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Mu D, Li P, Ma T, Wei D, Montalbán-López M, Ai Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Li X, Li X. Advances in the understanding of the production, modification and applications of xylanases in the food industry. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110473. [PMID: 38917734 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Xylanases have broad applications in the food industry to decompose the complex carbohydrate xylan. This is applicable to enhance juice clarity, improve dough softness, or reduce beer turbidity. It can also be used to produce prebiotics and increase the nutritional value in foodstuff. However, the low yield and poor stability of most natural xylanases hinders their further applications. Therefore, it is imperative to explore higher-quality xylanases to address the potential challenges that appear in the food industry and to comprehensively improve the production, modification, and utilization of xylanases. Xylanases, due to their various sources, exhibit diverse characteristics that affect production and activity. Most fungi are suitable for solid-state fermentation to produce xylanases, but in liquid fermentation, microbial metabolism is more vigorous, resulting in higher yield. Fungi produce higher xylanase activity, but bacterial xylanases perform better than fungal ones under certain extreme conditions (high temperature, extreme pH). Gene and protein engineering technology helps to improve the production efficiency of xylanases and enhances their thermal stability and catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mu
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China; Gongda Biotech (Huangshan) Limited Company, Huangshan 245400, China.
| | - Penglong Li
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tiange Ma
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dehua Wei
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Manuel Montalbán-López
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Yaqian Ai
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Anhui Yunshang Cultural Tourism Development Group, Anqing 246600, China
| | - Xu Li
- Anhui Wanyue Xinhe Project Management Company Limited, Anqing 246600, China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China; Gongda Biotech (Huangshan) Limited Company, Huangshan 245400, China.
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang S, Xu Q, Li Z, Gu X, Wood K, García Sakai V, Wan Q, Chu XQ. Experimental Evidence for the Role of Dynamics in pH-Dependent Enzymatic Activity. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5814-5822. [PMID: 38726956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity is heavily influenced by pH, but the rationale for the dynamical mechanism of pH-dependent enzymatic activity has not been fully understood. In this work, combined neutron scattering techniques, including quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS), are used to study the structural and dynamic changes of a model enzyme, xylanase, under different pH and temperature environments. The QENS results reveal that xylanase at optimal pH exhibits faster relaxational dynamics and a lower energy barrier between conformational substates. The SANS results demonstrate that pH affects both xylanase's stability and monodispersity. Our findings indicate that enzymes have optimized stability and function under their optimal pH conditions, with both structure and dynamics being affected. The current study offers valuable insights into enzymatic functionality mechanisms, allowing for broad industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wang
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengkai Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qin Xu
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xudong Gu
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kathleen Wood
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Victoria García Sakai
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Qun Wan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizer, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Qiang Chu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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3
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Zhu W, Qin L, Xu Y, Lu H, Wu Q, Li W, Zhang C, Li X. Three Molecular Modification Strategies to Improve the Thermostability of Xylanase XynA from Streptomyces rameus L2001. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040879. [PMID: 36832954 PMCID: PMC9957083 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) xylanases are the preferred candidates for the production of functional oligosaccharides. However, the low thermostability of natural GH11 xylanases limits their industrial applications. In this study, we investigated the following three strategies to modify the thermostability of xylanase XynA from Streptomyces rameus L2001 mutation to reduce surface entropy, intramolecular disulfide bond construction, and molecular cyclization. Changes in the thermostability of XynA mutants were analyzed using molecular simulations. All mutants showed improved thermostability and catalytic efficiency compared with XynA, except for molecular cyclization. The residual activities of high-entropy amino acid-replacement mutants Q24A and K104A increased from 18.70% to more than 41.23% when kept at 65 °C for 30 min. The catalytic efficiencies of Q24A and K143A increased to 129.99 and 92.26 mL/s/mg, respectively, compared with XynA (62.97 mL/s/mg) when using beechwood xylan as the substrate. The mutant enzyme with disulfide bonds formed between Val3 and Thr30 increased the t1/260 °C by 13.33-fold and the catalytic efficiency by 1.80-fold compared with the wild-type XynA. The high thermostabilities and hydrolytic activities of XynA mutants will be useful for enzymatic production of functional xylo-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zhu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liqin Qin
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Youqiang Xu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in the food industry. Their use as a supplement to the raw material for animal feed is a current research topic. Although there are several studies on the application of enzyme additives in the animal feed industry, it is necessary to search for new enzymes, as well as to utilize bioinformatics tools for the design of specific enzymes that work in certain environmental conditions and substrates. This will allow the improvement of the productive parameters in animals, reducing costs and making the processes more efficient. Technological needs have considered these catalysts as essential in many industrial sectors and research is constantly being carried out to optimize their use in those processes. This review describes the enzymes used in animal nutrition, their mode of action, their production and new sources of production as well as studies on different animal models to evaluate their effect on the productive performance intended for the production of animal feed.
