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Qiu M, Jiang J, Jiang W, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Xin F, Jiang M. The biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds by engineered microbes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 77:108448. [PMID: 39260779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) is an important aromatic amino acid, which has been widely used in food, health care products, medicine and other fields. Based on the relatively mature microbial biosynthesis process, a variety of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds have attracted more and more attentions owing to their extensively potential applications in the fields of food, medicine, spices, cosmetics, and pesticides. However, the challenge of biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds remains the issue of low production and productivity. With the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine has reached a high level. Therefore, the synthesis of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds based on high production strains of L-phenylalanine has broad prospects. In addition, some L-phenylalanine-derived compounds are more suitable for efficient synthesis by exogenous addition of precursors due to their longer metabolic pathways and the inhibitory effects of many intermediate products. This review systematically summarized the research progress of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds, including phenylpyruvate derivatives, trans-cinnamic derivatives, p-coumaric acid derivatives and other L-phenylalanine-derived compounds (such as flavonoids). Finally, the main strategies to improve the production of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds were summarized, and the development trends of the synthesis of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds by microbial method were also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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Sun L, Gao Y, Sun R, Liu L, Lin L, Zhang C. Metabolic and tolerance engineering of Komagataella phaffii for 2-phenylethanol production through genome-wide scanning. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:107. [PMID: 39039584 PMCID: PMC11265028 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is one of the most widely used spices. Recently, 2-PE has also been considered a potential aviation fuel booster. However, the lack of scientific understanding of the 2-PE biosynthetic pathway and the cellular response to 2-PE cytotoxicity are the most important obstacles to the efficient biosynthesis of 2-PE. RESULTS Here, metabolic engineering and tolerance engineering strategies were used to improve the production of 2-PE in Komagataella phaffii. First, the endogenous genes encoding the amino acid permease GAP1, aminotransferase AAT2, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase KDC2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALD4 involved in the Ehrlich pathway and the 2-PE stress response gene NIT1 in K. phaffii were screened and characterized via comparative transcriptome analysis. Subsequently, metabolic engineering was employed to gradually reconstruct the 2-PE biosynthetic pathway, and the engineered strain S43 was obtained, which produced 2.98 g/L 2-PE in shake flask. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling analyses were utilized to screen for novel potential tolerance elements. Our results demonstrated that cells with knockout of the PDR12 and C4R2I5 genes exhibited a significant increase in 2-PE tolerance. To confirm the practical applications of these results, deletion of the PDR12 and C4R2I5 genes in the hyper 2-PE producing strain S43 dramatically increased the production of 2-PE by 18.12%, and the production was 3.54 g/L. CONCLUSION This is the highest production of 2-PE produced by K. phaffii via L-phenylalanine conversion. These identified K. phaffii endogenous elements are highly conserved in other yeast species, suggesting that manipulation of these homologues might be a useful strategy for improving aromatic alcohol production. These results also enrich the understanding of aromatic compound biosynthetic pathways and 2-PE tolerance, and provide new elements and strategies for the synthesis of aromatic compounds by microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangcai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Drężek K, Antunovics Z, Grabiec AK. Novel Saccharomyces uvarum x Saccharomyces kudriavzevii synthetic hybrid with enhanced 2-phenylethanol production. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:203. [PMID: 39030609 PMCID: PMC11265027 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last two decades, hybridization has been a powerful tool used to construct superior yeast for brewing and winemaking. Novel hybrids were primarily constructed using at least one Saccharomyces cerevisiae parent. However, little is known about hybrids used for other purposes, such as targeted flavor production, for example, 2-phenylethanol (2-PE). 2-PE, an aromatic compound widely utilised in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, presents challenges in biotechnological production due to its toxic nature. Consequently, to enhance productivity and tolerance to 2-PE, various strategies such as mutagenesis and genetic engineering are extensively explored to improved yeast strains. While biotechnological efforts have predominantly focused on S. cerevisiae for 2-PE production, other Saccharomyces species and their hybrids remain insufficiently described. RESULTS To address this gap, in this study, we analysed a new interspecies yeast hybrid, II/6, derived from S. uvarum and S. kudriavzevii parents, in terms of 2-PE bioconversion and resistance to its high concentration, comparing it with the parental strains. Two known media for 2-PE biotransformation and three different temperatures were used during this study to determine optimal conditions. In 72 h batch cultures, the II/6 hybrid achieved a maximum of 2.36 ± 0.03 g/L 2-PE, which was 2-20 times higher than the productivity of the parental strains. Our interest lay not only in determining whether the hybrid improved in productivity but also in assessing whether its susceptibility to high 2-PE titers was also mitigated. The results showed that the hybrid exhibited significantly greater resistance to the toxic product than the original strains. CONCLUSIONS The conducted experiments have confirmed that hybridization is a promising method for modifying yeast strains. As a result, both 2-PE production yield and tolerance to its inhibitory effects can be increased. Furthermore, this strategy allows for the acquisition of non-GMO strains, alleviating concerns related to additional legislative requirements or consumer acceptance issues for producers. The findings obtained have the potential to contribute to the development of practical solutions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Drężek
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zsuzsa Antunovics
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Karolina Grabiec
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Zhao Y, Li S, Shu Q, Yang X, Deng Y. Highly efficient production of 2-phenylethanol by wild-type Saccharomyces bayanus strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130867. [PMID: 38777235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a highly valuable aromatic alcohol utilized in fragrance, cosmetics and food industries. Due to the toxic by-products from chemical synthesis and the low productivity of the extraction method, bioproduction of 2-PE by yeast is considered promising. In this study, a wild-type Saccharomyces bayanus L1 strain producing 2-PE was isolated from soy sauce mash. Transcriptional analysis showed that 2-PE was synthesized via the Ehrlich pathway and Shikimate pathway in S. bayanus L1. By improving the fermentation conditions in shaking flasks, the maximum 2-PE titer reached 4.2 g/L with a productivity of 0.058 g/L/h within 72 h. In fed-batch fermentation, S. bayanus L1 strain produced 6.5 g/L of 2-PE within 60 h, achieving a productivity of 0.108 g/L/h. These findings suggest that S. bayanus L1 strain is an efficient 2-PE producer, paving the way for highly efficient 2-PE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiyun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Quanxian Shu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fat & Oil Deep-processing, Shandong Bohi Industry Co., Ltd., 333, Binhe Road, Boxing Industrial Park, Binzhou, Shandong 256599, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fat & Oil Deep-processing, Shandong Bohi Industry Co., Ltd., 333, Binhe Road, Boxing Industrial Park, Binzhou, Shandong 256599, China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Tong Q, Yang L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Liu X, Deng Y. Comprehensive investigations of 2-phenylethanol production by the filamentous fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:374. [PMID: 38878128 PMCID: PMC11180157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an aromatic compound with a rose-like fragrance