal fusion of a halophilic β-lactamase from Chromohalobacter sp. 560 with hexahistidine. Furthermore, in combination with elevation of the precursor supply via the mevalonate pathway, the (S)-linalool titer was increased approximately 1.4-fold (4.7 ± 0.3 g/L) in comparison with the original strain (3.4 ± 0.2 g/L) in test-tube cultivation with an aqueous-organic biphasic fermentation system using isopropyl myristate as the organic solvent for in situ extraction of cytotoxic and semi-volatile (S)-linalool. The most productive strain, IP04S/pBLAAaLINS-ispA*, produced 10.9 g/L of (S)-linalool in “dual-phase” fed-batch fermentation, which was divided into a growth-phase and a subsequent production-phase. Thus far, this is the highest reported titer in the production of not only linalool but also all monoterpenes using microbes. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of our metabolically engineered P. ananatis strain as a platform for economically feasible (S)-linalool production and provides insights into the stereoselective production of terpenes with high efficiency. This system is an environmentally friendly and economically valuable (S)-linalool production alternative. Mass production of enantiopure (S)-linalool can also lead to accurate assessment of its biological properties by providing an enantiopure substrate for study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01543-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Nitta
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Tajima
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Mika Moriya
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsudaira
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hoshino
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nishio
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Usuda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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7
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Microbial production of limonene and its derivatives: Achievements and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Gerke J, Frauendorf H, Schneider D, Wintergoller M, Hofmeister T, Poehlein A, Zebec Z, Takano E, Scrutton NS, Braus GH. Production of the Fragrance Geraniol in Peroxisomes of a Product-Tolerant Baker's Yeast. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:582052. [PMID: 33102464 PMCID: PMC7546902 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.582052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenoids, such as the plant metabolite geraniol, are of high industrial relevance since they are important fragrance materials for perfumes, cosmetics, and household products. Chemical synthesis or extraction from plant material for industry purposes are complex, environmentally harmful or expensive and depend on seasonal variations. Heterologous microbial production offers a cost-efficient and sustainable alternative but suffers from low metabolic flux of the precursors and toxicity of the monoterpenoid to the cells. In this study, we evaluated two approaches to counteract both issues by compartmentalizing the biosynthetic enzymes for geraniol to the peroxisomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as production sites and by improving the geraniol tolerance of the yeast cells. The combination of both approaches led to an 80% increase in the geraniol titers. In the future, the inclusion of product tolerance and peroxisomal compartmentalization into the general chassis engineering toolbox for monoterpenoids or other host-damaging, industrially relevant metabolites may lead to an efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly microbial production for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gerke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holm Frauendorf
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maxim Wintergoller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ziga Zebec
- Molecular Enzymology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eriko Takano
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Molecular Enzymology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Synthetic Biology Research Centre, SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Schempp FM, Hofmann KE, Mi J, Kirchner F, Meffert A, Schewe H, Schrader J, Buchhaupt M. Investigation of monoterpenoid resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas putida and their consequences for biotransformations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5519-5533. [PMID: 32296906 PMCID: PMC7275096 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are widely used in industrial applications, e.g. as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals, in flavor and fragrance compositions, and in agriculture. Severe toxic effects are known for some monoterpenoids making them challenging compounds for biotechnological production processes. Some strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida show an inherent extraordinarily high tolerance towards solvents including monoterpenoids. An understanding of the underlying factors can help to create suitable strains for monoterpenoids de novo production or conversion. In addition, knowledge about tolerance mechanisms could allow a deeper insight into how bacteria can oppose monoterpenoid containing drugs, like tea tree oil. Within this work, the resistance mechanisms of P. putida GS1 were investigated using selected monoterpenoid-hypertolerant mutants. Most of the mutations were found in efflux pump promoter regions or associated transcription factors. Surprisingly, while for the tested monoterpenoid alcohols, ketone, and ether high efflux pump expression increased monoterpenoid tolerance, it reduced the tolerance against geranic acid. However, an increase of geranic acid tolerance could be gained by a mutation in an efflux pump component. It was also found that increased monoterpenoid tolerance can counteract efficient biotransformation ability, indicating the need for a fine-tuned and knowledge-based tolerance improvement for production strain development.Key points• Altered monoterpenoid tolerance mainly related to altered activity of efflux pumps.• Increased tolerance to geranic acid surprisingly caused by decreased export activity. • Reduction of export activity can be beneficial for biotechnological conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Miramella Schempp