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Victorino da Silva Amatto I, Gonsales da Rosa-Garzon N, Antônio de Oliveira Simões F, Santiago F, Pereira da Silva Leite N, Raspante Martins J, Cabral H. Enzyme engineering and its industrial applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:389-409. [PMID: 33555054 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in the demand for enzymes with modified activity, specificity, and stability. Enzyme engineering is an important tool to meet the demand for enzymes adjusted to different industrial processes. Knowledge of the structure and function of enzymes guides the choice of the best strategy for engineering enzymes. Each enzyme engineering strategy, such as rational design, directed evolution, and semi-rational design, has specific applications, as well as limitations, which must be considered when choosing a suitable strategy. Engineered enzymes can be optimized for different industrial applications by choosing the appropriate strategy. This review features engineered enzymes that have been applied in food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, medical applications, bioremediation, biofuels, and detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Victorino da Silva Amatto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Biosciences and Biotechnology Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonsales da Rosa-Garzon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Antônio de Oliveira Simões
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santiago
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Biosciences and Biotechnology Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália Pereira da Silva Leite
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, XUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Raspante Martins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Biosciences and Biotechnology Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Biosciences and Biotechnology Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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6
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. State-of-the-art strategies and applied perspectives of enzyme biocatalysis in food sector - current status and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:2052-2066. [PMID: 31210055 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1627284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the recent progress in biotechnology, a wide variety of novel enzymes with unique physicochemical properties and diverse applications has been introduced, and new application list continues to extend in the future. Enzymes obtained from microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast are widely applied in numerous food formulations for intensifying their texture and taste. Owing to several desirable characteristics such as easy, cost-efficient and stable production, microbial-derived enzymes are preferred source in contrast to animals or plants. Enzymatic processes have a considerable impact in controlling the characteristics such as (1) physiochemical properties, (2) rheological functionalities, (3) facile process as compared to the chemical-based processing, (4) no or minimal consumption of harsh chemicals, (5) overall cost-effective ratio, (6) sensory and flavor qualities, and (7) intensifying the stability, shelf life and overall quality of the product, etc. in the food industry. Also, enzyme-catalyzed processing has also been designed for new food applications such as extraction of bioactive compounds, nutrient-rich and texture improved foods production, and eliminating food safety hazards. Herein, we reviewed recent applications of food-processing enzymes and highlighted promising technologies to diversify their application range in food industries. Immobilization technology enabled biocatalysts to be used cost-effectively due to reusability with negligible or no activity loss. Integrated progress in novel enzyme discovery, and recombinant DNA technology, as well as protein engineering and bioprocess engineering strategies, are believed to rapidly propagate biocatalysis at industrial-scale food processing or green and sustainable chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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7
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Xiong K, Hou J, Jiang Y, Li X, Teng C, Li Q, Fan G, Yang R, Zhang C. Mutagenesis of N-terminal residues confer thermostability on a Penicillium janthinellum MA21601 xylanase. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:51. [PMID: 31345213 PMCID: PMC6659274 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mesophilic xylanase PjxA from Penicillium janthinellum MA21601 has high specific activity under acidic condition and holds great potential for applications in the animal feed industry. To enhance the thermostability of xylanase PjxA, two mutation strategies in the N-terminal region were examined and then integrated into the xylanase to further improvement. The recombinant xylanase PTxA-DB (The meaning of DB is disulfide-bridge.) was constructed by replacement of five residues in the mutated region in TfxA (T10Y, N11H, N12D, Y15F, N30 L), combined with an additional disulfide bridge in the N-terminal region. RESULTS The Tm value of mutant PTxA-DB was improved from 21.3 °C to 76.6 °C, and its half-life was found to be 53.6 min at 60 °C, 107-fold higher than the wild type strain. The location of the disulfide bridge (T2C-T29C) was between the irregular loop and the β-strand A2, accounting for most of the improvement in thermostability of PjxA. Further analysis indicated T2C, T29C, N30 L and Y15F lead to increase N-terminal hydrophobicity. Moreover, the specific activity and substrate affinity of PTxA-DB were also enhanced under the acidic pH values. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated PTxA-DB could be a prospective additive to industrial animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuefeng Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chao Teng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qin Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guangsen Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ran Yang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No 11 Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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8
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Li Q, Wu T, Duan Y, Pei J, Zhao L. Improving the Thermostability and pH Stability of Aspergillus niger Xylanase by Site-directed Mutagenesis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Improving the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of GH11 xylanase PjxA by adding disulfide bridges. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:354-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Cai C, Jin Y, Pang Y, Ke Q, Qiu W, Qiu X, Qin Y, Lou H. Tracing cellulase components in hydrolyzate during the enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob residue and its analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Effect of disulfide bridge on hydrolytic characteristics of xylanase from Penicillium janthinellum. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:405-413. [PMID: 30145159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient and stable enzymes are required for application in biotechnology, to meet the technical, environmental, and economic industrial demands. Xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes that degrade the heteroxylan constituent of the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. In this study, an acidic xylanase designated Pjxyn (pH 4.0) from Penicillium janthinellum was engineered by the introduction of a disulfide bridge. This strategy exploited the influence of the bridge on hydrolysis characteristics and enhanced hydrolysis was achieved. Three mutants [PjxynS(27)S(39), PjxynS(27)S(186), and PjxynS(39)S(186)] produced more xylose and xylobiose as hydrolysis products compared with the wild-type Pjxyn, when commercial xylans and lab-prepared water-insoluble corncob-xylan were used as the substrates, especial for the PjxynS(27)S(39) mutant, the content of xylose and xylobiose was 87.62% (using beechwood xylan) and 69.91% (using oat-spelt xylan) higher than that in the hydrolysis products of Pjxyn. Moreover, each mutant combined with the xylanase mutant T-XynFM effectively decreased the production of xylose with an optimum xylobiose yield. The findings demonstrate the potential industrial value of engineering xylanase to improve its hydrolytic properties and thermostability.