that is widely used in food and other industries. Yeasts have been implicated in the biosynthesis of 2-PE; however, few studies have reported the involvement of filamentous fungi. In this study, 2-PE was detected in Annulohypoxylon stygium mycelia grown in both potato dextrose broth (PDB) and sawdust medium. Among the 27 A. stygium strains investigated in this study, the strain "Jinjiling" (strain S20) showed the highest production of 2-PE. Under optimal culture conditions, the concentration of 2-PE was 2.33 g/L. Each of the key genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shikimate and Ehrlich pathways was found to have homologous genes in A. stygium. Upon the addition of L-phenylalanine to the medium, there was an upregulation of all key genes in the Ehrlich pathway of A. stygium, which was consistent with that of S. cerevisiae. A. stygium as an associated fungus provides nutrition for the growth of Tremella fuciformis and most spent composts of T. fuciformis contain pure A. stygium mycelium. Our study on the high-efficiency biosynthesis of 2-PE in A. stygium offers a sustainable solution by utilizing the spent compost of T. fuciformis and provides an alternative option for the production of natural 2-PE. KEY POINTS: • Annulohypoxylon stygium can produce high concentration of 2-phenylethanol. • The pathways of 2-PE biosynthesis in Annulohypoxylon stygium were analyzed. • Spent compost of Tremella fuciformis is a potential source for 2-phenylethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Tong
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lizhi Yang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuji Jiang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Youjin Deng
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Bernardino AR, Grosso F, Torres CA, Reis MA, Peixe L. Exploring the biotechnological potential of Acinetobacter soli ANG344B: A novel bacterium for 2-phenylethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 42:e00839. [PMID: 38633817 PMCID: PMC11021914 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2024.e00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A bacterium, Acinetobacter soli ANG344B, isolated from river water, exhibited an exceptional capacity to produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) using L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) as a precursor-a capability typically observed in yeasts rather than bacteria. Bioreactor experiments were conducted to evaluate the production performance, using glucose as the carbon source for cellular growth and L-Phe as the precursor for 2-PE production. Remarkably, A. soli ANG344B achieved a 2-PE concentration of 2.35 ± 0.26 g/L in just 24.5 h of cultivation, exhibiting a global volumetric productivity of 0.10 ± 0.01 g/L.h and a production yield of 0.51 ± 0.01 g2-PE/gL-Phe, a result hitherto reported only for yeasts. These findings position A. soli ANG344B as a highly promising microorganism for 2-PE production. Whole-genome sequencing of A. soli strain ANG344 revealed a genome size of 3.52 Mb with a GC content of 42.7 %. Utilizing the Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) server, 3418 coding genes were predicted, including genes coding for enzymes previously associated with the metabolic pathway of 2-PE production in other microorganisms, yet unreported in Acinetobacter species. Through gene mapping, 299 subsystems were identified, exhibiting 30 % subsystem coverage. The whole genome sequence data was submitted to NCBI GeneBank with the BioProject ID PRJNA982713. These draft genome data offer significant potential for exploiting the biotechnological capabilities of A. soli strain ANG344 and for conducting further comparative genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R.S. Bernardino
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- LAQV‑REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT/Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829‑516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Grosso
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana A.V. Torres
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria A.M. Reis
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CCP – Culture Collection of Porto-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Lin Y, Zhang N, Lin Y, Gao Y, Li H, Zhou C, Meng W, Qin W. Transcriptomic and metabolomic correlation analysis: effect of initial SO 2 addition on higher alcohol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identification of key regulatory genes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1394880. [PMID: 38803372 PMCID: PMC11128613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1394880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Higher alcohols are volatile compounds produced during alcoholic fermentation that affect the quality and safety of the final product. This study used a correlation analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to study the impact of the initial addition of SO2 (30, 60, and 90 mg/L) on the synthesis of higher alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118a and to identify key genes and metabolic pathways involved in their metabolism. Methods Transcriptomics and metabolomics correlation analyses were performed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites were identified. Single-gene knockouts for targeting genes of important pathways were generated to study the roles of key genes involved in the regulation of higher alcohol production. Results We found that, as the SO2 concentration increased, the production of total higher alcohols showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Multi-omics correlation analysis revealed that the addition of SO2 affected carbon metabolism (ko01200), pyruvate metabolism (ko00620), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (ko00010), the pentose phosphate pathway (ko00030), and other metabolic pathways, thereby changing the precursor substances. The availability of SO2 indirectly affects the formation of higher alcohols. In addition, excessive SO2 affected the growth of the strain, leading to the emergence of a lag phase. We screened the ten most likely genes and constructed recombinant strains to evaluate the impact of each gene on the formation of higher alcohols. The results showed that ADH4, SER33, and GDH2 are important genes of alcohol metabolism in S. cerevisiae. The isoamyl alcohol content of the EC1118a-ADH4 strain decreased by 21.003%; The isobutanol content of the EC1118a-SER33 strain was reduced by 71.346%; and the 2-phenylethanol content of EC1118a-GDH2 strain was reduced by 25.198%. Conclusion This study lays a theoretical foundation for investigating the mechanism of initial addition of SO2 in the synthesis of higher alcohols in S. cerevisiae, uncovering DEGs and key metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of higher alcohols, and provides guidance for regulating these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Yonghong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yinhao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Cuixia Zhou
- College of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Wu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Weishuai Qin
- College of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, China
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Nakanishi A, Mori M, Yamamoto N, Nemoto S, Kanamaru N, Yomogita M, Omino N, Matsumoto R. Evaluation of Cell Responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under Cultivation Using Wheat Bran as a Nutrient Resource by Analyses of Growth Activities and Comprehensive Gene Transcription Levels. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2674. [PMID: 38004686 PMCID: PMC10673363 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran has high nutritional values and is also cheaper than yeast nitrogen base as an important component of a medium. Although its use in microbial cultivations is expected, research and development has hardly progressed so far. In this study, with experimental Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, the cell responses to wheat bran as a nutrient were evaluated by analyses of cell growth, ethanol production, and comprehensive gene transcription levels. Comparing wheat bran and yeast nitrogen base, BY4741 showed specific growth rates of 0.277 ± 0.002 and 0.407 ± 0.035 as a significant difference. Additionally, wheat bran could be used as a restricted media component like yeast nitrogen base. However, in 24 h of cultivation with wheat bran and yeast nitrogen base, although conversion ratios of ethanol productions showed no significant difference at 63.0 ± 7.2% and 62.5 ± 8.2%, the ratio of cell production displayed a significant difference at 7.31 ± 0.04% and 4.90 ± 0.16%, indicating a different cell response. In fact, the comprehensive evaluation of transcription levels strongly suggested major changes in glucose metabolism. This study indicated that BY4741 could switch transcription levels efficiently to use wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Nakanishi
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.O.)