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Elisabeth Hofmann
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jia Mi
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Kirchner
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annika Meffert
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schewe
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Schrader
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Industrial Biotechnology, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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10
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Modjinou T, Versace DL, Abbad Andaloussi S, Langlois V, Renard E. Co-Networks Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)-Terpenes to Enhance Antibacterial Properties. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E13. [PMID: 31972967 PMCID: PMC7148494 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible and biodegradable bacterial polyesters, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), were combined with linalool, a well-known monoterpene, extracted from spice plants to design novel antibacterial materials. Their chemical association by a photo-induced thiol-ene reaction provided materials having both high mechanical resistance and flexibility. The influence of the nature of the crosslinking agent and the weight ratio of linalool on the thermo-mechanical performances were carefully evaluated. The elongation at break increases from 7% for the native PHA to 40% for PHA-linalool co-networks using a tetrafunctional cross-linking agent. The materials highlighted tremendous anti-adherence properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by increasing linalool ratios. A significant decrease in antibacterial adhesion of 63% and 82% was observed for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Modjinou
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris Est, Univ Paris Est Creteil, F-94320 Thiais, France; (T.M.); (D.L.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Davy Louis Versace
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris Est, Univ Paris Est Creteil, F-94320 Thiais, France; (T.M.); (D.L.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Samir Abbad Andaloussi
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris Est, Univ Paris Est Creteil, F-94010 Créteil cedex, France;
| | - Valérie Langlois
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris Est, Univ Paris Est Creteil, F-94320 Thiais, France; (T.M.); (D.L.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Estelle Renard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris Est, Univ Paris Est Creteil, F-94320 Thiais, France; (T.M.); (D.L.V.); (E.R.)
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11
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Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Manufacture of Monoterpenes. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes are commonly applied as pharmaceuticals and valuable chemicals in various areas. The bioproduction of valuable monoterpenes in prokaryotic microbial hosts, such as E. coli, has progressed considerably thanks to the development of different outstanding approaches. However, the large-scale production of monoterpenes still presents considerable limitations. Thus, process development warrants further investigations. This review discusses the endogenous methylerythritol-4-phosphate-dependent pathway engineering and the exogenous mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid pathway introduction, as well as the accompanied optimization of rate-limiting enzymes, metabolic flux, and product toxicity tolerance. We suggest further studies to focus on the development of systematical, integrational, and synthetic biological strategies in light of the inter disciplines at the cutting edge. Our review provides insights into the current advances of monoterpene bioengineering and serves as a reference for future studies to promote the industrial production of valuable monoterpenes.
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Identification and manipulation of a novel locus to improve cell tolerance to short-chain alcohols in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:589-598. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Escherichia coli KO11 is a popular ethanologenic strain, but is more sensitive to ethanol than other producers. Here, an ethanol-tolerant mutant EM was isolated from ultraviolet mutagenesis library of KO11. Comparative genomic analysis added by piecewise knockout strategy and complementation assay revealed EKO11_3023 (espA) within the 36.6-kb deletion from KO11 was the only locus responsible for ethanol sensitivity. Interestingly, when espA was deleted in strain W (the parent strain of KO11), ethanol tolerance was dramatically elevated to the level of espA-free hosts [e.g., MG1655 and BL21(DE3)]. And overexpression of espA in strains MG1655 and BL21(DE3) led to significantly enhanced ethanol sensitivity. In addition to ethanol, deletion of espA also improved cell tolerance to other short-chain (C2–C4) alcohols, including methanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol and 2-butanol. Therefore, espA was responsible for short-chain alcohol sensitivity of W-strains compared to other cells, which provides a potential engineering target for alcohols production.