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12
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Yang A, Cheng J, Liu M, Shangguan Y, Liu L. Sandwich fusion of CBM9_2 to enhance xylanase thermostability and activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:586-591. [PMID: 29852224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Used as model for sandwich fusion, a mesophilic Aspergillus niger GH11 xylanase (Xyn) was fused into C2-Xyn-C2 with a thermophilic Thermotaga maritima GH10 xylanase carbohydrate-binding module CBM9_2 (C2). Linearized plasmids C2-pET20b-C2-Xyn were amplified from template pET20b-Xyn-C2 with a 4.3 kb C2-pET20b megaprimer, ligated into circular plasmids in blunt-end ligation, and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The C2-Xyn-C2 had optimum activity at 45 °C and pH 4.2, a 2.85 h thermal inactivation half-life at 80 °C and a 8.69 h at 50 °C, with the 8.69 h value 24.8-, 7.5-, and 7.1-fold longer than the Xyn and single terminal fusion enzymes Xyn-C2, and C2-Xyn. Thermodynamics showed that the enzyme had a 1.8 °C higher melting temperature, lower values ΔS, ΔΔG, and a denser structure than the Xyn. Kinetics showed that the C2-Xyn-C2 catalytic efficiency was 1.2-~6-fold and 2.7-~7.9-fold higher on beechwood and oat-spelt xylan than those of the enzymes Xyn, Xyn-C2, and C2-Xyn. The sandwich fusion evolved the xylanase with "armor-hands" to enhance simultaneously thermostability and activity in quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Yang
- the Life Science College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinsheng Cheng
- the Life Science College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Meng Liu
- the Life Science College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunjie Shangguan
- the Life Science College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangwei Liu
- the Life Science College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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13
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Paramjeet S, Manasa P, Korrapati N. Biofuels: Production of fungal-mediated ligninolytic enzymes and the modes of bioprocesses utilizing agro-based residues. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Improvement in thermostability of xylanase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans C5 by site directed mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 111:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Thermostability improvement of a Talaromyces leycettanus xylanase by rational protein engineering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15287. [PMID: 29127292 PMCID: PMC5681632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic xylanases with high catalytic efficiency are of great interest in the biofuel, food and feed industries. This study identified a GH11 xylanase gene, Tlxyn11B, in Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802. Recombinant TlXyn11B produced in Pichia pastoris is distinguished by high specific activity (8259 ± 32 U/mg with beechwood xylan as substrate) and excellent pH stability (from 1.0 to 10.5). The beechwood xylan hydrolysates consisted mainly of xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose, thus TlXyn11B could be used for the production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharide. By using the structure-based rational approach, the N-terminal sequence of TlXyn11B was modified for thermostability improvement. Mutants S3F and S3F/D35V/I/Q/M had elevated Tm values of 60.01 to 67.84 °C, with S3F/D35I the greatest. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis revealed that the substituted F3 and I35 formed a sandwich structure with S45 and T47, which may enhance the overall structure rigidity with lowered RMSD values. This study verifies the efficiency of rational approach in thermostability improvement and provides a xylanase candidate of GH11 with great commercialization potential.