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.N.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minori Mori
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Naotaka Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.N.); (M.Y.)
| | - Shintaro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.N.); (M.Y.)
| | - Nono Kanamaru
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Misaki Yomogita
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (N.Y.); (S.N.); (M.Y.)
| | - Natsumi Omino
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Riri Matsumoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.O.)
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Zhu N, Xia W, Wang G, Song Y, Gao X, Liang J, Wang Y. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37143059 PMCID: PMC10158149 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol is a specific aromatic alcohol with a rose-like smell, which has been widely used in the cosmetic and food industries. At present, 2-phenylethanol is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. The preference of consumers for "natural" products and the demand for environmental-friendly processes have promoted biotechnological processes for 2-phenylethanol production. Yet, high 2-phenylethanol cytotoxicity remains an issue during the bioproduction process. RESULTS Corynebacterium glutamicum with inherent tolerance to aromatic compounds was modified for the production of 2-phenylethanol from glucose and xylose. The sensitivity of C. glutamicum to 2-phenylethanol toxicity revealed that this host was more tolerant than Escherichia coli. Introduction of a heterologous Ehrlich pathway into the evolved phenylalanine-producing C. glutamicum CALE1 achieved 2-phenylethanol production, while combined expression of the aro10. Encoding 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase originating from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the yahK encoding alcohol dehydrogenase originating from E. coli was shown to be the most efficient. Furthermore, overexpression of key genes (aroGfbr, pheAfbr, aroA, ppsA and tkt) involved in the phenylpyruvate pathway increased 2-phenylethanol titer to 3.23 g/L with a yield of 0.05 g/g glucose. After introducing a xylose assimilation pathway from Xanthomonas campestris and a xylose transporter from E. coli, 3.55 g/L 2-phenylethanol was produced by the engineered strain CGPE15 with a yield of 0.06 g/g xylose, which was 10% higher than that with glucose. This engineered strain CGPE15 also accumulated 3.28 g/L 2-phenylethanol from stalk hydrolysate. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established and validated an efficient C. glutamicum strain for the de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from corn stalk hydrolysate. This work supplied a promising route for commodity 2-phenylethanol bioproduction from nonfood lignocellulosic feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanglu Wang
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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10
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Yan W, Gao H, Jiang W, Jiang Y, Lin CSK, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. The De Novo Synthesis of 2-Phenylethanol from Glucose by the Synthetic Microbial Consortium Composed of Engineered Escherichia coli and Meyerozyma guilliermondii. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4018-4030. [PMID: 36368021 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic microbial consortia show promising applications for fine chemical production, especially with long metabolic pathways. In this study, a synthetic microbial consortium consisting of Escherichia coli YLC20 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii MG57 was successfully constructed, which could achieve efficient de novo 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) production from glucose. A tyrosine-deficient E. coli YLC20 overexpressing genes of aroF and pheA was first constructed, which could accumulate 29.5 g/L of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) within 96 h from glucose accompanied by the coproduction of acetate and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Furthermore, the engineered M. guilliermondii MG57 was constructed through the stepwise metabolic engineering strategy, which could facilitate the 2-PE synthesis from l-Phe. Moreover, the cosubstrate and material intervention strategies were applied to improve the stability of the microbial consortium and 2-PE production. Finally, the synthetic microbial consortium could de novo synthesize 3.77 g/L of 2-PE from 80 g/L of glucose, providing a reference for the de novo synthesis of fine chemicals with long metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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11
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Wang G, Wang M, Yang J, Li Q, Zhu N, Liu L, Hu X, Yang X. De novo Synthesis of 2-phenylethanol from Glucose by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6825456. [PMID: 36370454 PMCID: PMC9923381 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2- PE) is an aromatic alcohol with wide applications, but there is still no efficient microbial cell factory for 2-PE based on Escherichia coli. In this study, we constructed a metabolically engineered E. coli capable of de novo synthesis of 2-PE from glucose. Firstly, the heterologous styrene-derived and Ehrlich pathways were individually constructed in an L-Phe producer. The results showed that the Ehrlich pathway was better suited to the host than the styrene-derived pathway, resulting in a higher 2-PE titer of ∼0.76 ± 0.02 g/L after 72 h of shake flask fermentation. Furthermore, the phenylacetic acid synthase encoded by feaB was deleted to decrease the consumption of 2-phenylacetaldehyde, and the 2-PE titer increased to 1.75 ± 0.08 g/L. As phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important precursor for L-Phe synthesis, both the crr and pykF genes were knocked out, leading to ∼35% increase of the 2-PE titer, which reached 2.36 ± 0.06 g/L. Finally, a plasmid-free engineered strain was constructed based on the Ehrlich pathway by integrating multiple ARO10 cassettes (encoding phenylpyruvate decarboxylases) and overexpressing the yjgB gene. The engineered strain produced 2.28 ± 0.20 g/L of 2-PE with a yield of 0.076 g/g glucose and productivity of 0.048 g/L/h. To our best knowledge, this is the highest titer and productivity ever reported for the de novo synthesis of 2-PE in E. coli. In a 5-L fermenter, the 2-PE titer reached 2.15 g/L after 32 h of fermentation, suggesting that the strain has the potential to efficiently produce higher 2-PE titers following further fermentation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinchu Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd. Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianmei Hu
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Xuepeng Yang, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road 5, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China. Tel.: +86-152-3712-7687; Fax: +86-0371-8660-8262; E-mail:
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12
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Wang C, Yuan G, He Y, Tang J, Zhou H, Qiu S. The formation of higher alcohols in rice wine fermentation using different rice cultivars. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:978323. [PMID: 36386618 PMCID: PMC9650211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.978323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher alcohols are closely related to the flavor and safety of rice wine. The formation of n-propanol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, and phenylethanol during rice wine fermentations was for the first time investigated in this study among 10 rice cultivars from two main production regions. Rice wine made from Yashui rice, the long-grain non-glutinous rice from Guizhou, produced the highest yields of higher alcohols (487.45 mg/L), and rice wine made from five glutinous rice cultivars produced the lowest yields of higher alcohols (327.45-344.16 mg/L). An extremely strong correlation was found between the starch in rice and higher alcohols in rice wine. Further analysis first showed that the former fermentation period was key for the nutrient consumption and higher alcohol formation, with more than 55% of glucose being consumed and more than 75% of higher alcohols being synthesized in 48 h. Correlation analysis confirmed the strong correlation between nutrient consumption and higher alcohol formation including valine-isobutanol (coefficient higher than 0.8 in seven rice cultivars and higher than 0.6 in three rice cultivars), glucose-isoamyl alcohol (coefficient higher than 0.8 in five rice cultivars and higher than 0.6 in the other five rice cultivars), and glucose-phenylethanol (coefficient higher than 0.8). The correlation of threonine-n-propanol, leucine-isoamyl alcohol, phenylalanine-phenylethanol, glucose-n-propanol, and glucose-isobutanol varied among the rice wines made from 10 rice cultivars. RT-qPCR analysis on five target genes verified the variation caused by different rice cultivars. this study for the first time reported the special formation pattern of higher alcohols during rice wine fermentation, emphasizing the early contribution of glucose metabolism on the formation of isobutanol. This study highlighted the significance of rice selection for making rice wine with good quality and provided theoretical references for the control of higher alcohols, especially in the former period of rice wine fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Wang
