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Heins A, Hoang MD, Weuster‐Botz D. Advances in automated real-time flow cytometry for monitoring of bioreactor processes. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:260-278. [PMID: 35382548 PMCID: PMC8961054 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry and its technological possibilities have greatly advanced in the past decade as analysis tool for single cell properties and population distributions of different cell types in bioreactors. Along the way, some solutions for automated real-time flow cytometry (ART-FCM) were developed for monitoring of bioreactor processes without operator interference over extended periods with variable sampling frequency. However, there is still great potential for ART-FCM to evolve and possibly become a standard application in bioprocess monitoring and process control. This review first addresses different components of an ART-FCM, including the sampling device, the sample-processing unit, the unit for sample delivery to the flow cytometer and the settings for measurement of pre-processed samples. Also, available algorithms are presented for automated data analysis of multi-parameter fluorescence datasets derived from ART-FCM experiments. Furthermore, challenges are discussed for integration of fluorescence-activated cell sorting into an ART-FCM setup for isolation and separation of interesting subpopulations that can be further characterized by for instance omics-methods. As the application of ART-FCM is especially of interest for bioreactor process monitoring, including investigation of population heterogeneity and automated process control, a summary of already existing setups for these purposes is given. Additionally, the general future potential of ART-FCM is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Lena Heins
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Manh Dat Hoang
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Dirk Weuster‐Botz
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
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2
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Möller J, Korte K, Pörtner R, Zeng AP, Jandt U. Model-based identification of cell-cycle-dependent metabolism and putative autocrine effects in antibody producing CHO cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2996-3008. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Möller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - Katrin Korte
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Hamburg Germany
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Muangsuwan W, Ruangsuj P, Chaichanachaicharn P, Yasawong M. A novel nucleic lateral flow assay for screening of PHA-producing haloarchaea. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 116:8-14. [PMID: 26122310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are important for biodegradable plastic production, and prokaryotes play a very important role in PHA production. PHA synthase is a key enzyme for the polymerization of PHAs. There are four classes of PHA synthase. The phaC gene is necessary for the production of all classes of PHA synthase, whereas the phaE gene is necessary for the production of class III PHA synthase. This gene is a biomarker for microorganisms that contain class III PHA synthase, such as haloarchaea. Standard techniques for screening of PHA-producing haloarchaea require time for culturing and have poor specificity and sensitivity. Thus, the phaE biosensor was developed to overcome these issues. PCR and DNA lateral flow biosensor techniques were combined for construction of the phaE biosensor. The phaE biosensor has a high specificity for PHA-producing haloarchaea. The lowest amount of genomic DNA of Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16854 that the phaE gene could be detected by the biosensor was approximately 250 fg. The phaE biosensor can be applied for screening of PHA-producing haloarchaea from environmental samples. The phaE biosensor is easy to handle and dispose. For screening PHA-producing haloarchaea, the phaE biosensor requires less time and costs less than the standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannaporn Muangsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattarawan Ruangsuj
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pichai Chaichanachaicharn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Montri Yasawong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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4
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Ex situonline monitoring: application, challenges and opportunities for biopharmaceuticals processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Peña PV, Glasker S, Srienc F. Genome-wide overexpression screen for sodium acetate resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Datta P, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. An 'omics approach towards CHO cell engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1255-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Pierzchalski A, Hebeisen M, Mittag A, Bocsi J, Di Berardino M, Tarnok A. Label-free hybridoma cell culture quality control by a chip-based impedance flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4533-4543. [PMID: 22907524 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40408g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Impedance flow cytometry (IFC) was evaluated as a possible alternative to fluorescence-based methods for on-line quality monitoring of hybridoma cells. Hybridoma cells were cultured at different cell densities and viability was estimated by means of IFC and fluorescence-based flow cytometry (FCM). Cell death was determined by measuring the impedance phase value at high frequency in low conductivity buffer. IFC data correlate well with reference FCM measurements using AnnexinV and 7-AAD staining. Hybridoma cells growing at different densities in cell culture revealed a density-dependent subpopulation pattern. Living cells of high density cultures show reduced impedance amplitudes, indicating particular cellular changes. Dead cell subpopulations become evident in cultures with increasing cell densities. In addition, a novel intermediate subpopulation, which most probably represents apoptotic cells, was identified. These results emphasize the extraordinary sensitivity of high frequency impedance measurements and their suitability for hybridoma cell culture quality control.
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Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Carinhas N, Glassey J, Hesse F, Merten OW, Micheletti M, Noll T, Oliveira R, Reichl U, Staby A, Teixeira AP, Weichert H, Mandenius CF. How can measurement, monitoring, modeling and control advance cell culture in industrial biotechnology? Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1522-9. [PMID: 22949408 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This report highlights the potential of measurement, monitoring, modeling and control (M(3) C) methodologies in animal and human cell culture technology. In particular, state-of-the-art of M(3) C technologies and their industrial relevance of existing technology are addressed. It is a summary of an expert panel discussion between biotechnologists and biochemical engineers with both academic and industrial backgrounds. The latest ascents in M(3) C are discussed from a cell culture perspective for industrial process development and production needs. The report concludes with a set of recommendations for targeting M(3) C research toward the industrial interests. These include issues of importance for biotherapeutics production, miniaturization of measurement techniques and modeling methods.