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13
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Zhang L, Xiao WH, Wang Y, Yao MD, Jiang GZ, Zeng BX, Zhang RS, Yuan YJ. Chassis and key enzymes engineering for monoterpenes production. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1022-1031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Systems metabolic engineering, which recently emerged as metabolic engineering integrated with systems biology, synthetic biology, and evolutionary engineering, allows engineering of microorganisms on a systemic level for the production of valuable chemicals far beyond its native capabilities. Here, we review the strategies for systems metabolic engineering and particularly its applications in Escherichia coli. First, we cover the various tools developed for genetic manipulation in E. coli to increase the production titers of desired chemicals. Next, we detail the strategies for systems metabolic engineering in E. coli, covering the engineering of the native metabolism, the expansion of metabolism with synthetic pathways, and the process engineering aspects undertaken to achieve higher production titers of desired chemicals. Finally, we examine a couple of notable products as case studies produced in E. coli strains developed by systems metabolic engineering. The large portfolio of chemical products successfully produced by engineered E. coli listed here demonstrates the sheer capacity of what can be envisioned and achieved with respect to microbial production of chemicals. Systems metabolic engineering is no longer in its infancy; it is now widely employed and is also positioned to further embrace next-generation interdisciplinary principles and innovation for its upgrade. Systems metabolic engineering will play increasingly important roles in developing industrial strains including E. coli that are capable of efficiently producing natural and nonnatural chemicals and materials from renewable nonfood biomass.
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15
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Wang C, Pfleger BF, Kim SW. Reassessing Escherichia coli as a cell factory for biofuel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Guan N, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Chen J, Liu L. Microbial response to environmental stresses: from fundamental mechanisms to practical applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3991-4008. [PMID: 28409384 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stresses are usually active during the process of microbial fermentation and have significant influence on microbial physiology. Microorganisms have developed a series of strategies to resist environmental stresses. For instance, they maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell membranes by modulating their structure and composition, and the permeability and activities of transporters are adjusted to control nutrient transport and ion exchange. Certain transcription factors are activated to enhance gene expression, and specific signal transduction pathways are induced to adapt to environmental changes. Besides, microbial cells also have well-established repair mechanisms that protect their macromolecules against damages inflicted by environmental stresses. Oxidative, hyperosmotic, thermal, acid, and organic solvent stresses are significant in microbial fermentation. In this review, we summarize the modus operandi by which these stresses act on cellular components, as well as the corresponding resistance mechanisms developed by microorganisms. Then, we discuss the applications of these stress resistance mechanisms on the production of industrially important chemicals. Finally, we prospect the application of systems biology and synthetic biology in the identification of resistant mechanisms and improvement of metabolic robustness of microorganisms in environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hyun-Dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Rau MH, Calero P, Lennen RM, Long KS, Nielsen AT. Genome-wide Escherichia coli stress response and improved tolerance towards industrially relevant chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:176. [PMID: 27737709 PMCID: PMC5064937 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Economically viable biobased production of bulk chemicals and biofuels typically requires high product titers. During microbial bioconversion this often leads to product toxicity, and tolerance is therefore a critical element in the engineering of production strains. Results Here, a systems biology approach was employed to understand the chemical stress response of Escherichia coli, including a genome-wide screen for mutants with increased fitness during chemical stress. Twelve chemicals with significant production potential were selected, consisting of organic solvent-like chemicals (butanol, hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol, furfural), organic acids (acetate, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, succinic acid), amino acids (serine, threonine) and membrane-intercalating chemicals (decanoic acid, geraniol). The transcriptional response towards these chemicals revealed large overlaps of transcription changes within and between chemical groups, with functions such as energy metabolism, stress response, membrane modification, transporters and iron metabolism being affected. Regulon enrichment analysis identified key regulators likely mediating the transcriptional response, including CRP, RpoS, OmpR, ArcA, Fur