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guoyi Yuan
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Maotai-flavored Liquor Group Production Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Yulin He
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiadai Tang
- Department of Liquor Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhou
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuyi Qiu
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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13
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Sublethal HPH treatment is a sustainable tool that induces autolytic-like processes in the early gene expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Bisquert R, Planells-Cárcel A, Valera-García E, Guillamón JM, Muñiz-Calvo S. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for hydroxytyrosol overproduction directly from glucose. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1499-1510. [PMID: 34689412 PMCID: PMC9049601 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is one of the most powerful dietary antioxidants with numerous applications in different areas, including cosmetics, nutraceuticals and food. In the present work, heterologous hydroxylase complex HpaBC from Escherichia coli was integrated into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in multiple copies. HT productivity was increased by redirecting the metabolic flux towards tyrosol synthesis to avoid exogenous tyrosol or tyrosine supplementation. After evaluating the potential of our selected strain as an HT producer from glucose, we adjusted the medium composition for HT production. The combination of the selected modifications in our engineered strain, combined with culture conditions optimization, resulted in a titre of approximately 375 mg l−1 of HT obtained from shake‐flask fermentation using a minimal synthetic‐defined medium with 160 g l−1 glucose as the sole carbon source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest HT concentration produced by an engineered S. cerevisiae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bisquert
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Andrés Planells-Cárcel
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Elena Valera-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - José Manuel Guillamón
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Sara Muñiz-Calvo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
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15
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Scott WT, Smid EJ, Block DE, Notebaart RA. Metabolic flux sampling predicts strain-dependent differences related to aroma production among commercial wine yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:204. [PMID: 34674718 PMCID: PMC8532357 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics coupled with genome-scale metabolic modeling approaches have been employed recently to quantitatively analyze the physiological states of various organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although yeast physiology in laboratory strains is well-studied, the metabolic states under industrially relevant scenarios such as winemaking are still not sufficiently understood, especially as there is considerable variation in metabolism between commercial strains. To study the potential causes of strain-dependent variation in the production of volatile compounds during enological conditions, random flux sampling and statistical methods were used, along with experimental extracellular metabolite flux data to characterize the differences in predicted intracellular metabolic states between strains. RESULTS It was observed that four selected commercial wine yeast strains (Elixir, Opale, R2, and Uvaferm) produced variable amounts of key volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Principal component analysis was performed on extracellular metabolite data from the strains at three time points of cell cultivation (24, 58, and 144 h). Separation of the strains was observed at all three time points. Furthermore, Uvaferm at 24 h, for instance, was most associated with propanol and ethyl hexanoate. R2 was found to be associated with ethyl acetate and Opale could be associated with isobutanol while Elixir was most associated with phenylethanol and phenylethyl acetate. Constraint-based modeling (CBM) was employed using the latest genome-scale metabolic model of yeast (Yeast8) and random flux sampling was performed with experimentally derived fluxes at various stages of growth as constraints for the model. The flux sampling simulations allowed us to characterize intracellular metabolic flux states and illustrate the key parts of metabolism that likely determine the observed strain differences. Flux sampling determined that Uvaferm and Elixir are similar while R2 and Opale exhibited the highest degree of differences in the Ehrlich pathway and carbon metabolism, thereby causing strain-specific variation in VOC production. The model predictions also established the top 20 fluxes that relate to phenotypic strain variation (e.g. at 24 h). These fluxes indicated that Opale had a higher median flux for pyruvate decarboxylase reactions compared with the other strains. Conversely, R2 which was lower in all VOCs, had higher median fluxes going toward central metabolism. For Elixir and Uvaferm, the differences in metabolism were most evident in fluxes pertaining to transaminase and hexokinase associated reactions. The applied analysis of metabolic divergence unveiled strain-specific differences in yeast metabolism linked to fusel alcohol and ester production. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this approach proved useful in elucidating key reactions in amino acid, carbon, and glycerophospholipid metabolism which suggest genetic divergence in activity in metabolic subsystems among these wine strains related to the observed differences in VOC formation. The findings in this study could steer more focused research endeavors in developing or selecting optimal aroma-producing yeast stains for winemaking and other types of alcoholic fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eddy J Smid
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David E Block
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Notebaart
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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GAT1 Gene, the GATA Transcription Activator, Regulates the Production of Higher Alcohol during Wheat Beer Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8050061. [PMID: 34066902 PMCID: PMC8151594 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoordinated carbon-nitrogen ratio in raw materials will lead to excessive contents of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages. The effect of GAT1 gene, the GATA transcription activator, on higher alcohol biosynthesis was investigated to clarify the mechanism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulating higher alcohol metabolism under high concentrations of free amino nitrogen (FAN). The availability of FAN by strain SDT1K with a GAT1 double-copy deletion was 28.31% lower than that of parent strain S17, and the yield of higher alcohols was 33.91% lower. The transcript levels of the downstream target genes of GAT1 and higher alcohol production in the double-copy deletion mutant suggested that a part of the effect of GAT1 deletion on higher alcohol production was the downregulation of GAP1, ARO9, and ARO10. This study shows that GATA factors can effectively regulate the metabolism of higher alcohols in S. cerevisiae and provides valuable insights into higher alcohol biosynthesis, showing great significance for the wheat beer industry.
