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Kaur G, Kaur R, Sodhi GK, George N, Rath SK, Walia HK, Dwibedi V, Saxena S. Stilbenes: a journey from folklore to pharmaceutical innovation. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:229. [PMID: 38647675 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In modern times, medicine is predominantly based on evidence-based practices, whereas in ancient times, indigenous people relied on plant-based medicines with factual evidence documented in ancient books or folklore that demonstrated their effectiveness against specific infections. Plants and microbes account for 70% of drugs approved by the USFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). Stilbenes, polyphenolic compounds synthesized by plants under stress conditions, have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic potential, bridging ancient wisdom with modern healthcare. Resveratrol, the most studied stilbene, initially discovered in grapes, red wine, peanuts, and blueberries, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including cardiovascular protection, antioxidant effects, anticancer activity, and neuroprotection. Traditional remedies, documented in ancient texts like the Ayurvedic Charak Samhita, foreshadowed the medicinal properties of stilbenes long before their modern scientific validation. Today, stilbenes are integral to the booming wellness and health supplement market, with resveratrol alone projected to reach a market value of 90 million US$ by 2025. However, challenges in stilbene production persist due to limited natural sources and costly extraction methods. Bioprospecting efforts reveal promising candidates for stilbene production, particularly endophytic fungi, which demonstrate high-yield capabilities and genetic modifiability. However, the identification of optimal strains and fermentation processes remains a critical consideration. The current review emphasizes the knowledge of the medicinal properties of Stilbenes (i.e., cardiovascular, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, etc.) isolated from plant and microbial sources, while also discussing strategies for their commercial production and future research directions. This also includes examples of novel stilbenes compounds reported from plant and endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Kaur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur Sodhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Nancy George
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Rath
- School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Harleen Kaur Walia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Vagish Dwibedi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
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Sun P, Zheng P, Chen P, Wu D, Xu S. Engineering of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the ortho-hydroxylation of ferulic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130545. [PMID: 38431000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds have natural antioxidant properties, and their antioxidant activity is usually related to the number and position of hydroxyls. Here, we successfully applied the engineered 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylases (4HPA3Hs) derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to catalyze ferulic acid (FA) synthesis of ortho-hydroxyferulic acid (5-hydroxyferulic acid, 5-OHFA). Through optimization of co-expression, the oxygenase component (PaHpaB) and the reductase component (PaHpaC) in E. coli, and optimization of whole-cell catalytic conditions, the engineered strain BC catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation of 2 g/L of FA with a yield of 75 % from 39 %. Through tunnel engineering of PaHpaB, the obtained mutants F301A and Q376A almost completely transformed 2 g/L of FA. Further, a multiple mutant L214A/F301A/Q376A converted 4 g/L FA into 5-OHFA within 12 h, and the yield reached 99.9 %, which was approximately 2.39-fold of the wild type. The kcat/Km value of L214A/F301A/Q376A was about 307 times greater than that of the wide type. Analysis of three-dimensional structural models showed that L214, F301, and Q376 mutated into Ala, which greatly shortened the side chain and broadened the tunnel size, thereby significantly improving the catalytic efficiency of L214A/F301A/Q376A. This biosynthesis of 5-OHFA is simple, efficient, and green, suggesting that it is useful for efficient biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China..
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang Q, Jin Y, Yang K, Hu S, Lv C, Huang J, Mei J, Zhao W, Mei L. Modification of the 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate-3-hydroxylase Substrate Pocket to Increase Activity towards Resveratrol. Molecules 2023; 28:5602. [PMID: 37513473 PMCID: PMC10384689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylacetate-3-hydroxylase (4HPA3H; EC 1.14.14.9) is a heterodimeric flavin-dependent monooxygenase complex that catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of resveratrol to produce piceatannol. Piceatannol has various health benefits and valuable applications in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Enhancing the catalytic activity of 4HPA3H toward resveratrol has the potential to benefit piceatannol production. In this study, the critical amino acid residues in the substrate pocket of 4HPA3H that affect its activity toward resveratrol were identified using semi-rational engineering. Two key amino acid sites (I157 and A211) were discovered and the simultaneous "best" mutant I157L/A211D enabled catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km-resveratrol) to increase by a factor of 4.7-fold. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the increased flexibility of the 4HPA3H substrate pocket has the potential to improve the catalytic activity of the enzyme toward resveratrol. On this basis, we produced 3.78 mM piceatannol by using the mutant I157L/A211D whole cells. In this study, we successfully developed a highly active 4HPA3H variant for the hydroxylation of resveratrol to piceatannol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchao Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yuning Jin
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Changjiang Lv
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiaqi Mei
- Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Weirui Zhao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Lehe Mei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321019, China
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Lee UJ, Sohng JK, Kim BG, Choi KY. Recent trends in the modification of polyphenolic compounds using hydroxylation and glycosylation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102914. [PMID: 36857963 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactive molecules that are used in therapeutics. Polyphenol hydroxylation and glycosylation have been shown to increase their bioavailability, solubility, bioactivity, and stability for use in various applications. Ortho-hydroxylation of polyphenols using tyrosinase allows high selectivity and yield without requiring a cofactor, while meta- and para-hydroxylation of polyphenols are mediated by site-specific hydroxylases and cytochrome P450s, although these processes are somewhat rare. O-glycosylation of polyphenols proceeds further after hydroxylation. The O-glycosylation reaction typically requires nucleotide diphosphate (NDP) sugar. However, amylosucrase (AS) has emerged as a promising enzyme for polyphenol glycosylation in large-scale production without requiring NDP-sugar. Overall, this review describes recent findings on the enzymatic mechanisms, enzyme engineering, and applications of enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk-Jae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Institute of BioEngineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction (iBR), Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Institute of BioEngineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Republic of Korea.