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Li K, Zhang R, Xu Y, Wu Z, Li J, Zhou X, Jiang J, Liu H, Xiao R. Sortase A-mediated crosslinked short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases as novel biocatalysts with improved thermostability and catalytic efficiency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3081. [PMID: 28596548 PMCID: PMC5465079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(S)-carbonyl reductase II (SCRII) from Candida parapsilosis is a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase. It catalyses the conversion of 2-hydroxyacetophenone to (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol with low efficiency. Sortase was reported as a molecular “stapler” for site-specific protein conjugation to strengthen or add protein functionality. Here, we describe Staphylococcus aureus sortase A-mediated crosslinking of SCRII to produce stable catalysts for efficient biotransformation. Via a native N-terminal glycine and an added GGGGSLPETGG peptide at C-terminus of SCRII, SCRII subunits were conjugated by sortase A to form crosslinked SCRII, mainly dimers and trimers. The crosslinked SCRII showed over 6-fold and 4-fold increases, respectively, in activity and kcat/Km values toward 2-hydroxyacetophenone compared with wild-type SCRII. Moreover, crosslinked SCRII was much more thermostable with its denaturation temperature (Tm) increased to 60 °C. Biotransformation result showed that crosslinked SCRII gave a product optical purity of 100% and a yield of >99.9% within 3 h, a 16-fold decrease in transformation duration with respect to Escherichia coli/pET-SCRII. Sortase A-catalysed ligation also obviously improved Tms and product yields of eight other short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases. This work demonstrates a generic technology to improve enzyme function and thermostability through sortase A-mediated crosslinking of oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China. .,National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China. .,National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
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Tang F, Chen D, Yu B, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, He J. Improving the thermostability of Trichoderma reesei xylanase 2 by introducing disulfide bonds. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Hu D, Li J, Wu Q, Zang J, Cheng J, Wu M. Improved temperature characteristics of an Aspergillus oryzae GHF11 xylanase, by in silico design and site-directed mutagenesis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lu Y, Fang C, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang G, Ma Y. High-level expression of improved thermo-stable alkaline xylanase variant in Pichia Pastoris through codon optimization, multiple gene insertion and high-density fermentation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37869. [PMID: 27897254 PMCID: PMC5126662 DOI: 10.1038/srep37869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In paper industry, xylanases are used to increase the pulp properties in bleaching process as its eco-friendly nature. The xylanases activity is hindered by high temperature and alkaline conditions with high enzyme production cost in the paper industry. Here, XynHB, an alkaline stable xylanase from Bacillus pumilus HBP8 was mutated at N188A to XynHBN188A. Expressed mutant in E. coli showed 1.5-fold higher xylanase activity than XynHB at 60 °C. The mutant expressed in Pichia pastoris was glycosylated, remained stable for 30 min at 60 °C. XynHBN188A optimized based on codon usage bias for P. pastoris (xynHBN188As) showed an increase of 39.5% enzyme activity. The strain Y16 forming the largest hydrolysis halo in the xylan plate was used in shake flask experiments produced an enzyme activity of 6,403 U/ml. The Y16 strain had 9 copies of the recombinant xynHBN188As gene in the genome revealed by qPCR. The enzymatic activity increased to 48,241 U/ml in a 5 L fermentor. Supplement of 15 U/g xylanase enhanced the brightness of paper products by 2% in bleaching experiment, and thereby improved the tensile strength and burst factor by 13% and 6.5%, respectively. XynHBN188As has a great potential in paper industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Lu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, The College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, The College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Tianjin institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, The College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, The College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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C-Terminal proline-rich sequence broadens the optimal temperature and pH ranges of recombinant xylanase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans C5. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 91:34-41. [PMID: 27444327 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of hemicellulose entails high catalytic capacity containing xylanases. In this study, proline rich sequence was fused together with a C-terminal of xylanase gene from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans C5 and designated as GthC5ProXyl. Both GthC5Xyl and GthC5ProXyl were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 host in order to determine effect of this modification. The C-terminal oligopeptide had noteworthy effects and instantaneously extended the optimal temperature and pH ranges and progressed the specific activity of GthC5Xyl. Compared with GthC5Xyl, GthC5ProXyl revealed improved specific activity, a higher temperature (70°C versus 60°C) and pH (8 versus 6) optimum, with broad ranges of temperature and pH (60-80°C and 6.0-9.0 versus 40-60°C and 5.0-8.0, respectively). The modified enzyme retained more than 80% activity after incubating in xylan for 3h at 80°C as compared to wild -type with only 45% residual activity. Our study demonstrated that proper introduction of proline residues on C-terminal surface of xylanase family might be very effective in improvement of enzyme thermostability. Moreover, this study reveals an engineering strategy to improve the catalytic performance of enzymes.