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17
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Dai J, Xia H, Yang C, Chen X. Sensing, Uptake and Catabolism of L-Phenylalanine During 2-Phenylethanol Biosynthesis via the Ehrlich Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:601963. [PMID: 33717002 PMCID: PMC7947893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important flavouring ingredient with a persistent rose-like odour, and it has been widely utilized in food, perfume, beverages, and medicine. Due to the potential existence of toxic byproducts in 2-PE resulting from chemical synthesis, the demand for “natural” 2-PE through biotransformation is increasing. L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) is used as the precursor for the biosynthesis of 2-PE through the Ehrlich pathway by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The regulation of L-Phe metabolism in S. cerevisiae is complicated and elaborate. We reviewed current progress on the signal transduction pathways of L-Phe sensing, uptake of extracellular L-Phe and 2-PE synthesis from L-Phe through the Ehrlich pathway. Moreover, the anticipated bottlenecks and future research directions for S. cerevisiae biosynthesis of 2-PE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huili Xia
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Utilization of a styrene-derived pathway for 2-phenylethanol production in budding yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2333-2340. [PMID: 33649922 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important flavor ingredient and is widely applied in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ability to naturally synthesize 2-PE via the Ehrlich pathway, de novo synthesis of 2-PE in high titer still remains a huge challenge. In this study, a non-native styrene degradation pathway was introduced into S. cerevisiae, which represents the first time to demonstrate the functional expression of "styrene-derived" 2-PE synthesis in yeast. Using a host strain engineered with L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) overproduction, the heterologous 2-PE pathway coupled with endogenous Ehrlich pathway produced 233 mg/L 2-PE under shake flasks. Additionally, we further engineered the permease transporters to improve the intracellular L-Phe availability, and further improved the 2-PE titer to 680 mg/L. Taken together, our work represents one of the pioneering reports to explore "styrene-derived" pathway in S. cerevisiae. The synthetic yeast described here might be used as a platform for the future development of next-generation high-yielding 2-PE yeast strains.Key Points• A styrene-derived pathway was established in yeast for 2-phenylethanol productions; membrane-associated styrene oxide isomerase was functional in yeast.• Transporter engineering to improve the L-phenylalanine importation with enhanced 2-phenylethanol productions.
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19
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Li M, Lang X, Moran Cabrera M, De Keyser S, Sun X, Da Silva N, Wheeldon I. CRISPR-mediated multigene integration enables Shikimate pathway refactoring for enhanced 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis in Kluyveromyces marxianus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 33407831 PMCID: PMC7788952 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a rose-scented flavor and fragrance compound that is used in food, beverages, and personal care products. Compatibility with gasoline also makes it a potential biofuel or fuel additive. A biochemical process converting glucose or other fermentable sugars to 2-PE can potentially provide a more sustainable and economical production route than current methods that use chemical synthesis and/or isolation from plant material. RESULTS We work toward this goal by engineering the Shikimate and Ehrlich pathways in the stress-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. First, we develop a multigene integration tool that uses CRISPR-Cas9 induced breaks on the genome as a selection for the one-step integration of an insert that encodes one, two, or three gene expression cassettes. Integration of a 5-kbp insert containing three overexpression cassettes successfully occurs with an efficiency of 51 ± 9% at the ABZ1 locus and was used to create a library of K. marxianus CBS 6556 strains with refactored Shikimate pathway genes. The 33-factorial library includes all combinations of KmARO4, KmARO7, and KmPHA2, each driven by three different promoters that span a wide expression range. Analysis of the refactored pathway library reveals that high expression of the tyrosine-deregulated KmARO4K221L and native KmPHA2, with the medium expression of feedback insensitive KmARO7G141S, results in the highest increase in 2-PE biosynthesis, producing 684 ± 73 mg/L. Ehrlich pathway engineering by overexpression of KmARO10 and disruption of KmEAT1 further increases 2-PE production to 766 ± 6 mg/L. The best strain achieves 1943 ± 63 mg/L 2-PE after 120 h fed-batch operation in shake flask cultures. CONCLUSIONS The CRISPR-mediated multigene integration system expands the genome-editing toolset for K. marxianus, a promising multi-stress tolerant host for the biosynthesis of 2-PE and other aromatic compounds derived from the Shikimate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwan Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xuye Lang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marcos Moran Cabrera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Sawyer De Keyser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xiyan Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nancy Da Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ian Wheeldon
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92527, USA.