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Nozawa D, Matsuyama A, Furuya T. Biocatalytic synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hydroxyequols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128908. [PMID: 35902062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyequols are promising analogues of the biologically active flavonoid, equol. We recently found that the flavin-dependent monooxygenase HpaBro-3 of Rhodococcus opacus regioselectively synthesizes 3'-hydroxyequol from equol, whereas HpaBpl-1 of Photorhabdus luminescens synthesizes 6-hydroxyequol. In this study, we investigated the cascade synthesis of a dihydroxyequol compound from equol using these two enzymes. When Escherichia coli cells expressing HpaBro-3 and cells expressing HpaBpl-1 were simultaneously incubated with equol, the cells efficiently synthesized 6,3'-dihydroxyequol (8.7 mM, 2.4 g/L) via 3'- and 6-hydroxyequols in one pot. The antioxidant activity of the equol derivatives increased with an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups on the equol scaffold. 6,3'-Dihydroxyequol exhibited potent antioxidant activity. In addition, 6-hydroxyequol significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli. Cell survival studies suggested that 6-hydroxyequol is a bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic compound. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the antibacterial activity of hydroxyequols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nozawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Furuya T, Imaki N, Shigei K, Sai M, Kino K. Isolation and characterization of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria capable of producing piceatannol from resveratrol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5811-5820. [PMID: 31093702 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Piceatannol is a valuable natural polyphenol with therapeutic potential in cardiovascular and metabolic disease treatment. In this study, we screened for microorganisms capable of producing piceatannol from resveratrol via regioselective hydroxylation. In the first screening, we isolated microorganisms utilizing resveratrol, phenol, or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as a carbon source for growth. In the second screening, we assayed the isolated microorganisms for hydroxylation of resveratrol. Using this screening procedure, a variety of resveratrol-converting microorganisms were obtained. One Gram-negative bacterium, Ensifer sp. KSH1, and one Gram-positive bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. KSH3, utilized 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as a carbon source for growth and efficiently hydroxylated resveratrol to piceatannol without producing any detectable by-products. The hydroxylation activity of strains KSH1 and KSH3 was strongly induced by cultivation with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid as a carbon source during stationary growth phase. Using the 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-induced cells as a biocatalyst under optimal conditions, production of piceatannol by strains KSH1 and KSH3 reached 3.6 mM (0.88 g/L) and 2.6 mM (0.64 g/L), respectively. We also cloned genes homologous to the monooxygenase gene hpaBC from strains KSH1 and KSH3. Introduction of either hpaBC homolog into Escherichia coli endowed the host with resveratrol-hydroxylating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan. .,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Naoto Imaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shigei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sai
- Health Science Research Center, Morinaga and Company Limited, 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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Biosynthesis of resveratrol and piceatannol in engineered microbial strains: achievements and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2959-2972. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hashimoto T, Nozawa D, Mukai K, Matsuyama A, Kuramochi K, Furuya T. Monooxygenase-catalyzed regioselective hydroxylation for the synthesis of hydroxyequols. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21826-21830. [PMID: 35518870 PMCID: PMC9066559 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-step product-selective approach for synthesizing hydroxyequols from equol using oxidation biocatalysts was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Daiki Nozawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | | | | | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
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Heine T, van Berkel WJH, Gassner G, van Pée KH, Tischler D. Two-Component FAD-Dependent Monooxygenases: Current Knowledge and Biotechnological Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7030042. [PMID: 30072664 PMCID: PMC6165268 DOI: 10.3390/biology7030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases create valuable compounds that are of high interest for the chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries, among others. Monooxygenases that use flavin as cofactor are either single- or two-component systems. Here we summarize the current knowledge about two-component flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases and describe their biotechnological relevance. Two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenases catalyze hydroxylation, epoxidation, and halogenation reactions and are physiologically involved in amino acid metabolism, mineralization of aromatic compounds, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The monooxygenase component of these enzymes is strictly dependent on reduced FAD, which is supplied by the reductase component. More and more representatives of two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenases have been discovered and characterized in recent years, which has resulted in the identification of novel physiological roles, functional properties, and a variety of biocatalytic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heine
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - George Gassner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Karl-Heinz van Pée
- Allgemeine Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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