and GadX. These regulators, the genes within their regulons and the above mentioned cellular functions therefore constitute potential targets for increasing E. coli chemical tolerance. Fitness determination of genome-wide transposon mutants (Tn-seq) subjected to the same chemical stress identified 294 enriched and 336 depleted mutants and experimental validation revealed up to 60 % increase in mutant growth rates. Mutants enriched in several conditions contained, among others, insertions in genes of the Mar-Sox-Rob regulon as well as transcription and translation related gene functions. Conclusions The combination of the transcriptional response and mutant screening provides general targets that can increase tolerance towards not only single, but multiple chemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0577-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holm Rau
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Patricia Calero
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Rebecca M Lennen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Katherine S Long
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alex T Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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18
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Fu Y, Chen L, Zhang W. Regulatory mechanisms related to biofuel tolerance in producing microbes. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:320-32. [PMID: 27123568 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology; School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - L. Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology; School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - W. Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology; School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
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19
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Huang FC, Hinkelmann J, Hermenau A, Schwab W. Enhanced production of β-glucosides by in-situ UDP-glucose regeneration. J Biotechnol 2016; 224:35-44. [PMID: 26912290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase (GT)-mediated methodology is recognized as one of the most practical approaches for large-scale production of glycosides. However, GT enzymes require a sugar nucleotide as donor substrate that must be generated in situ for preparative applications by recycling of the nucleotide moiety, e.g. by sucrose synthase (SUS). Three plant GT genes CaUGT2, VvGT14a, and VvGT15c and the fungal SbUGTA1 were successfully co-expressed with GmSUS from soybean in Escherichia coli BL21 and W cells. In vitro, the crude protein extracts prepared from four GT genes and GmSUS co-expressing cells were able to convert several small molecules to the corresponding glucosides, when sucrose and UDP were supplied. In addition, GmSUS was able to enhance the glucosylation efficiency and reduced the amount of supplying UDP-glucose. In the biotransformation system, co-expression of VvGT15c with GmSUS also improved the glucosylation of geraniol and enhanced the resistance of the cells against the toxic terpenol. GT-EcW and GTSUS-EcW cells tolerated up to 2mM geraniol and converted more than 99% of the substrate into the glucoside at production rates exceeding 40μgml(-1)h(-1). The results confirm that co-expression of SUS allows in situ regeneration of UDP-sugars and avoids product inhibition by UDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Chin Huang
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnology of Natural Products, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jens Hinkelmann
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnology of Natural Products, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hermenau
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnology of Natural Products, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnology of Natural Products, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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Exporters for Production of Amino Acids and Other Small Molecules. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:199-225. [PMID: 27832297 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are talented catalysts to synthesize valuable small molecules in their cytosol. However, to make full use of their skills - and that of metabolic engineers - the export of intracellularly synthesized molecules to the culture medium has to be considered. This step is as essential as is each step for the synthesis of the favorite molecule of the metabolic engineer, but is frequently not taken into account. To export small molecules via the microbial cell envelope, a range of different types of carrier proteins is recognized to be involved, which are primary active carriers, secondary active carriers, or proteins increasing diffusion. Relevant export may require just one carrier as is the case with L-lysine export by Corynebacterium glutamicum or involve up to four carriers as known for L-cysteine excretion by Escherichia coli. Meanwhile carriers for a number of small molecules of biotechnological interest are recognized, like for production of peptides, nucleosides, diamines, organic acids, or biofuels. In addition to carriers involved in amino acid excretion, such carriers and their impact on product formation are described, as well as the relatedness of export carriers which may serve as a hint to identify further carriers required to improve product formation by engineering export.