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20
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Tian S, Liang X, Chen J, Zeng W, Zhou J, Du G. Enhancement of 2-phenylethanol production by a wild-type Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain isolated from rice wine. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124257. [PMID: 33096442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important high-grade aromatic alcohol, which is widely used in the cosmetics, perfumery and food industries. However, 2-PE is mainly synthesized using a chemical route, which produces environmental pollution and harmful by-products. Screening of high-yielding wild-type strains has become an important goal for the future biosynthesis of 2-PE. In this study, a wild-type Wickerhamomyces anomalus was isolated from rice wine fermented mash. By optimizing the initial glucose and l-phenylalanine concentrations, 2630.7 mg/L of 2-PE was obtained in shaking flasks. The conditions of initial glucose and l-phenylalanine concentration, pH, and inoculation amount were optimized for 2-PE production with W. anomalus. Finally, based on the optimal conditions, the 2-PE titer reached 4,727.3 mg/L by a single-dose fed-batch strategy in a 5-L bioreactor. The results showed that the ability was expanded to harness the Ehrlich pathway for the production of high-value aromatics in aroma-producing yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lu X, Zong H, Zhuge B. Genetic engineering of an industrial yeast Candida glycerinogenes for efficient production of 2-phenylethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10481-10491. [PMID: 33180170 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories offer an economic approach for synthesizing "natural'" aromatic flavor compounds. During their fermentation process, the inefficient synthesis pathway and product cytotoxicity are the major barriers to the high-level production. This study combined metabolic engineering and tolerance engineering strategies to maximize the valuable rose-smell 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) production in Candida glycerinogenes, a GRAS diploid industrial yeast. Firstly, 2-PE metabolic networks involved in Ehrlich pathway were stepwise rewired using metabolic engineering, including the following: (1) overexpressing L-phenylalanine permease Aap9 enhanced precursor uptake; (2) overexpressing enzymes (aminotransferase Aro9 and decarboxylase Aro10) of Ehrlich pathway increased catalytic efficiency; and (3) disrupting the formation of by-product phenylacetate catalyzed by Ald2 and Ald3 maximized the metabolic flux toward 2-PE. Then, tolerance engineering was applied by overexpression of a stress-inducible gene SLC1 in the metabolically engineered strain to further enhance 2-PE production. Combining these two approaches finally resulted in 5.0 g/L 2-PE in shake flasks, with productivity reaching 0.21 g/L/h, which were increased by 38.9% and 177% compared with those of the non-engineered strain, respectively. The 2-PE yield of this engineered strain was 0.71 g/g L-phenylalanine, corresponding to 95.9% of theoretical yield. This study provides a reference to efficiently engineering of microbial cell factories for other valuable aromatic compounds. KEY POINTS: • Metabolic engineering improved 2-PE biosynthesis. • Tolerance engineering alleviated product inhibition, contributing to 2-PE production. • The best strain produced 5.0 g/L 2-PE with 0.959 mol/mol yield and high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinyao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Hong Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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22
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Yan W, Zhang X, Qian X, Zhou J, Dong W, Ma J, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Comprehensive investigations of 2-phenylethanol production by high 2-phenylethanol tolerating Meyerozyma sp. strain YLG18. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 140:109629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Curation and Analysis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome-Scale Metabolic Model for Predicting Production of Sensory Impact Molecules under Enological Conditions. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach for elucidating strain-to-strain metabolic differences is the use of genome-scale metabolic models (GSMMs). To date GSMMs have not focused on the industrially important area of flavor production and, as such; do not cover all the pathways relevant to flavor formation in yeast. Moreover, current models for Saccharomyces cerevisiae generally focus on carbon-limited and/or aerobic systems, which is not pertinent to enological conditions. Here, we curate a GSMM (iWS902) to expand on the existing Ehrlich pathway and ester formation pathways central to aroma formation in industrial winemaking, in addition to the existing sulfur metabolism and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) pathways that also contribute to production of sensory impact molecules. After validating the model using experimental data, we predict key differences in metabolism for a strain (EC 1118) in two distinct growth conditions, including differences for aroma impact molecules such as acetic acid, tryptophol, and hydrogen sulfide. Additionally, we propose novel targets for metabolic engineering for aroma profile modifications employing flux variability analysis with the expanded GSMM. The model provides mechanistic insights into the key metabolic pathways underlying aroma formation during alcoholic fermentation and provides a potential framework to contribute to new strategies to optimize the aroma of wines.
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24
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de Lima LA, Ventorim RZ, Bianchini IA, de Queiroz MV, Fietto LG, da Silveira WB. Obtainment, selection and characterization of a mutant strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus that displays improved production of 2-phenylethanol and enhanced DAHP synthase activity. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:878-890. [PMID: 32706912 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Yeasts produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) from sugars via de novo synthesis; however, its synthesis is limited due to feedback inhibition on the isofunctional 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthases (Aro3p and Aro4p). This work aimed to select Kluyveromyces marxianus mutant strains with improved capacity to produce 2-PE from sugars. METHODS AND RESULTS Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 mutant strains were selected from UV irradiation coupled with screening of p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP) tolerant strains on culture medium without l-Phe addition. Most of them produced 2-PE titres higher than the parental strain and the Km_PFP41 mutant strain stood out for displaying the highest 2-PE specific production rate. Moreover it showed higher activity of DAHP synthase than the parental strain. We sequenced both ARO3 and ARO4 genes of Km_PFP41 mutant and identified mutations in ARO4 which caused changes in both size and conformation of the Aro4p. These changes seem to be associated with the enhanced activity of DAHP synthase and improved production of 2-PE exhibited by that mutant strain. CONCLUSIONS The Km_PFP41 mutant strain presented improved 2-PE production via de novo synthesis and enhanced DAHP synthase activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The mutant strain obtained in this work may be exploited as a yeast cell factory for high-level synthesis of 2-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A de Lima
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - R Z Ventorim
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - I A Bianchini
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - M V de Queiroz
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - L G Fietto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - W B da Silveira
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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25
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Efficient synthesis of 2-phenylethanol from L-phenylalanine by engineered Bacillus licheniformis using molasses as carbon source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7507-7520. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Rodríguez-Romero JDJ, Aceves-Lara CA, Silva CF, Gschaedler A, Amaya-Delgado L, Arrizon J. 2-Phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate production by nonconventional yeasts using tequila vinasses as a substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00420. [PMID: 32025510 PMCID: PMC6997672 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Yeast species influenced the de novo synthesis of 2-phenylethylacetate. Inhibitory compounds showed a strong influence on cell growth and 2-phenylethylacetate production for the evaluated yeasts. More than a 50 % reduction in the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand was achieved by yeast fermentation.