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22
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Gomes E, de Souza AR, Orjuela GL, Da Silva R, de Oliveira TB, Rodrigues A. Applications and Benefits of Thermophilic Microorganisms and Their Enzymes for Industrial Biotechnology. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Zhou CY, Li TB, Wang YT, Zhu XS, Kang J. Exploration of a N-terminal disulfide bridge to improve the thermostability of a GH11 xylanase from Aspergillus niger. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:83-9. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.62.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Tong-Biao Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Yong-Tao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Xin-Shu Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Jing Kang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
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Yin X, Yao Y, Wu MC, Zhu TD, Zeng Y, Pang QF. A unique disulfide bridge of the thermophilic xylanase SyXyn11 plays a key role in its thermostability. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:531-7. [PMID: 25100011 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914060066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the hyperthermostable family 11 xylanase (EvXyn11(TS)) gene sequence (EU591743), the gene Syxyn11 encoding a thermophilic xylanase SyXyn11 was synthesized with synonymous codons biasing towards Pichia pastoris. The homology alignment of primary structures among family 11 xylanases revealed that, at their N-termini, only SyXyn11 contains a disulfide bridge (Cys5-Cys32). This to some extent implied the significance of the disulfide bridge of SyXyn11 to its thermostability. To confirm the correlation between the N-terminal disulfide bridge and thermostability, a SyXyn11(C5T)-encoding gene, Syxyn11(C5T), was constructed by mutating the Cys5 codon of Syxyn11 to Thr5. Then, the genes for the recombinant xylanases, reSyXyn11 and reSyXyn11(C5T), were expressed in P. pastoris GS115, yielding xylanase activity of about 35 U per ml cell culture. Both xylanases were purified to homogeneity with specific activities of 363 and 344 U/mg, respectively. The temperature optimum and stability of reSyXyn11(C5T) decreased to 70 and 50°C from 85 and 80°C of reSyXyn11, respectively. There was no obvious change in pH characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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25
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Chen CC, Ko TP, Huang JW, Guo RT. Heat- and Alkaline-Stable Xylanases: Application, Protein Structure and Engineering. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Li H, Voutilainen S, Ojamo H, Turunen O. Stability and activity of Dictyoglomus thermophilum GH11 xylanase and its disulphide mutant at high pressure and temperature. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 70:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Li YY, Zhong KX, Hu AH, Liu DN, Chen LZ, Xu SD. High-level expression and characterization of a thermostable xylanase mutant from Trichoderma reesei in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 108:90-96. [PMID: 25434687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding xylanase 2 mutant from Trichoderma reesei (T2C/T28C, named mxyn2) was cloned into the Pichia pastoris X33 strain using the vector pPICZαA. Recombinant Mxyn2p was functionally expressed in P. pastoris X33 and secreted into the supernatant. Real time qPCR demonstrated that an increase in gene copy number correlated with higher levels of expression. Supernatant from methanol induced cells was concentrated by ultrafiltration with a 10kDa cut off membrane, and purified with ion exchange chromatography using SP Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography. Recombinant Mxyn2p protein had the highest activity at 75°C, while recombinant protein encoded by the "wild type" xylanase gene xyn2, also expressed in Pichia, was 20°C lower. The Mxyn2p enzyme retained more than 70% of its activity after incubation at 80°C for 10min. The effects of the optimal pH and temperature for higher expression levels in P. pastoris were also determined, 6.0 and 22°C, respectively. The maximum xylanase activity of Mxyn2p was 13,000nkat/mg (9.88g/l) in fed-batch cultivation after 168h induction with methanol in a 50l bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yuan Li
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Feed Additive Research and Development Center, Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kai-Xin Zhong
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Feed Additive Research and Development Center, Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China
| | - Ai-Hong Hu
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Feed Additive Research and Development Center, Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan-Ni Liu
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Feed Additive Research and Development Center, Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Zhi Chen
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Feed Additive Research and Development Center, Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-de Xu
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Feed Additive Research and Development Center, Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China
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Okano H, Ozaki M, Kanaya E, Kim JJ, Angkawidjaja C, Koga Y, Kanaya S. Structure and stability of metagenome-derived glycoside hydrolase family 12 cellulase (LC-CelA) a homolog of Cel12A from Rhodothermus marinus. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:936-46. [PMID: 25426413 PMCID: PMC4239480 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten novel cellulases, LC-CelA–J, were isolated from leaf–branch compost by a metagenomic approach. LC-CelA was characterized. The structure, activity, and stability of LC-CelA were similar to those of Cel12A from Rhodothermus marinus. Glu34-mediated hydrogen bonds and two disulfide bonds contribute to the stabilization of LC-CelA.