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Broger T, Odermatt RP, Huber P, Sonnleitner B. Real-time on-line flow cytometry for bioprocess monitoring. J Biotechnol 2011; 154:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kehoe DE, Jing D, Lock LT, Tzanakakis ES. Scalable stirred-suspension bioreactor culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:405-21. [PMID: 19739936 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in stem cell biology have afforded promising results for the generation of various cell types for therapies against devastating diseases. However, a prerequisite for realizing the therapeutic potential of stem cells is the development of bioprocesses for the production of stem cell progeny in quantities that satisfy clinical demands. Recent reports on the expansion and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in scalable stirred-suspension bioreactors (SSBs) demonstrated that large-scale production of therapeutically useful hESC progeny is feasible with current state-of-the-art culture technologies. Stem cells have been cultured in SSBs as aggregates, in microcarrier suspension and after encapsulation. The various modes in which SSBs can be employed for the cultivation of hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are described. To that end, this is the first account of hiPSC cultivation in a microcarrier stirred-suspension system. Given that cultured stem cells and their differentiated progeny are the actual products used in tissue engineering and cell therapies, the impact of bioreactor's operating conditions on stem cell self-renewal and commitment should be considered. The effects of variables specific to SSB operation on stem cell physiology are discussed. Finally, major challenges are presented which remain to be addressed before the mainstream use of SSBs for the large-scale culture of hESCs and hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Kehoe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Díaz M, Herrero M, García LA, Quirós C. Application of flow cytometry to industrial microbial bioprocesses. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Read E, Park J, Shah R, Riley B, Brorson K, Rathore A. Process analytical technology (PAT) for biopharmaceutical products: Part I. concepts and applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:276-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Gilbert A, Sangurdekar DP, Srienc F. Rapid strain improvement through optimized evolution in the cytostat. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:500-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection Methods for High-Producing Mammalian Cell Lines. CELL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2245-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rodrigues ME, Costa AR, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Oliveira R. Technological progresses in monoclonal antibody production systems. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 26:332-51. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gilbert A, Srienc F. Optimized evolution in the cytostat: a Monte Carlo simulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 102:221-31. [PMID: 18781685 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rational genetic alterations of a microorganism for a specific purpose are not possible in many situations where our knowledge of the relationship between phenotype and genotype is limited. In such cases evolutionary techniques must be applied. Evolutionary methods are usually time consuming; therefore, more efficient techniques are highly desirable. In this work we present the optimization of strain development in a cytostat. The time required for mutant strain isolation is dependent on the total cells present, the wild-type specific growth rate, the beneficial mutation probability, the mutant specific growth rate, and several bioreactor operating conditions. These parameters are highly related, and a theoretical model, as developed here, is needed to define the conditions that optimize the isolation. The model is based on a discrete, stochastic description of mutant formation and selection in the background of abundant wild-type cells. Using the model, we determined the optimal cytostat operating strategy for mutant isolation that varies according to the probability of beneficial mutations. It is also shown that mutants with as little as a 5% growth advantage can be isolated in less than 15 days which is significantly faster than in a chemostat. The described optimal mutant isolation procedure is expected to be particularly useful for the generation of industrial strains that are robust in challenging growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Gilbert
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Sitton G, Srienc F. Growth dynamics of mammalian cells monitored with automated cell cycle staining and flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2008; 73:538-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Sklar LA, Carter MB, Edwards BS. Flow cytometry for drug discovery, receptor pharmacology and high-throughput screening. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:527-34. [PMID: 17652026 PMCID: PMC2230635 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although flow cytometry is viewed as a mature technology, there have been dramatic advances in analysis capabilities, sorting, sample handling and sensitivity in the past decade. These advances contribute to its application in biological and chemical diversity, sample throughput, high content, and complex systems biology. This article will evaluate the new opportunities for flow cytometry relating to receptor assembly and pharmacology, as well as a range of screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Sklar
- The New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection methods for high-producing mammalian cell lines. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:425-32. [PMID: 17659798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The selection of high-producing mammalian cell lines represents a bottleneck in process development for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Traditional methods are time consuming (development times often exceed six months) and significantly limited by the number of clones that can be feasibly screened. The market for therapeutic proteins is set to double by 2010, so there is an increasing need to develop methods for the selection of mammalian cell lines stably expressing recombinant products at high levels in an efficient, cost-effective and high-throughput manner. Alternatives include higher throughput methods based on flow-cytometric screening and recently developed automated systems for the selection of high-producing cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Browne
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Sitton G, Hansgate A, Srienc F. Transient gene expression in CHO cells monitored with automated flow cytometry. Cytotechnology 2006; 52:13-24. [PMID: 19002862 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient gene expression is frequently used in industry to rapidly generate usable quantities of a protein from cultured cells. In gene therapy applications it is used to express a therapeutic protein in vivo. A quantitative assessment of the expression kinetics is important because it enables optimization and control of culture conditions for higher productivity. Previous experimental studies show a characteristic peak in average protein expression per cell after transfection followed by an exponential decrease of the expressed protein. Here, we show that the exponential decrease in single cell expression of enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGfp) occurs in discrete steps. We attribute this to the absence of plasmid replication and to symmetric partitioning of plasmid and eGfp between dividing cells. This is reflected in the total eGfp in the bioreactor, which increased at a constant rate throughout the experiment. Additionally, the data provide a detailed time course of cell physiology during recovery from electroporation. The time course of cell physiology precisely indicates when the culture shifts growth phases. Furthermore, the data indicate two unique stationary phases. One type of stationary phase occurs when proliferation ceases while cells decrease their cell size, maintain granularity, and mean eGfp content decreases. The second type occurs when proliferation ceases while cells increase their cell size, increase granularity, and surprisingly maintain eGfp content. The collected data demonstrate the utility of automated flow cytometry for unique bioreactor monitoring and control capabilities in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration's Process Analytical Technology initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Sitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 151 Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0312, USA
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