Vinasses from the tequila industry are wastewaters with highly elevated organic loads. Therefore, to obtain value-added products by yeast fermentations, such as 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenylethylacetate (2-PEA), could be interesting for industrial applications from tequila vinasses. In this study, four yeasts species (Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Candida glabrata, Candida utilis, and Candida parapsilosis) were evaluated with two different chemically defined media and tequila vinasses. Differences in the aroma compounds production were observed depending on the medium and yeast species used. In tequila vinasses, the highest concentration (65 mg/L) of 2-PEA was reached by C. glabrata, the inhibitory compounds decreased biomass production and synthesis of 2-PEA, and biochemical and chemical oxygen demands were reduced by more than 50 %. Tequila vinasses were suitable for the production of 2-phenylethylacetate by the shikimate pathway. A metabolic network was developed to obtain a guideline to improve 2-PE and 2-PEA production using flux balance analysis (FBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús Rodríguez-Romero
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Jalisco, Mexico
| | - César Arturo Aceves-Lara
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.,TBI (ex.LISBP)-INSA, Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina Ferreira Silva
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Postal Code 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Anne Gschaedler
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lorena Amaya-Delgado
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Javier Arrizon
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Jalisco, Mexico
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27
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The draft genome sequence of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain YLG18, a yeast capable of producing and tolerating high concentration of 2-phenylethanol. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:441. [PMID: 31750039 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The draft genome of a wild-type Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain YLG18, which could convert l-phenylalanine (l-phe) to 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and tolerate high concentration of 2-PE was sequenced and analyzed. 18S rDNA analysis indicated that strain YLG18 is closely related to M. guilliermondii. The assembled draft genome of strain YLG18 is 12.8 Mb, containing 5275 encoded protein sequences with G + C content of 43.75%. Among these annotated genes, two aminotransferases, one phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and two bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenases (adh) play key roles in the achievement of 2-PE production from l-phe via Ehrlich pathway. In addition, membrane protein insertase (YidC), heat shock protein (Hsp90) and chaperons (SGT1) were identified, which may contribute to the increased tolerance to 2-PE.
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28
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Connecting central carbon and aromatic amino acid metabolisms to improve de novo 2-phenylethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2019; 56:165-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Sieiro-Sampedro T, Figueiredo-González M, González-Barreiro C, Simal-Gandara J, Cancho-Grande B, Rial-Otero R. Impact of mepanipyrim and tetraconazole in Mencía wines on the biosynthesis of volatile compounds during the winemaking process. Food Chem 2019; 300:125223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Whole-Genome Sequence of
Enterobacter
sp. Strain MF024, Isolated from Soil in Shanghai, China. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/37/e00650-19. [PMID: 31515338 PMCID: PMC6742789 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00650-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the draft genome sequence of Enterobacter sp. strain MF024, a bacterium that can biosynthesize 2-phenylethanol through both the Ehrlich pathway and a de novo pathway. It has potential use for the production of 2-phenylethanol. We report here the draft genome sequence of Enterobacter sp. strain MF024, a bacterium that can biosynthesize 2-phenylethanol through both the Ehrlich pathway and a de novo pathway. It has potential use for the production of 2-phenylethanol.
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31
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Lu X, Zong H, Zhuge B. Advances in 2-phenylethanol production from engineered microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:403-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Qian X, Yan W, Zhang W, Dong W, Ma J, Ochsenreither K, Jiang M, Xin F. Current status and perspectives of 2-phenylethanol production through biological processes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 39:235-248. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1530634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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33
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Liu Q, Yu T, Campbell K, Nielsen J, Chen Y. Modular Pathway Rewiring of Yeast for Amino Acid Production. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:417-439. [PMID: 30173772 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids find various applications in biotechnology in view of their importance in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and personal care industries as nutrients, additives, and drugs, respectively. For the large-scale production of amino acids, microbial cell factories are widely used and the development of amino acid-producing strains has mainly focused on prokaryotes Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli. However, the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is becoming an even more appealing microbial host for production of amino acids and derivatives because of its superior molecular and physiological features, such as amenable to genetic engineering and high tolerance to harsh conditions. To transform S. cerevisiae into an industrial amino acid production platform, the highly coordinated and multiple layers regulation in its amino acid metabolism should be relieved and reconstituted to optimize the metabolic flux toward synthesis of target products. This chapter describes principles, strategies, and applications of modular pathway rewiring in yeast using the engineering of l-ornithine metabolism as a paradigm. Additionally, detailed protocols for in vitro module construction and CRISPR/Cas-mediated pathway assembly are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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34
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de Lima LA, Diniz RHS, de Queiroz MV, Fietto LG, da Silveira WB. Screening of Yeasts Isolated from Brazilian Environments for the 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Wang Z, Jiang M, Guo X, Liu Z, He X. Reconstruction of metabolic module with improved promoter strength increases the productivity of 2-phenylethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:60. [PMID: 29642888 PMCID: PMC5896102 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important aromatic compound with a lovely rose-like scent. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a desirable microbe for 2-PE production but its natural yield is not high, and one or two crucial genes’ over-expression in S. cerevisiae did not improve 2-PE greatly. Results A new metabolic module was established here, in which, permease Gap1p for l-phenylalanine transportation, catalytic enzymes Aro8p, Aro10p and Adh2p in Ehrlich pathway respectively responsible for transamination, decarboxylation and reduction were assembled, besides, glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh2p was harbored for re-supplying another substrate 2-oxoglutarate, relieving product glutamate repression and regenerating cofactor NADH. Due to different promoter strengths, GAP1, ARO8, ARO9, ARO10, ADH2 and GDH2 in the new modularized YS58(G1-A8-A10-A2)-GDH strain enhanced 11.6-, 15.4-, 3.6-, 17.7-, 12.4- and 7.5-folds respectively, and crucial enzyme activities of aromatic aminotransferases and phenylpyruvate decarboxylase were 4.8- and 7-folds respectively higher than that of the control. Conclusions Under the optimum medium and cell density, YS58(G1-A8-A10-A2)-GDH presented efficient 2-PE synthesis ability with ~ 6.3 g L−1 of 2-PE titer in 5-L fermenter reaching 95% of conversation ratio. Under fed-batch fermentation, 2-PE productivity at 24 h increased 29% than that of single-batch fermentation. Metabolic modularization with promoter strategy provides a new prospective for efficient 2-PE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuena Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiuping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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36