Ten genes encoding novel cellulases with putative signal peptides at the N-terminus, termed pre-LC-CelA–J, were isolated from a fosmid library of a leaf–branch compost metagenome by functional screening using agar plates containing carboxymethyl cellulose and trypan blue. All the cellulases except pre-LC-CelG have a 14–29 residue long flexible linker (FL) between the signal peptide and the catalytic domain. LC-CelA without a signal peptide (residues 20–261), which shows 76% amino acid sequence identity to Cel12A from Rhodothermus marinus (RmCel12A), was overproduced in Escherichiacoli, purified and characterized. LC-CelA exhibited its highest activity across a broad pH range (pH 5–9) and at 90 °C, indicating that LC-CelA is a highly thermostable cellulase, like RmCel12A. The crystal structure of LC-CelA was determined at 1.85 Å resolution and is nearly identical to that of RmCel12A determined in a form without the FL. Both proteins contain two disulfide bonds. LC-CelA has a 16-residue FL (residues 20–35), most of which is not visible in the electron density map, probably due to structural disorder. However, Glu34 and Pro35 form hydrogen bonds with the central region of the protein. ΔFL-LC-CelA (residues 36–261) and E34A-LC-CelA with a single Glu34 → Ala mutation were therefore constructed and characterized. ΔFL-LC-CelA and E34A-LC-CelA had lower melting temperatures (Tm) than LC-CelA by 14.7 and 12.0 °C respectively. The Tm of LC-CelA was also decreased by 28.0 °C in the presence of dithiothreitol. These results suggest that Glu34-mediated hydrogen bonds and the two disulfide bonds contribute to the stabilization of LC-CelA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okano
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Ozaki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiko Kanaya
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Joong-Jae Kim
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Clement Angkawidjaja
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan ; International College, Osaka University, 1-30 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Koga
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigenori Kanaya
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Isolation of a Novel Cold-Active Family 11 Xylanase from the Filamentous Fungus Bispora antennata and Deletion of its N-Terminal Amino Acids on Thermostability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:925-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Cheng YS, Chen CC, Huang CH, Ko TP, Luo W, Huang JW, Liu JR, Guo RT. Structural analysis of a glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Neocallimastix patriciarum: insights into the molecular basis of a thermophilic enzyme. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11020-11028. [PMID: 24619408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic domain of XynCDBFV, a glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) xylanase from ruminal fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum previously engineered to exhibit higher specific activity and broader pH adaptability, holds great potential in commercial applications. Here, the crystal structures of XynCDBFV and its complex with substrate were determined to 1.27-1.43 Å resolution. These structures revealed a typical GH11 β-jelly-roll fold and detailed interaction networks between the enzyme and ligands. Notably, an extended N-terminal region (NTR) consisting of 11 amino acids was identified in the XynCDBFV structure, which is found unique among GH11 xylanases. The NTR is attached to the catalytic core by hydrogen bonds and stacking forces along with a disulfide bond between Cys-4 and Cys-172. Interestingly, the NTR deletion mutant retained 61.5% and 19.5% enzymatic activity at 55 °C and 75 °C, respectively, compared with the wild-type enzyme, whereas the C4A/C172A mutant showed 86.8% and 23.3% activity. These results suggest that NTR plays a role in XynCDBFV thermostability, and the Cys-4/Cys-172 disulfide bond is critical to the NTR-mediated interactions. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that Pichia pastoris produces XynCDBFV with higher catalytic activity at higher temperature than Escherichia coli, in which incorrect NTR folding and inefficient disulfide bond formation might have occurred. In conclusion, these structural and functional analyses of the industrially favored XynCDBFV provide a molecular basis of NTR contribution to its thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shan Cheng
- Genozyme biotechnology Inc., Taipei 106, Taiwan,; AsiaPac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chun-Hsiang Huang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wenhua Luo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China, and
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- AsiaPac Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China,.
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Thermostability improvement of a streptomyces xylanase by introducing proline and glutamic acid residues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2158-65. [PMID: 24463976 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03458-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering is commonly used to improve the robustness of enzymes for activity and stability at high temperatures. In this study, we identified four residues expected to affect the thermostability of Streptomyces sp. strain S9 xylanase XynAS9 through multiple-sequence analysis (MSA) and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to construct five mutants by replacing these residues with proline or glutamic acid (V81P, G82E, V81P/G82E, D185P/S186E, and V81P/G82E/D185P/S186E), and the mutant and wild-type enzymes were expressed in Pichia pastoris. Compared to the wild-type XynAS9, all five mutant enzymes showed improved thermal properties. The activity and stability assays, including circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry, showed that the mutations at positions 81 and 82 increased the thermal performance more than the mutations at positions 185 and 186. The mutants with combined substitutions (V81P/G82E and V81P/G82E/D185P/S186E) showed the most pronounced shifts in temperature optima, about 17°C upward, and their half-lives for thermal inactivation at 70°C and melting temperatures were increased by >9 times and approximately 7.0°C, respectively. The mutation combination of V81P and G82E in adjacent positions more than doubled the effect of single mutations. Both mutation regions were at the end of long secondary-structure elements and probably rigidified the local structure. MDS indicated that a long loop region after positions 81 and 82 located at the end of the inner β-barrel was prone to unfold. The rigidified main chain and filling of a groove by the mutations on the bottom of the active site canyon may stabilize the mutants and thus improve their thermostability.