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21
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Efflux systems in bacteria and their metabolic engineering applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9381-93. [PMID: 26363557 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of valuable chemicals from metabolically engineered microbes can be limited by excretion from the cell. Efflux is often overlooked as a bottleneck in metabolic pathways, despite its impact on alleviating feedback inhibition and product toxicity. In the past, it has been assumed that endogenous efflux pumps and membrane porins can accommodate product efflux rates; however, there are an increasing number of examples wherein overexpressing efflux systems is required to improve metabolite production. In this review, we highlight specific examples from the literature where metabolite export has been studied to identify unknown transporters, increase tolerance to metabolites, and improve the production capabilities of engineered bacteria. The review focuses on the export of a broad spectrum of valuable chemicals including amino acids, sugars, flavins, biofuels, and solvents. The combined set of examples supports the hypothesis that efflux systems can be identified and engineered to confer export capabilities on industrially relevant microbes.
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22
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Yang J, Xiong ZQ, Song SJ, Wang JF, Lv HJ, Wang Y. Improving heterologous polyketide production in Escherichia coli by transporter engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8691-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Anes J, McCusker MP, Fanning S, Martins M. The ins and outs of RND efflux pumps in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:587. [PMID: 26113845 PMCID: PMC4462101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern regarding the continued increase in the development of multidrug resistance among bacteria. They have also reaffirmed the urgent need for investment in the discovery and development of new antibiotics and therapeutic approaches to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The extensive use of antimicrobial compounds in diverse environments, including farming and healthcare, has been identified as one of the main causes for the emergence of MDR bacteria. Induced selective pressure has led bacteria to develop new strategies of defense against these chemicals. Bacteria can accomplish this by several mechanisms, including enzymatic inactivation of the target compound; decreased cell permeability; target protection and/or overproduction; altered target site/enzyme and increased efflux due to over-expression of efflux pumps. Efflux pumps can be specific for a single substrate or can confer resistance to multiple antimicrobials by facilitating the extrusion of a broad range of compounds including antibiotics, heavy metals, biocides and others, from the bacterial cell. To overcome antimicrobial resistance caused by active efflux, efforts are required to better understand the fundamentals of drug efflux mechanisms. There is also a need to elucidate how these mechanisms are regulated and how they respond upon exposure to antimicrobials. Understanding these will allow the development of combined therapies using efflux inhibitors together with antibiotics to act on Gram-negative bacteria, such as the emerging globally disseminated MDR pathogen Escherichia coli ST131 (O25:H4). This review will summarize the current knowledge on resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux mechanisms in E. coli, a bacteria responsible for community and hospital-acquired infections, as well as foodborne outbreaks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Anes
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew P McCusker
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marta Martins
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Centre for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Recent advances in the microbial production and recovery of apolar molecules. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Engineering biofuel tolerance in non-native producing microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:541-8. [PMID: 24530635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale production of renewable biofuels through microbiological processes has drawn significant attention in recent years, mostly due to the increasing concerns on the petroleum fuel shortages and the environmental consequences of the over-utilization of petroleum-based fuels. In addition to native biofuel-producing microbes that have been employed for biofuel production for decades, recent advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have made it possible to produce biofuels in several non-native biofuel-producing microorganisms. Compared to native producers, these non-native systems carry the advantages of fast growth, simple nutrient requirements, readiness for genetic modifications, and even the capability to assimilate CO2 and solar energy, making them competitive alternative systems to further decrease the biofuel production cost. However, the tolerance of these non-native microorganisms to toxic biofuels is naturally low, which has restricted the potentials of their application for high-efficiency biofuel production. To address the issues, researches have been recently conducted to explore the biofuel tolerance mechanisms and to construct robust high-tolerance strains for non-native biofuel-producing microorganisms. In this review, we critically summarize the recent progress in this area, focusing on three popular non-native biofuel-producing systems, i.e. Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus and photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
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Engineering Escherichia coli for selective geraniol production with minimized endogenous dehydrogenation. J Biotechnol 2014; 169:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Enhancing isoprenoid production through systematically assembling and modulating efflux pumps in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8057-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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