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Liu C, Zhang K, Cao W, Zhang G, Chen G, Yang H, Wang Q, Liu H, Xian M, Zhang H. Genome mining of 2-phenylethanol biosynthetic genes from Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087 and heterologous overproduction in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:305. [PMID: 30455734 PMCID: PMC6223000 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a higher aromatic alcohol that is widely used in the perfumery, cosmetics, and food industries and is also a potentially valuable next-generation biofuel. In our previous study, a new strain Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087 was isolated to produce 2-PE from glucose through the phenylpyruvate pathway. RESULTS In this study, candidate genes for 2-PE biosynthesis were identified from Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087 by draft whole-genome sequence, metabolic engineering, and shake flask fermentation. Subsequently, the identified genes encoding the 2-keto acid decarboxylase (Kdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) enzymes from Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087 were introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3) to construct a high-efficiency microbial cell factory for 2-PE production using the prokaryotic phenylpyruvate pathway. The enzymes Kdc4427 and Adh4428 from Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087 showed higher performances than did the corresponding enzymes ARO10 and ADH2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. The E. coli cell factory was further improved by overexpressing two upstream shikimate pathway genes, aroF/aroG/aroH and pheA, to enhance the metabolic flux of the phenylpyruvate pathway, which resulted in 2-PE production of 260 mg/L. The combined overexpression of tktA and ppsA increased the precursor supply of erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate, which resulted in 2-PE production of 320 mg/L, with a productivity of 13.3 mg/L/h. CONCLUSIONS The present study achieved the highest titer of de novo 2-PE production of in a recombinant E. coli system. This study describes a new, efficient 2-PE producer that lays foundation for the industrial-scale production of 2-PE and its derivatives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources’ Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources’ Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources’ Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources’ Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang L, Liu Q, Pan H, Li X, Guo D. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to high efficient synthesis phenylacetic acid from phenylalanine. AMB Express 2017; 7:105. [PMID: 28549374 PMCID: PMC5445031 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a fine chemical with a high industrial demand for its widespread uses. Whereas, microorganic synthesis of PAA is impeded by the formation of by-product phenethyl alcohol due to quick, endogenous, and superfluous conversion of aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, which resulted in less conversation of PAA from aldehydes. In this study, an Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 strain with reduced aromatic aldehyde reduction (RARE) that does duty for a platform for aromatic aldehyde biosynthesis was used to prompt more PAA biosynthesis. We establish a microbial biosynthetic pathway for PAA production from the simple substrate phenylalanine in E. coli with heterologous coexpression of aminotransferase (ARO8), keto acid decarboxylase (KDC) and aldehyde dehydrogenase H (AldH) gene. It was found that PAA transformation yield was up to ~94% from phenylalanine in E. coli and there was no by-product phenethyl alcohol was detected. Our results reveal the high efficiency of the RARE strain for production of PAA and indicate the potential industrial applicability of this microbial platform for PAA biosynthesis.
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38
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Dzialo MC, Park R, Steensels J, Lievens B, Verstrepen KJ. Physiology, ecology and industrial applications of aroma formation in yeast. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:S95-S128. [PMID: 28830094 PMCID: PMC5916228 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells are often employed in industrial fermentation processes for their ability to efficiently convert relatively high concentrations of sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Additionally, fermenting yeast cells produce a wide range of other compounds, including various higher alcohols, carbonyl compounds, phenolic compounds, fatty acid derivatives and sulfur compounds. Interestingly, many of these secondary metabolites are volatile and have pungent aromas that are often vital for product quality. In this review, we summarize the different biochemical pathways underlying aroma production in yeast as well as the relevance of these compounds for industrial applications and the factors that influence their production during fermentation. Additionally, we discuss the different physiological and ecological roles of aroma-active metabolites, including recent findings that point at their role as signaling molecules and attractants for insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Dzialo
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rahel Park
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Steensels
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, Fortsesteenweg 30A B-2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Guo D, Zhang L, Pan H, Li X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of 2-Phenylethylacetate from L-phenylalanine. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28436122 PMCID: PMC5552962 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to meet the need of consumer preferences for natural flavor compounds, microbial synthesis method has become a very attractive alternative to the chemical production. The 2‐phenylethanol (2‐PE) and its ester 2‐phenylethylacetate (2‐PEAc) are two extremely important flavor compounds with a rose‐like odor. In recent years, Escherichia coli and yeast have been metabolically engineered to produce 2‐PE. However, a metabolic engineering approach for 2‐PEAc production is rare. Here, we designed and expressed a 2‐PEAc biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. This pathway comprised four steps: aminotransferase (ARO8) for transamination of L‐phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate, 2‐keto acid decarboxylase KDC for the decarboxylation of the phenylpyruvate to phenylacetaldehyde, aldehyde reductase YjgB for the reduction of phenylacetaldehyde to 2‐PE, alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1 for the esterification of 2‐PE to 2‐PEAc. Using the engineered E. coli strain for shake flasks cultivation with 1 g/L L‐phenylalanine, we achieved co‐production of 268 mg/L 2‐PEAc and 277 mg/L 2‐PE. Our results suggest that approximately 65% of L‐phenylalanine was utilized toward 2‐PEAc and 2‐PE biosynthesis and thus demonstrate potential industrial applicability of this microbial platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyi Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
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