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Li H, Kankaanpää A, Xiong H, Hummel M, Sixta H, Ojamo H, Turunen O. Thermostabilization of extremophilic Dictyoglomus thermophilum GH11 xylanase by an N-terminal disulfide bridge and the effect of ionic liquid [emim]OAc on the enzymatic performance. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:414-9. [PMID: 24315645 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an extremophilic GH11 xylanase was stabilized by an engineered N-terminal disulphide bridge. The effect of the stabilization was then tested against high temperatures and in the presence of a biomass-dissolving ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim]OAc). The N-terminal disulfide bridge increased the half-life of a GH11 xylanase (XYNB) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum by 10-fold at 100°C. The apparent temperature optimum increased only by ∼5°C, which is less than the corresponding increase in mesophilic (∼15°C) and moderately thermophilic (∼10°C) xylanases. The performance of the enzyme was increased significantly at 100-110°C. The increasing concentration of [emim]OAc almost linearly increased the inactivation level of the enzyme activity and 25% [emim]OAc inactivated the enzyme almost fully. On the contrary, the apparent temperature optimum did not decrease to a similar extent, and the degree of denaturation of the enzyme was also much lower according to the residual activity assays. Also, 5% [emim]OAc largely counteracted the benefit obtained by the stabilizing disulfide bridge in the temperature-dependent activity assays, but not in the stability assays. Km was increased in the presence of [emim]OAc, indicating that [emim]OAc interfered the substrate-enzyme interactions. These results indicate that the effect of [emim]OAc is targeted more to the functioning of the enzyme than the basic stability of the hyperthermophilic GH11 xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Chen Z, Zhang H, Wang J, Tang C, Wu J, Wu M. Engineering the thermostability of a xylanase from Aspergillus oryzae by an enhancement of the interactions between the N-terminus extension and the β-sheet A2 of the enzyme. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:2073-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Lu X, Liu S, Zhang D, Zhou X, Wang M, Liu Y, Wu J, Du G, Chen J. Enhanced thermal stability and specific activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipoxygenase by fusing with self-assembling amphipathic peptides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9419-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bhatia L, Johri S, Ahmad R. An economic and ecological perspective of ethanol production from renewable agro waste: a review. AMB Express 2012; 2:65. [PMID: 23217124 PMCID: PMC3547755 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes are generated during the industrial processing of agricultural products. These wastes are generated in large amounts throughout the year, and are the most abundant renewable resources on earth. Due to the large availability and composition rich in compounds that could be used in other processes, there is a great interest on the reuse of these wastes, both from economical and environmental view points. The economic aspect is based on the fact that such wastes may be used as low-cost raw materials for the production of other value-added compounds, with the expectancy of reducing the production costs. The environmental concern is because most of the agro-industrial wastes contain phenolic compounds and/or other compounds of toxic potential; which may cause deterioration of the environment when the waste is discharged to the nature. Although the production of bioethanol offers many benefits, more research is needed in the aspects like feedstock preparation, fermentation technology modification, etc., to make bioethanol more economically viable.
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Non-structured amino-acid impact on GH11 differs from GH10 xylanase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45762. [PMID: 23029229 PMCID: PMC3448673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger xylanase (Xyn) was used as a model to investigate impacts of un-structured residues on GH11 family enzyme, because the β-jelly roll structure has five residues (Ser1Ala2Gly3Ile4Asn5) at N-terminus and two residues (Ser183Ser184) at C-terminus that do not form to helix or strand. The N- or/and C-terminal residues were respectively deleted to construct three mutants. The optimal temperatures of XynΔN, XynΔC, and XynΔNC were 46, 50, and 46°C, and the thermostabilities were 15.7, 73.9, 15.5 min at 50°C, respectively, compared to 48°C and 33.9 min for the Xyn. After kinetic analysis, the substrate-binding affinities for birch-wood xylan decreased in the order XynΔC>Xyn>XynΔNC>XynΔN, while the Kcat values increased in the order XynΔC<XynΔNC<Xyn<XynΔN. The C-terminal deletion increased the GH11 xylanase thermostability and Topt, while the N- and NC-terminal deletions decreased its thermostability and optimal temperature. The C-terminal residues created more impact on enzyme thermal property, while the N-terminal residues created more impact on its catalytic efficiency and substrate-binding affinity. The impact of non-structured residues on GH11 xylanase was different from that of similar residues on GH10 xylanase, and the difference is attributed to structural difference between GH11 jelly-roll and GH10 (β/α)8.
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Verma D, Satyanarayana T. Molecular approaches for ameliorating microbial xylanases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 117:360-367. [PMID: 22595098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In industrial processes, chemical catalysis is being replaced by enzyme catalysis, since the latter is environmentally benign, non-persistent and cost effective. Microbial xylanases have significant applications in textile, baking, food and feed industries, and in paper and pulp industries for reducing the chlorine requirement. The hazardous chlorine required for bleaching can be reduced up to 25-30% by including an enzymatic step in the pulp bleaching process. The paper pulp bleaching requires xylanases that are active at alkaline pH and elevated temperatures. The enzymes from the cultured microbes do not perform optimally in the paper industry due to their inadequate stability under the process conditions of high temperature and alkaline pH. This review, therefore, deals with the rationale of molecular approaches such as protein engineering for designing xylanases with improved characteristics to suit the process conditions in industries, and prospects and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay Verma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110 021, India
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Wang Y, Fu Z, Huang H, Zhang H, Yao B, Xiong H, Turunen O. Improved thermal performance of Thermomyces lanuginosus GH11 xylanase by engineering of an N-terminal disulfide bridge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 112:275-279. [PMID: 22425398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the stability of thermophilic Thermomyces lanuginosus GH11 xylanase, TLX, a disulfide bridge Q1C-Q24C was introduced into the N-terminal region of the enzyme. The apparent temperature optimum shifted upwards at pH 6.5 by about 10°C to 75°C. The resistance to thermal inactivation also increased by about 10°C. The melting temperature measured by CD spectroscopy increased from 66 to 74°C. Therefore the N-terminal disulfide bridge increased both kinetic and thermodynamic stability almost equally. At pH 8 and 70°C, the disulfide bridge increased the enzyme half-life 20-fold in the presence of substrate. In contrast to the situation in acidic-neutral pH, the substrate decreased the thermostability of xylanases in alkaline pH. The upper limit for the performance of the disulfide bridge mutant at pH 9 was 75°C. This study showed that N-terminal disulfide bridges can stabilize even thermostable family GH11 xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioresources in Southern China, College of Life Science, South-central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
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NURCHOLIS MOCHAMAD, NURHAYATI NIKNIK, HELIANTI IS, ULFAH MARIA, WAHYUNTARI BUDIASIH, KRISNA WARDANI AGUSTIN. Cloning of α-L-arabinofuranosidase Genes and Its Expression in Escherichia coli: A Comparative Study of Recombinant Arabinofuranosidase Originatingin Bacillus subtilis DB104 and Newly Isolated Bacillus licheniformis CW1. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2012. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.6.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Paës G, Berrin JG, Beaugrand J. GH11 xylanases: Structure/function/properties relationships and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:564-92. [PMID: 22067746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For technical, environmental and economical reasons, industrial demands for process-fitted enzymes have evolved drastically in the last decade. Therefore, continuous efforts are made in order to get insights into enzyme structure/function relationships to create improved biocatalysts. Xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of the heteroxylans constituting the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. Due to their variety, xylanases have been classified in glycoside hydrolase families GH5, GH8, GH10, GH11, GH30 and GH43 in the CAZy database. In this review, we focus on GH11 family, which is one of the best characterized GH families with bacterial and fungal members considered as true xylanases compared to the other families because of their high substrate specificity. Based on an exhaustive analysis of the sequences and 3D structures available so far, in relation with biochemical properties, we assess biochemical aspects of GH11 xylanases: structure, catalytic machinery, focus on their "thumb" loop of major importance in catalytic efficiency and substrate selectivity, inhibition, stability to pH and temperature. GH11 xylanases have for a long time been used as biotechnological tools in various industrial applications and represent in addition promising candidates for future other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, F-51686 Reims, France.
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Hokanson CA, Cappuccilli G, Odineca T, Bozic M, Behnke CA, Mendez M, Coleman WJ, Crea R. Engineering highly thermostable xylanase variants using an enhanced combinatorial library method. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:597-605. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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43
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Singhania RR, Patel AK, Pandey A. The Industrial Production of Enzymes. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Chen X, Xu S, Zhu M, Cui L, Zhu H, Liang Y, Zhang Z. Site-directed mutagenesis of an Aspergillus niger xylanase B and its expression, purification and enzymatic characterization in Pichia pastoris. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Jia J, Chen W, Ma H, Wang K, Zhao C. Use of a rhodamine-based bifunctional probe in N-terminal specific labeling of Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1829-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c005223j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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You C, Huang Q, Xue H, Xu Y, Lu H. Potential hydrophobic interaction between two cysteines in interior hydrophobic region improves thermostability of a family 11 xylanase fromNeocallimastix Patriciarum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:861-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Wang J, Zhang WW, Liu JN, Cao YL, Bai XT, Gong YS, Cen PL, Yang MM. An alkali-tolerant xylanase produced by the newly isolated alkaliphilic Bacillus pumilus from paper mill effluent. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:3297-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dashtban M, Schraft H, Qin W. Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities & perspectives. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:578-95. [PMID: 19774110 PMCID: PMC2748470 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of alternative energy technology is critically important because of the rising prices of crude oil, security issues regarding the oil supply, and environmental issues such as global warming and air pollution. Bioconversion of biomass has significant advantages over other alternative energy strategies because biomass is the most abundant and also the most renewable biomaterial on our planet. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues is initiated primarily by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria which are capable of degrading lignocellulolytic materials. Fungi such as Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger produce large amounts of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes, whereas bacterial and a few anaerobic fungal strains mostly produce cellulolytic enzymes in a complex called cellulosome, which is associated with the cell wall. In filamentous fungi, cellulolytic enzymes including endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases (exoglucanases) and beta-glucosidases work efficiently on cellulolytic residues in a synergistic manner. In addition to cellulolytic/hemicellulolytic activities, higher fungi such as basidiomycetes (e.g. Phanerochaete chrysosporium) have unique oxidative systems which together with ligninolytic enzymes are responsible for lignocellulose degradation. This review gives an overview of different fungal lignocellulolytic enzymatic systems including extracellular and cellulosome-associated in aerobic and anaerobic fungi, respectively. In addition, oxidative lignocellulose-degradation mechanisms of higher fungi are discussed. Moreover, this paper reviews the current status of the technology for bioconversion of biomass by fungi, with focus on mutagenesis, co-culturing and heterologous gene expression attempts to improve fungal lignocellulolytic activities to create robust fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Dashtban
- 1. Biorefining Research Initiative, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
- 2. Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
| | - Heidi Schraft
- 2. Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
| | - Wensheng Qin
- 1. Biorefining Research Initiative, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
- 2. Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5E1
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Enhancing thermostability of a Rhizomucor miehei lipase by engineering a disulfide bond and displaying on the yeast cell surface. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:117-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Belien T, Joye IJ, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Computational design-based molecular engineering of the glycosyl hydrolase family 11 B. subtilis XynA endoxylanase improves its acid stability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2009; 22:587-96. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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